3.

CURRENT ELECTRICTY
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1mark each)
Based on Definitions of Electric current and EMF
1. Which of the following is responsible for the flow of current in a conduction?
(a)Protons (b) free electrons (c) positive ions (d) Protons and holes
2. The current in a conductor varies with time t as I = 2t + 3t2, whereI is in ampere and t in
seconds Electric charge flowing through a section of the conductor during t = 2 sec to t = 3 sec is

(a)10C (b) 24C (c) 33 C (d) 44C

3. How much work is required to move a 6µC charge from the negative to the positive
terminal battery of 9 V?
(a) 54 x 10-3J (b) 54 x 10-6J (c) 54 x 10-9J (d) 54 x 10-12J

Based on Ohm’s Law, Resistance, Resistivity, Conductance and Conductivitym)

4. What is the unit for specific resistivity?
(a)ohm cm2 (b)ohm cm-1 (c)ohm cm (d)ohm cm-2
5. A 1 m long wire is broken into two unequal parts X and Y. The X part of the wire is
stretched into another wire W. Length of W is twice the length of X and the resistance of W
is twice that of Y. Find the ratio of lengths of X and Y.
(a)1 : 4 (b)1 : 2 (c)4 : 1 (d)2 :1
(JEE Main July 22)
6. What length of the wire (specific resistance 48 x 10-8Ωm) is needed to make a resistance
of 4.2Ω? (Diameter = 0.4.mm)
(a)1.1 m (b)3 .1 m (c)2.1 m (d)4.1 m
7. The ratio of masses of three wires is 1 : 2 : 3 and that of their lengths is 3 : 2 : 1. If the
wires are made of same material, the ratio of their resistance will be
(a)1 : 1 : 1 (b)1 : 2 : 3 (c)9 : 4 : 1 (d)27 : 6 : 1
8. If a wire of resistivity p is stretched to double its length, then its new resistivity will
(a)be half (b)be 4 times (c)be double (d)not change
9. The colour sequence in a carbon resistor is red brown, orange and silver. The resistance of
the resistor is
(a) 21x 103Ω + 10% (b)21x 101Ω + 10% (c)21x 103Ω + 5% (d) 12x 103Ω + 5%
10. A carbon resistance is having a following coding : green, orange, black, gold. The
resistance of the resistor is
(a) 21x 103Ω + 10% (b) 21x 101Ω + 10% (c) 21x 103Ω + 5% (d) 12x 103Ω + 5%
Based on Drift velocity and Mobility of Electrons

11. If the potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2 V with its
temperature kept constant, the drift velocity of the free electrons in the conductor will
(CBSE SP 22)
(a)remain the same (b) become half of its previous value
(c)be double of its initial value (d) become zero.

12. A battery is connected to the conductor of non-uniform cross-sectional area. The quantities
or quantity which remain constant is /are (CBSE SP 22)
(a) Electric field only (b) drift speed and electric field
(c)electric field and current (d) current only

13. Electric field (E) and current density (j) have relation
1 2 1
(a) E ∝j-1 (b) E ∝j (c) E ∝ d) 𝐸 ∝ 𝑗
𝑗2
14. The mobility of charge carriers increases with
(a)increase in the average collision time
(b)increase in the electric field
(c)increase in the mass of the charge carriers
(d)decrease in the charge of the mobile carriers

15. Assume that each atom of copper contributes one election. If the current flowing through a
copper wire of 1 mm diameter is 1.1 A, the drift velocity of electrons will be (density of
Cu = 9 gcm-2, atomic wt. of Cu = 63)
(a)0.3 mm/s (b) 0.5 mm/s (c) 0.1 mm/s (d) 0.2 mm/s

Based on Temperature Variation of Resistivity and superconductors

16. By increasing the temperature, the specific resistance of t conductor and a semiconductor

(a)increase for both

(b)decrease for both
(c) Increase for a conductor and decreases for a semiconductor
(d)decrease for a conductor and increase for a semiconductor (CBSE SP 23)

17. The temperature (T) dependence of resistivity of materials A and material B is represented
by Fig (i) and Fig (ii), respectively, Identity material A and material B

Fig (i) Fig (ii)

(a) Material A is copper and material B is germanium
(b) Material A is germanium and material B is copper
 (c) Material A is nichrome and material B is germanium
(d) Material A is copper and material B is nichrome (CBSE SP 23)

18. Resistance of the wire is measured as 2Ω and 3Ω at 10oC and 30oC respectively.
Temperature co-efficient of resistance of the material of the wire is
(a)0.033oC-1 (b) -0.033oC-1 (c) 0.011oC-1 (d) -0.055oC-1
(JEE Main June 22)

19. We use alloys for making standard resistors because they have

(a)low temperature coefficient of resistivity and high specific resistance.

(b)high temperature coefficient of resistivity and low specific resistance.

(c)Low temperature coefficient of resistivity and low specific resistance.

(d)High temperature coefficient of resistivity and high specific resistance.

Based on Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistances

20. Two resistors of resistances R1 and R2 (R2<R1) are connected in parallel. For equivalent
reistacne R, the correct statement is

(a)R>R1+ R2 (b)R2<R+ R1 (c)R2<R<R1+ R2 (d)R<R2

21. A metallic wire of resistance 12Ω is bent to form a square. The resistance between the two
diagonal points would be

(a) 12 Ω (b) 24 Ω (c) 6 Ω (d) 3 Ω

22. The current in a simple series circuit is 5.0 A, When an additional resistance of 2.0 Ω is
inserted, the current drops to 4.0 A. The original resistance of the circuit in ohms was

(a)1.25 (b)8 (c)10 (d)20

23. Resistance of 1Ω, 2Ω and 3Ω are connected to from a triangle. If a 1.5 V cell of neligible
internal resistance is connected across the 3Ω resistor, the current flowing through this
resistor will be

(a)0.25 A (b) 0.5 A (c) 1.0 A (d) 1.5 A

24. The equivalent resistance between points A and B in the given network is

(a)65 Ω (b)20 Ω (c)5 Ω (d)2 Ω (JEE Main July 22)

25. In the given diagram, the reading of the ammeter (when the internal resistance of the
battery is zero) is

(a) 40 𝐴
29
10
(b) 𝐴
9

(c) 5 𝐴
3
(d) 2A
26. In the circuit shown the value of I in ampere is

(a)1 (b)0.60 (c)0.4 (d)1.5

27. The equivalent resistance between the terminals A and D is the following circuit is

(a)10Ω (b) 20Ω (c) 5Ω (d)30Ω

28. The effective resistance between A and B is the figure shown is

(a)3Ω (b)4.5Ω (c) 4Ω (d)6Ω

29. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected to a resistor as shown in the
figure, If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor?

(a)13Ω (b)17Ω (c)15Ω (d)19Ω

30. If 3A of current is following between points P and in the circuit, then the potential
difference between P and Q is

(a)30V (b)22V (c)20V (d)15V

 31. A straight line plot showing the terminal potential difference (V) of a cell as a function of
current (I) drawn from it, is shown in the figure. The internal resistance of the cell would be
then

(a) 2.8Ω (b) 1.4Ω (c)1.2Ω (d)zero (CBSE SP 22)

Based on Grouping of Cells

32. Six identical cells, each of emf of 6 V, are connected in parallel, The net emf across the
battery is

(a)6 V (b)36 V (c)0 V (d)between 6 V and 36 V

33. A battery consists of a variable number (n) of identical cells, each having an internal
resistance r connected in series. The terminals of the battery one short-circuited. A graph of
current (I) in the circuit versus the number of cells will be as shown in figure.

34. The combination of two identical cells, whether connected in series of parallel combination
provides the same current through an external resistance of 2Ω. The value of internal
resistance of each cell is

(a)2Ω (b)4Ω (c)6Ω (d)8Ω (JEE Main June 22)

35. If percentage change in current through a resistor is 1%, then the change in power through
it would be

(a) 1% (b) 2% (c)1.7% (d)0.5%

36. An electric both of 500 volt is used in a circuit having a 200 V supply. Calculate the
resistance R to be connected in series with the bulb so that the power delivered by the bulb
is 500 W

(a) 5Ω (b) 20 Ω (c) 30 Ω (d) 10Ω (JEE Main Aug 21)

 37. Three resistors having value R1, R2, and R3are connected in series to a battery. Suppose R1
carriers a current of 20A, R2 have a resistacne of 3.0 ohms, and R2dissipates 6.0 watts or
power. Then the voltage across R3 is

(a) 1 V (b) 2 V (c) 3V (d) 4V(CBSE SP 22)

Based on Kirchoff’s Laws

38. Krichoff’s first law for the electric junction is based on

(a)Law of conservation of charge (b) Law of conservation of energy
(c)Law of conservation of angular momentum (d)Law of conservation of mass

39. In the given figure the value of Vo will be

(a) 1V (b) 3V

(c) 4V (d) 8V

(JEE Main July 22)

40. Electric current through resistance 10Ω in the circuit shown below is

(a)0 A (b) 0.5 A (c)6/11 A (d)2A

41. Seven resistance are connected as shown in the figure. The equivalent resistance between A
and B is

(a)9 Ω (b)8 Ω (c)6 Ω (d)4 Ω

Answer and Explanations

1. (b) In a conductor, current is carried by free electrons

2. (b) Given I = 2t + 3t2

𝑑𝑞
As I= dq = Idt = (2t +3t2)dt
𝑑𝑡
Charge passed from t = 22s to t = 3s is
3

𝑞= 𝑑𝑞 = (2𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡 2 ]32 + [𝑡 2 ]32

= (9-4) + 2(27 – 8) = 24 C.

3. (b)W =qV= 6µC x 9V = 54µJ = 54 x 10-6J

4. (c) The unit of reistivity is ohm cm.

5. (b)

When wire X is stretched to twice its length, its resistance increase 4 times.

RW = 4 RX = 2 RY
𝑅𝑋 1
=
𝑅𝑌 2
𝐼𝑋 𝑅𝑋
==1: 2.
𝐼𝑌 𝑅𝑌

𝑅𝐴 𝑅 𝑥 𝜋𝐷 2 4.2 𝑥 22 𝑥 (0.4 𝑥 10 −3 )2
6. (a) 𝑙 = 𝜌
=
4𝜌
=
7 𝑥 4 𝑥 48 𝑥 10 −8

= 1.1m

7. (d) Mass = Volume x density = Ald

𝑚
or 𝐴=
𝑙𝑑

1 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑑
∴𝑅=𝜌 = 𝜌 =𝜌
𝐴 𝑚/𝑙𝑑 𝑚

i.e., 𝑙2
𝑅𝛼 =
𝑚
Given m1 : m2 : m3 = 1 : 2 : 3

andl1 : l2 : l3 = 3 : 2 : 1

32 22 12 1
𝑅1 : 𝑅2 : 𝑅3 = : : = 9∶2∶
1 2 3 3

8. (d) Resistivity depends on the nature of the material and not on the dimensions of the
conductor
 9. (a) Red Brown Orange Silver

2 1 3 + 10%
3
R = 21 X 10 Ω + 10%

10. (a) Green Orange Black Gold

5 3 0 + 5%
R = 53 x 100 Ω +5%

11. (c) 𝑒𝐸 𝑒𝑉
𝑣𝑑 = 𝜏= 𝜏
𝑚 𝑚𝑙

At constant temperature, relaxation time  remains constant, Also, m and e are constants

vd αV

When V becomes 2V, drift velocity becomes double of its initial value

12. (d) A conductor of non – uniform cross-section is a series combination of many

conductors of different cross-sections. So I through them remains constant.

𝐼 1
𝑣𝑑 = 𝑣𝑑 = 𝛼
𝑒𝑛𝐴 𝐴
𝐼 𝐼
𝐸=  𝐸𝛼
𝐴 𝐴
𝐼 𝐼
𝑗=  𝑗𝛼
𝐴 𝐴

Thusvd, E and j all change with A

13. (b) 𝐸 = 𝑗𝑗

𝑞
14. (a) Mobility, µ= 𝑖. 𝑒. , µ𝛼
𝑚

15. (c)No. of atoms in 63g of copper = 6 x 1023

Volume of 63 g of copper
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 63𝑔
= = = 7𝑐𝑚3 = 7 𝑥 10−6 𝑚3
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 9𝑔𝑐𝑚3

6 𝑥 1023 6
𝑛 = = x1029 𝑚3
7 𝑥 10−6 𝑚3 7
2
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 𝑥 (0.5𝑥10−3 ) 𝑚2
Drift velocity,
1
𝑣𝑑 =
𝑒𝑚𝐴
1.1 𝑥 7
= 0.1=x 10-3 ms-1 = 0.1 mms-1
1.6 x10 x 6 x 1029 𝑥 𝜋𝑥 (0.5𝑥10−3 )2
−13

16. (c)temperature coefficient of resistivity (α) is +ve for a conductor and –ve for a
semiconductor. Specific resistance of a conductor increase and that of a semiconductor
decreases with the increase in temperature.

17. (b) The resistivity of a semiconductor decreases while that of a metal increases with the
increase in temperature. Material A is germanium and material B is copper.

18. (a) R = R0 (1 + αT)

2 = R0 (1 + 10α)
3 = R0 (1 + 30α)
2 1 + 10𝛼
= 
3 1 + 30𝛼
1
𝛼= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟎𝑪 −𝟏
30

19. (c) Alloys have low temperature coefficient of resistivity and high specific resistance.
With small α, R will not change appreciably with temperature and high specific resistance
ensures that required length of the resistor wire is small.

20. (d) Equivalent resistance of a parallel combination is smaller than the smallest individual
reistance.
6𝑥6
21. (d) 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = = 3Ω
6+6

22. (b)
In first case, V = IR = 5R
In second case, V = 1’R’ = 4 (R+2)

 5R = 4 (R+2) or R = 8Ω

23. (b) The series combination of 1Ω and 2Ω is in parallel with 3Ω resistor

3𝑥3 9 3
 R= = = Ω
3+3 6 2
𝑉 1.5
𝐼= = = 1.0𝐴
𝑅 3/2
3
Current through the 3Ω resistor = 𝑥 1 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨
6
24. (c) From the left of the network, a series combination of 5Ω and 5Ω is in parallel with
10Ω to give an equivalent resistance of 5ΩThe same pattern repeats four time.

Rnet = 5Ω

25. (d) Reading of the ammeter

10𝑉
= Current through 5Ω resistor = = 𝟐𝑨
5Ω

26. (c) The equivalent circuits are as shown below :

4𝑉
Current, 𝑖= = 1𝐴
(2.4 + 1.6)Ω
3
3
Now I’ x 4 = 6 x1 or I’==2 Ω 𝐼
2

But I = I + I’
3 5
Or 1 = 𝐼 + 2 I = 2 I
2
Or 1 = 5 A = 0.4 A

27. (b)

20 𝑥 20
𝑅𝐴𝐷 = 5 + + 5 = 20Ω
20+20

28. (b)The equivalent circuit is shown below :

2𝑥6
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 3 = 4.5 Ω
2+ 6

29. (b) 
𝐼=
𝑅+𝑟

10
0.5 =
or 𝑅+3
 or 10
𝑅+3= = 20
0.5

or R = 17ΩΩ

30. (c) VP-VQ =  + I(r+R) = 2 + 3(2+4) = 20 V

31. (a) When I = 0,  = V = 5.6 V

When I = 2 A, V = 0
δ − V 5.6 − 0
∴𝑟= = = 𝟐. 𝟖Ω
𝐼 2
32. (a) For parallel combination
𝛿+ 𝛿 𝛿
33. (c) For a battery of two cells, 𝐼 = =
𝑟+𝑟 𝑟

Similarly, for a battery of n cells

nδ δ
𝐼= =
𝑛𝑟 𝑟

Clearly, the current in the circuit does not depend on the number (n) of the cells. Hence the
correct graph in (c).

34. (a)

35. (b) Power, P = I2 R

∆𝑃 ∆𝐼 ∆𝑅
∴ x 100 = 2 x 100 + x 100
𝑃 𝐼 𝑅
= 2 x 1% + 0 = 2%
36. (b)
𝑃 500
𝐼= =
𝑉 100
= 5𝐴 100𝑉
𝐼𝑠 =
5𝐴

= 20Ω

37. (c)

38. (a) Kirchhoff’s first law is based on the law of conservation of charge.

39. (e)

Using Kirchhoff’s junction rule,

2 − 𝑉𝑜 4 − 𝑉𝑜 6 − 𝑉𝑜
+ + =0
1 1 1
12 – 3 V0 = 0

V0 = 4V

40. (c) for similar loops. I1 – I2

Applying second law to upper loop,

10 (I1 + I2) + 2I1 = 6

10 x 2I1 + 2I1 = 6
6
𝐼1 = 𝐴
22
Current through 10Ω resistance
6 𝟔
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 2 x = 𝑨
22 𝟏𝟏
 41. (b) The equivalent circuits are shown below :

The circuit is a balanced Wheatstone bridge.

TYPE B :CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

PARAGRAPH 1 Electric Resistance

Electrons move more easily through some conductors than others when a potential
difference is applied. The opposition of a conductor to current is called its resistance. Collisions
are the basic cause of collision. When a p.d. is applied across the ends of a conductor, its free
electrons get accelerated. On their way, they frequently collide with the positive metal ions, i.e.,
their motion is opposed and this opposition to the flow of electrons is called resistance. The
number of collisions that the electrons make with atoms/ions depends on the arrangement of
atoms or ions in a conductor. So the resistance depends on the nature of the material of the
conductor. A long wire offers more resistance than short wire because there will be more
collisions in the long wire. A thick wire, more area of
cross-section is available for the flow of electrons.
The resistance of metals increases when their
temperature increases. Certain alloys such as
constantan and manganic show very small changes
of resistance with temperature and are used to make
standard resistors. The resistance of semiconductors
and insulators decreases as their temperature
increases.

QUESTIONS (Answer any four for of the following questions)

1. The resistance of a conductor is

(a) Inversely proportional to the length
(b) Directly proportional to the square of the radius
(c) Inversely proportional to the square of the radius
(d) Directly proportional to the square root of the length

2. The dimension of a block are 1cm x 1cm x 100 cm. If the specific resistance of the
material is 3 x 10-7Ωm, then the resistance between two opposite rectangular bases is

(a) 3 x 10-9Ω (b) 3 x 10-7Ω (c) 3 x 10-5Ω (d) 3 x 10-1Ω

 3. Two wires of the same material have lengths l and 2l and areas of cross-section 4A and A
respectively. The ratio of their specific resistances would be

(a) 1 : 2 (b)8 : 1 (c)1 : 8 (d)1 : 1

4. A wire of resistance R is stretched to twice of its original length. Its new resistance will be
𝑅 𝑅
(a) 4 R (b) 9 (c) 3 R (d) 3

5. From the graph between current I and voltage V, identify the potion corresponding to the
negative resistance

(a) AB
(b) BC
(c) CD
(d) DE

PRAGRAPH 2 Internal Resistance of a Cell

Any source of emf has some internal resistance itself, called internal or source resistance.
When we connect the terminals of a cell, a current flows in the wire from positive terminal of the
cell towards the negative terminal. But inside the electrolyte of the cell, the positive ions flow
from the lower to the higher potential (or negative ions from the higher to the lower potential)
against the background of other ions and neutral atoms of the electrolyte, so the electrolyte offers
some resistance to the flow of current inside the cell.

The resistance offered by the electrolyte to the flow of

current between its electrodes is called the internal resistance of
the cell. It depends on nature and concentration of electrolyte,
separation and common area of the electrodes dipped in the
electrolyte, and temperature of the electrolyte, Internal resistance
cause energy loos which occurs inside a battery when a current is
driven round an external circuit. The greater the current, the
greater the energy loss and the small is the terminal p.d. of the battery, the internal resistance of a
battery increases with age and so reduces the current it can drive.

The knowledge of internal resistance becomes important when we consider how a source
of emf can deliver maximum power to an appliance connected to it. According to maximum
power theorem this occurs when the internal resistance of the source equals the resistance of the
appliance.

QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

6. The internal resistance of a cell

(a) always acts in the cell in open circuit
(b) acts only in closed circuit and it reduces the EMF
(c) acts only in closed circuit and it reduces the current
(d) none of these
 7. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected to a resistor. The current in
the circuit is 0.5 A. The terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed is

(a) 10V (b) zero (c) 1.5 V (d) 8.5 V

8. A cell of emf and internal resistance r is connected across an external resistance R. The
graph showing the variation of P.D. across R versus R is

9. The maximum power drawn out of the cell from a source is given by

Where r is internal resistance of the cell.

10. A battery of 16 V and internal resistance 2Ω is connected to an external resistance R. Find

the value of current so that power in circuit is maximum.

(a) 8A (b) 2A (c) 16 A (d) 4 A

PARAGRAPH 3 Heating Effect of Current

Consider a resistor connected to a source of emf. The energy of the source gets dissipated
entirely in the form of heat. This phenomenon of the production of heat in a resistor by the flow of
current through it is called heating effect of current of Joule heating. When a potential difference
is applied across the ends of a conductor, its free electrons get accelerated in the opposite
direction of the applied field.

The speed of the electrons does not increase beyond a constant drift
speed. This is because during the course of their motion electrons collide
more frequently with the positive metal ions. The kinetic energy gained by
the free electrons during the interval of free acceleration is transferred to the
metal ions at the time of collision. The ions vibrate more vagourly i.e., the
conductor gets heated. The energy supplied by the source of emf appears as
heat. According to Joule’s law of heating, the amount heat produced is H =
I2Rt joule. Electric heater electric iron, electric blub, electric stove, etc., are
the devices which work on this law and convert electric energy into the heat energy.
QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

11. If two identical heaters each rated as (1000 W, 220 V) are connected in parallel to 220V,
then the total power consumed is

(a) 200W (b) 2500 W (c) 250 W (d) 2000W

12. Two wires having resistance R and 2R are connected in parallel, then ratio of heat
generated in R and 2R is

(a) 3 : 2
(b)2 : 1
(c)1 : 4
(d)4 : 1

13. When 4 equal resistance are connected in series with a battery, they dissipate a power of
10 W. What will be the power dissipated through any of them if it is individually
connected across the same battery?
10
(a) 40W (b) 3 𝑊 (c) 90 W (d) 10W

14. 3 identical bulbs are connected in series and these together dissipate a power P. If now the
bulbs are connected in parallel, then the power dissipated will be
𝑃 𝑝
(a) 3 (b)3P (c) 9P (d) 9

15. Bulb B1 (100 W – 250V) and bulb B2 (100W – 200 V) are connected across 250 V, what
is potential drop across B2?

(a) 200V
(b) 250V
(c)98 V
(d)48 V

Answers
1 1 1
1. (c) 𝑅=  = 2Rα 2
𝐴 𝜋𝑟 𝑟

2. (b) The resistance between opposite rectangular faces is

ℎ (3.7 x10−7 x10−2
𝑅=  = Ω = 3.7 𝑥 10−7 Ω
1 xℎ 1 x10−2

3. (d) The specific resistance does not depend on l and A, it depends on nature of the material
only

𝑅′ 𝑙′ 𝐴 2𝑙 𝐴
4. (a) = x ′ = x =4
𝑅 𝑙 𝐴 𝑙 𝐴/2
5. (c) In the portion CD, the current I decreases with the increase in voltage V, This portion
corresponds to negative resistance.

6. (c) Internal resistance of a cell acts only in a closed circuit and it reduces the current.

7. (d) V =  - Ir = 10 – 0.5 x 3 = 10 – 1.5 = 8.5 V

 
8. (a) 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅= 𝑟
𝑅+𝑟 1+
𝑅

As Rincrases, V also increases

When R0’V = 0
When R’V = 

9. (b) Maximum power is drawn when r = R

  
𝐼= = =
𝑟+𝑅 𝑟+𝑟 2𝑟

 ε2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 2x𝑟
2𝑟 4𝑟

10. (d) For maximum power , r = R

  16
𝐼= = = = 4𝐴
𝑅+𝑟 2𝑟 2x2

11. (d) For a parallel combination,

P = P1 + P2 = 1000 + 1000 = 2000W

12. (d) for wires connected in parallel, potential difference V is constant

𝑉2𝑡 1
𝐻= 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐻𝛼
𝑅 𝑅

𝐻1 (2 𝑅)2 4
∴ = 2
= 4∶1
𝐻2 𝑅 1

13. (a) For equal resistors, P1 = P2 = P3 = P4

1 1 1 1 1
For a series combination = + + +
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃4
1 1 1 1 1 4
Or = + + + = orP1 = 40W
10 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1

14. (c) When the bulbs are connected in series,

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑃= =
𝑅𝑠 3𝑅
When the bulbs are connected in parallel,
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑃𝑟 = = =3 = 3 x 3 𝑃 = 9𝑃
𝑅𝑃 𝑅/3 𝑅
15. (c) Resistance of first bulb,
 𝑉12 250 x 250
𝑅1 = = = 625 Ω
𝑃1 100

Resistance of second bulb,

𝑉22 200 x 200
𝑅1 = = = 400 Ω
𝑃2 100
In a series circuit, potential divides in proportion to resistance. Potential drop across bulb B2 is
𝑅2 400
∴ 𝑉2′ = x𝑉 = x 250𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 625 + 400

= 97.56 V = 98 V

TYPE C : ASSERTIONS AND REASONS

DIRECTIONS

In the following questions (1-11) a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

Reason (R),
Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reasons is false
(d) If both assertion and reason are false / assertion is false and reason is true

1. Assertion. The dimension formula for product of resistance and conductance is same as for
dielectric constant.
Reason. Both have dimensions of time constant

(AIIMS 2009)

2. Assertion.Electrons move from a region of higher potential to a region of higher potential to

a region of lower potential
Reason. An electron has less potential energy at a point where potential is higher and vice-
versa (AIIMS 13)

3. Assertion.A wire carrying an electric current has no electric field around it.
Reason.Rate of flow of electrons in one direction is equal to the rate of flow or protons in
opposite direction.

4. Assertion.Though large number of free electrons are present in the metal. Yet there is no
current in the absence of electric field
Reason.In the absence of electric field electrons move randomly in all directions
(AIIMS 11)

5. Assertion.The value of temperature coefficient of resistance is positive for metals

Reason.The temperature coefficient of resistance for insulator is also positive (AIIMS 11)
 6. Assertion.A thermoelectric refrigerator is based on the Peltier effect
Reason.A thermocouple may be used as radiation detector (AIIMS 12)

7. Assertion.In a meter bridge experiment, null point for an unknown resistance is put inside an
enclosure maintained at a higher temperature. The null point can be obtained at the same
point as before by decreasing the value of standard resistance.
Reason.Resistance of metal increase with increase in temperature (AIIMS 15)
4
8. Assertion.The effective resistance of network between P and Q is 5 𝑟
Reason.Symmetry can be applied to the network with respect
to centre (AIIMS 15)

9. Assertion.The conductivity of an electrolyte is very low as compared to a metal at room

temperature.
Reason.The number density of free ions in electrolyte is much smaller as compared to
number density of free electrons in metals, Further, ions drift much more slowly, being
heavier (AIIMS 15)

10. Assertion.An electrical bulb starts glowing instantly as it is switched on.

Reason.Drift speed of electrons na metallic wire is very large (AIIMS 17)

11. Assertion.A current flows in a conductor only when there is an electric field within the
conductor
Reason.The drift velocity of electrons in presence of electric field decreases. (AIIMS 18)

Answers
1
1. (c) Resistance x conductance = 𝑅x = [𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 ]
𝑅

Dielectric constant k is also dimensionless.

But time constant has the dimension of time

2. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
3. (c)As many electrons enter one end of the wire as they go out from the other end. There is
no net charge on the wire and so there is no electric field around it.
Assertion is true but the reason is not true.
4. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion

5. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false,  is +ve for metals but – ve for insulators.
6. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the
assertion.
𝑅 1
7. (d) The unknown resistance (X) increase with the increase in temperature 𝑋 = 100−1
The same null point can be obtained by increasing the standard resistance (R).

8. (d) Considering the symmetry about the centre, the circuit can be redrawn as below :

1 3 1 1 15 8
= + + = ∴ 𝑅𝑃𝑄
𝑅𝑃𝑄 8𝑟 2𝑟 𝑟 8𝑟 15

9. (a)Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

10. (c) Assertion is true but the reason is false because the drift speed of electrons is very
small.

11. (c) As soon as the electric field is set up within the conductor, electrons start drifting in its
opposite direction but the electrons begin to gain drift velocity only in the presence of
external electric field. So the assertion is true and the reason is false.
 2 MARKS

1) A 10V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200V battery and a
resistance of 38Ω as shown in fig. Find the value of the current in the circuit [CBSE 18].

Solution:
The two cells are in opposition. So the net emf = 200-10=190v
Current I = = = 5A

2) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-
sectional area 2.5 x 10-7 m2 carrying a current of 2.7A. Assume the density of conducting
electrons to be 9x1028 m-3.
[CBSE OD14]
Drift velocity v =
.
= . .
ms
= 0.75 x 10 ms
= 0.75 ms

3) Given the resistances of1Ω, 2Ω and 3Ω. How will you combine them to get an equivalent
resistance of
(i) Ω and (ii) Ω ? [SBSE F 2015]
Answer:
(i) When parallel combination of 1Ω and 2Ω resistances are connected in services
with 3Ω, the equivalent resistance is R = R + R
= + R
= +3= +3= Ω

(ii) When parallel combination of 2Ω and 3Ω resistances are connected in series

with1Ω, the equivalent resistance is R = R + R
= +1= +1= Ω

4) A battery of emf 12v and internal resistance 4Ω is connected to an external resistance R.

If the current in the resistance is 0.5 A. Calculate the value of (a) R and (b) the terminal
voltage of the battery. [CBSE F 20]
ε
(a) As I =
0.5 = (or)R = 24 − 4 = 20Ω
(b) V = ε − Ir = 12 − 0.5 x 4 = 10 V

5) Differentiate between electrical resistance and resistivity and resistively of a conductor

[CBSE OD 20]

1
 - Electrical resistance of a conductor is the ratio of the potential difference across its ends to
the current following through it.
- It depends on shape and size and also on the nature of the material.
- Resistivity of a material is the resistance offered by a unit cube of the material and on the
physical conditions like temperature and pressure
- It depends on the nature of the material and on the physical conditions like temperature
and pressure.
- Resistivity of material is the resistance offered by a unit cube of that material offered by a
unit cube of that material.
- It depends on the nature of the material and on the physical conditions like temperature
and pressure.

6) How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor vary with the increase in
temperature [CBSE D02]
Answer: The draift velocity decreases because of the increase in collision frequency of
free electrons at higher temperature.

7) Why alloys like constantan and manganin are used making standard resistors
[CBSE D16]
Answer:
(i) The temperature coefficient of resistance for alloys is low
(ii) Alloys have a high value of resistivity

8) Is internal resistance a defect of a yes?

Yes, because a part of the electrical energy obtained from the cell is used in sending
current through the interior of the cell itself due to its internal resistance
9) I-V graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2 is as shown I Fig.
which of the two temperatures is lower and why?

Ans: For the same potential Vo

Resistance at T1,
R1 =
Resistance at T2,
R2 =
∴ I > I ,R < R
Since resistance of a metal increases with temperature therefore T < T

2
 3 MARKS

1. The temperature coefficient of resistivity for two materials A and B are 0.0031oC-1 and
0.0068oC-1 respectively.

The resistors R and R made from materials A and B respectively, have resistances of
200 Ω and 100 Ω at 0oC. show on a dig, the colour code, of a carbon resistor, that would
have a resistance equal to the series combination of R and R , at a temperature of 100oC
(Neglect the ring corresponding to the tolerance of the carbon resistor) (CBSE D16C)

Solution: Here α = 0.0031 C

α = 0.0068C
At 0 C R = 200Ω, R = 100Ω,
At 100 C, the resistances will be
R = R (1 + α , ∆t) = 200[1 + 0.0031 x 100]Ω
= 262Ω
R = R (1 + α , ∆t) = 100[1 + 0.0068 x 100]
= 168Ω

Total resistance of the series combination at 1000C

R = R + R = 262 + 168 = 430Ω = 43x10 Ω

2. The reading of the (ideal) ammeter, in the circuit shown on Fig. Equals
(i) I when key K is closed but key K is open
(ii) I 2 when both keys K , and K are closed
Find the expression for the resistance of x in terms of the resistances of R and S
(VBSE D16C)

Solution: When K is closed and K is open the current drawn from the battery is
ε
I =
as S and X are in parallel, total resistance is R = R +
when both K and K are closed, the current drawn from the battery is
ε ε ε (S+X)
I1 = 1 = SX =
R(S+X)+ SX
R R1 +
S+X
The reading of the ammeter will be
I X 1 S ε (S+X)
2
= S+X
I = S+X
x R(S+X)+ SX
ε εS
=
2 (R+X) RS + RX +SX
3
 2RS + 2SX = RS + RX + SX
RS = RX – SX
X=

3. Two cells of emfs 1.5V and 2.0C having internal resistances 0.2Ω and 0.3Ω respectively
are connected in parallel. Calculate he emf. and internal resistance of the equivalent cell.
[CBSE D16]
ϵ1 r1 + ϵ2 r2 1.5 x 0.3 + 2.0 x 0.2
∈eq = = v
ϵ1 + ϵ2 0.2 + 0.3
0.45+0.40
= 0.5 = 1.7v
r1 r2 0.2 x 0.3
req = =
r1 + r2 0.2+0.3
= 0.12Ω

4. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential difference between the points A and D
when no current flows in the arm BE of the electric network shown in fig (a)

Solution: No current flow through the arm BE.

Let I be the current along the outer loop as shown in
fig (b)
Applying Kirchhoff loop rule to the loop
AFEBA
(2+3) I + R1 x 0=1+3+6
I = 2A
From A to D along AFD
VAD = 2 x 2-1 + 3 x 2
= 9V
5. The I-V characteristics of two wires X and Y at constant temperatures are shown in fig.
The two wires have equal lengths and diameters. Which of them is made up of material of
larger resistivity? [CBSE 20C)

Solution :
Slop of I-V line for wire x >
Slop of I-V line for wire Y
∴ Conductance of wire x >
Conductance of wire Y (or)
Resistance of wire x < Resistance of wire Y
(a) Px < P 1 A
(b) Px < P

4
 5 MARKS
1) A uniform wire is cut into three parts with their length in the ratio 2:3:6. The end of each
of their three parts is connected across an ideal battery of 10V. If a current of 5A is drawn
from the battery, find the initial resistance of the wire.
[CBSE OD 20]
Let the resistances of the three parts be 2R, 3R and 6R respectively.
V 10V
R = = = 2Ω
I 5A
Also = + +
= =
∴ R = R = 2Ω
Initial resistance of the wire
R1 = 2R + 3R + 6R
= 11 x 2 = 22Ω

2) The current is drawn from a cell of emf ε and internal resistance r connected to the
network of resistors each of resistance r as shown in fig. obtain the expression for (i) the
current drawn from the cell and (ii) he power consumed in the network [CBSE D17]

Solution:
R (middle arm) = R + R = + =r
= + + =
∴ R =
This resistance is in series with the internal resistance r of the source.
r 4r
Reff = 3 +r= 3
Current drawn from the cell
ε ε 3ε
I = R = 4r = 4r
eff 3
Power consumed
P=I R = x
=

3) The four arms of a whet stance bridge have the following resistances AB=100Ω, BC=10Ω,
CD =5Ω and DA = 60Ω
A galvanometer of 15Ω resistance is connected across BD. Calculate the current through
the galvanometer when a potential difference of 10V is maintained across AC.

5
 Solution:
Applying Kirchhoff’s Second law to loop BADR, we get
100 I1 + 15 Ig – 60 I2 = 0
20 I1 + 3 Ig – 12 I2= 0 …..(1)
Considering the loop BCDB, we get
10 (I1 - Ig) – 15 Ig - 5 (I2 + Ig) = 0
10 I1 - 30 Ig – 5 I2 =0
2 I1 - 6 Ig – I2 = 0 …..(2)
Considering the loop ADCEA, we get
60 I2 + 5 (I2 + Ig) = 10
65 I2 + 5 Ig = 10
13 I2 + Ig = 2 …..(3)
Multiplying Eq (2) by 10, we get
20 I2 - 60 Ig - 10 I2 = 0 …..(4)
From equation (1) and (4), we get
63 Ig - 2 I2 = 0
I2 = Ig = 31.5 Ig
Substituting the value of I2 and equ (3) we get
13 (31.5 Ig) + Ig =2
410.5 Ig = 2
2
Ig = 410.5 A=4.87mA
HOTS
1) A conductor of length l is connected to a dc sources of emf. ‘ε’. If the length of the
conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping ‘ε’ constant, explain how its drift velocity
would be affected
[CBSE OD 15]
Solution:
E = and v = τ
For a given emf. ε, the filed E becomes rd. when the length is
tripled. New drift velocity v = .

2) Fig shows a piece of pure semiconductor S in series with a variable resistor R, and a
source of constant voltage V, would you increase (or) decreases the value of R to keep the
reading of ammeter (A) constant, when semi conductor S is heated? Give reason.

Solution:
The value of R should be increased. AS the temperature of semi conductor S increases, its
resistivity decreases. As a result the circuit resistance decreases and current tends to increases.
To keep the reading of ammeter (A) constant, the value of R has to be increased.

6
3) Explain how electron mobility changes for a good conductor when
(i) the temperature of the conductor is decreased at constant potential difference and (ii)
applied potential difference is doubled at constant temperature.
[CBSE OD 06C, D17C]
Solution:
eτ
Electron mobility of a conductor μ= m
(i) When the temperature of the conductor decreases, the relaxation time τ of free
electrons decreases so mobility μ decreases.
(ii) Mobility μ is independent of applied potential difference.

4) A cell of unknown emf ε and internal resistance r, two unknown resistance R and R
(R > 𝑅 ) and a perfect ammeter are given. The current in the circuit is measured in five
different situations.
(i) Without any external resistance in
(ii) With resistance R only
(iii) With resistance R only
(iv) With both R and R used in series combination and
(v) With R and R used in parallel combination.
The current obtained in the five cases are 0.42A, 0.6A, 1.05A, 1.4A and 4.2A but not
necessarily in that order. Indentify the currents in the five cases listed above and calculate
ε, r, R and R
[CBSE SP08, D12]
Solution:
Total resistances in the five cases are (i)r, (ii)r + R , (iii)r + R , (iv)r + R + R ,
(v) r +
As R > R these resistances in increasing order are
r r+ , r+R , r+R , r+R +R
The currents in decreasing order are
4.2A, 1.4Am 1.05A, 0.6A, 0.4A
= 4.2 A …(1)
= 1.05 A …(2)
= 0.6 A …(3)
= 0.42 A …(4)
= 1.4 A …(5)

On dividing (1) by (2)

.
= . (or) 1 + = 4, (or) R = 3r
On dividing (1) by (3)
.
= . (or) 1 + = 7, (or) R = 6Ω
From (1) ε=4.2r
Putting the values in (4) we get
4.2r
= 0.42
r+3r+66
r = 1Ω
Hence, ε=4.2v, r = 1Ω
R = 3Ω and R = 6Ω
7