MERU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

TITLE: FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT

STUDENT NAME: NDARWA ANDREW KAMAE

Reg No: CT202/103304/20

SEPTEMBER,2023
Contents
Declaration ...............................................................................................vi
1.1Background of study ............................................................................ 1
1.2Motivation of study ............................................................................. 2
1.4 General Objective ................................................................................ 3
1.4.1 Specific Objectives ........................................................................ 3
1.5 Significance of Study ......................................................................... 3
1.6 Scope of the study ............................................................................... 4
1.7 Assumptions in study .......................................................................... 5
1.8 Limitation of study .............................................................................. 5
2.0 Overview ............................................................................................. 7
2.1 Functions of existing Sewage and wastewater management systems.
................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Blockages detection. ...................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Overflow Detection ....................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Alert and Notification sending ...................................................... 8
2.2 Components of existing sewage and wastewater management system
................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Hardware components ................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Data storage transmission components ......................................... 9
2.2.3 Interface Component ................................................................... 10
2.3 Characteristics of existing systems ................................................... 10
2.3.1 Less labourforce demanding ....................................................... 10
2.3.2 Economical .................................................................................. 10

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 2.3.3 Flexible solutions......................................................................... 11
2.4 Types of existing systems ................................................................. 11
2.4.1 Manual Systems ........................................................................... 11
2.4.2 Robot based system ..................................................................... 12
2.4.3 Ai based Systems ......................................................................... 12
2.4.4 IoT based Systems ....................................................................... 13
2.5 Software development tools .............................................................. 13
2.5.1 Visual studio code ....................................................................... 13
2.5.2 Arduino IDE ................................................................................ 14
2.6 Challenges of existing systems ........................................................ 14
2.7 Related work ...................................................................................... 15
2.8 Summary............................................................................................ 18
3.0 Overview ........................................................................................... 20
3.1 Research design ................................................................................. 20
Types of research design ......................................................................... 20
1.Descriptive design ............................................................................. 20
3.Experimental Design ......................................................................... 21
3.2 Population sample and sampling ....................................................... 21
3.2.1 Sampling techniques .................................................................... 21
Probability sampling techniques .......................................................... 22
Non-probability sampling techniques .................................................. 22
3.3 Data Collection, Instrumentation and Procedure .............................. 23
3.3.1 Types of data collection tools ...................................................... 23
Surveys and Questionnaires: ................................................................ 23
Interviews ............................................................................................. 23
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 Observation ........................................................................................... 23
Sensors and Measurement Devices ...................................................... 23
Focus Group Guides ............................................................................. 24
3.4 Development tools and materials ...................................................... 24
3.5 System Development methodology .................................................. 25
Waterfall Model....................................................................................... 25
Agile Methodology.................................................................................. 25
Iterative Model ........................................................................................ 26
Spiral Model ............................................................................................ 26
V-Model (Verification and Validation Model) ....................................... 26
3.6 Data processing and analysis ............................................................ 26
Descriptive statistics ............................................................................. 27
Inferential statistics ............................................................................... 27
3.7 Ethical consideration. ........................................................................ 28
Sammary .................................................................................................. 28
4.0 Overview ........................................................................................... 29
4.1 Feasibility study .............................................................................. 29
4.2 Overall Description of the current system ..................................... 29
4.2.1 IoT drainage monitoring system Use- Case diagram. ................ 30
4.2.2 IoT drainage monitoring system Class diagram ......................... 31
4.2.3 IoT drainage monitoring system Sequence diagram ................... 31
4.2.4 IoT sewage system Data flow diagram .......................................... 32
4.2.5 IoT drainage monitoring system Activity diagram .................... 33
4.3 Requirements gathering..................................................................... 34
4.3.1 Functional Requirements ............................................................. 34
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4.3.2 Nonfunctional Requirements ......................................................... 36
4.4 Summary............................................................................................ 37
5.0 Overview ........................................................................................... 38
5.1 Logical design of IoT drainage monitoring system ....................... 38
5.2 Physical design ............................................................................... 39
5.2.1 LCD display ................................................................................. 39
5.2.2 Arduino Uno ................................................................................ 39
5.2.3 Ultrasonic sensors ........................................................................ 40
5.3 Database design of the IoT drainage monitoring system. ................. 41
5.3.1 Building table(named t_building) ............................................... 41
5.3.2 Manhole Table (named t_manhole): .............................................. 42
5.3.3 Pipe Table (named t_pipe): ............................................................ 42
5.3.4 Blockage Detector Table (named t_blockage_detector): .............. 42
5.3.5 Level monitor Table (named t_level_monitor): ............................. 43
5.3.6Alerts Table (named t_alerts): ......................................................... 43
5.3.7 Database logical design for IoT sewage monitoring system ......... 44
6.0 Overview ........................................................................................... 46
6.1 Implemented Features .................................................................... 46
6.1.1. Water Level monitoring feature ................................................. 46
6.1.2 blockage detection feature .............................................................. 47
6.1.3 Alerting feature............................................................................... 48
6.1.4 Report generation feature ............................................................... 50
6.2 System Changeover ........................................................................... 51
Summary .................................................................................................. 53
7.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 55
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7.2 Recommendation/ future work .......................................................... 56
Reference ................................................................................................. 57
Appendix ................................................................................................. 62
1.Budget................................................................................................... 62
3.Workplan .............................................................................................. 65

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Declaration
I Ndarwa Andrew Kamae, hereby declare that the information provided here is my original work
and has not been presented elsewhere.

Student name Reg No: Signature Date

………………………. …………………….. ……………………

……………………………..

Lecture Name
………………………………

vi
Dedication

I dedicate my work to my family and entire Meru University of Science and Technology staff
whose steadfast support has influenced my academic journey. My determination has been fueled
by your belief in me. This work is an homage to your significant influence. I am grateful that you
are my beacon of hope.

vii
Acknowledgment

I would want to thank Dismas Kitaria, my supervisor, for all of his help and advice with this
assignment. I also value the resources supplied by Meru University of Science and Technology
and the contributions made by staff members. I appreciate my friends and family's support. This
report is the result of a team effort, and I appreciate everyone's help and patience.

viii
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of study
Water quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been negatively impacted by the massive volume
of wastewater (WW) generated as a result of the region's ongoing industrial expansion and
population growth. Since less than 10% of the generated WW is treated before being released
into the environment, the WW flows into freshwater, lowering the quality of the water in the
area. Numerous research have examined the impact of water contamination and associated
problems on the environment and public health. With its many advantages for the general public
and the environment, wastewater management (WWM) unquestionably has a significant room
for advancement.Due to factors including fast population increase, the world community is
currently experiencing a crisis in WW management(Onu et al., 2023).

Meru University of Science and Technology (MUST)is not an exclusion either with the drainage
and waste management system facing a serious issue. Increased wastewater production as a
result of rapid students population growth frequently causes clogs and overflows in the drainage
networks. Currently used manual detection techniques have shown to be ineffective,frequently
causing delays in reactions, infrastructure damage and related health and environmental dangers.

One of the leading causes of disease worldwide, especially in crowded areas and poor nations
like Kenya, is the consumption of tainted water(Nyagwencha et al., 2019.)It is imperative that
blockages and overflows are quickly and accurately detected. These problems can result in
system breakdowns, significant environmental damage and substantial threats to students health
if they are not swiftly discovered and resolved. Finding a method that is more effective is
therefore essential.

In this setting ,the Internet of Things(IoT) appears as a game-changing method for detecting
drainage blockages and overflows. Realtime time monitoring and automated alerts are made
possible by IoT technology,which takes place of the inaccurate manual detection
techniques(Alzahrani et al., 2023).

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There is clearly issues with MUST current drainage and waste water management system.
Response times are hampered by the reliance on manual inspections to find blockages and spills,
and possible infrastructure damage results. Additionally, these delays have an impact on the
environment since untreated spills and overflows can contaminate water sources, leading to the
environmental deterioration and related issues. Untreated wastewater overflow could pose
danger to the students health, which makes prompt to identification and response urgently
necessary.

This research project’s main goal is to create an Internet of Things-based wastewater drainage
monitoring system for MUST that focuses on obstruction and overflow detection.Real-time
monitoring,preventive maintainance,and automated alerts will be made possible by integration of
IoT technology to the current system.The system hopes to achieve this in order to dramatically
improve MUST’s drainage and wastewater management’s effectiveness and sustainability.
Additionally, the fundermental objective of the system is to substitute automated ,data-driven
detection and reaction mechanism for the antiquated manual detection methods.

1.2Motivation of study
The rapid student population development in MUST has made it urgently necessary to improve
drainage and wastewater management, which is the main driving force for this study. The
population of MUST, has grown significantly in recent years with each year recording an
increment in the number first years joining (https://must.ac.ke).

The current drainage and wastewater infrastructure is under tremendous pressure as a result of
increasing population in the university .The increased risk of waterborne and airborne infections
,environmental pollution , infrastructure damage and, greater healthcare expenditures are all
negative effects of ineffective grainage and wastewater management. In addition to endangering
aquatic ecosystems, this pollution puts at risk even the community health by contaminating the
sources of drinking water. Further aggravating the issue is the reliance on human techniques for
detecting obstructions and overflows, which frequently results to delayed replies.

Therefore a key driving force for this study is the urgent requirement to accommodate MUST
expanding population while guaranteeing efficient drainage and wastewater management. To
2
increase the effectiveness, sustainability, and resilience of the university’s drainage
infrastructure, an IoT-based system for blockage and and overflow detection must be developed.
The study ‘s goal is to solve this issue in order to reduce health concerns, safeguard the
environment,and promote the university’s longterm growth and development in the face of rising
urbanization.

1.3Problem statement

The current drainage system at MUST is based on manual detection of blockages and
characterized by lack of efficiency, cost ineffective and the inability to detect blockages as soon
as they occur. It also suffers from insecurity which exposes students’ to health issues as a result
of wastewater exposure when overflows occur. With the current system, wastewater line
infrastructure are likely to get damaged as a result of delayed reaction. Therefore the proposed
system which is IoT based, will address the problem of blockage detection, report generation and
delays in the reaction of overflows.

1.4 General Objective

To develop a system that automates the monitoring of the drainage system.

1.4.1 Specific Objectives

• To detect blockages on when they occur.
• To detect occurrence of overflows in the manholes.
• To alert the administration immediately the blockages occur.
• To generate report on the drainage system situation.

1.5 Significance of Study

This study affects the society as a whole and each individual researcher while also making
substantial contribution to the academic community, professional practice and policy
development.The relevance is made clear in the context of society as a whole by addressing the
important infrastructure and wastewater management concerns.This study helps to reduce the
impact on the environment and ensures public health by limiting wastewater overflow and
minimizing inflastructure damage .Additionally it lessens service interuptions, improving
3
community residents and MUST students quality of life and possibly resulting in cost savings
that are advantageous to the university and community at large(Rajalakshmi, 2022) .

The study offers a number of benefits to individual researcher and other participants. It provides
a platform for professional growth for researchers by teaching useful problem solving
techniques. Gaining knowledge in wastewater management improves job opportunity while also
prepairing researchers to improve their communities’ wellbeing and take on similar problems in
the future.This raises the standard of living for everyone in the community and the university by
promoting competence in Nchiru area and the university.

The study stands out among the academic literature and research because of its distinctive
contribution.By concentrating on proactive obstraction identification and prevention,a topic that
has so far received little attention.It fills research gap in the area.The study will likely introduce
or improve technology approaches that will progress wastewater management.It will also give
empirical data that other researchers and policymakers may use a resourse,enhancing the body of
knowledge in the subject.(Alzahrani et al., 2023)The impact also affects the fields of practice
and policy,to sum it up.The researcher advances less expensive ,more suitable and better service-
delivery methods for maintaining wastewater infrastructure. The community and the
environment will ultimately gain if policymakers use the findings to drive decisions about
regurations, funding distribution and infrastructure development. The significance of this study
,which encompases academics,practice and policy development and offers significant
suggestions for cleaner,safer and more effective city in the future, basically extends from the
societal level down to the individual researcher.

1.6 Scope of the study

The study's main focus is on designing and creating an Internet of Things-based system that can
efficiently track drainage parameters in real-time. In order to acquire, process, and transmit data,
it is necessary to create a hardware system(such as sensors and data collection devices) that can
collect data to be uploaded to the cloud.

The study will carefully examine a number of technical and practical aspects of the system,
including as sensor selection, data transmission techniques, data storage and processing, and alert

4
production. Additionally, concerns about data security, privacy, and adherence to ethical and
legal norms will be covered in the study.

The study's final product will be an IoT-based drainage monitoring and alert system that not only
satisfies technical criteria but also offers helpful suggestions for its effective implementation in
actual drainage management procedures.

1.7 Assumptions in study

The success of an IoT drainage and wastewater monitoring system is supported by a number of
key assumptions. It starts off by assuming that the sensors being utilized to get the data are
reliable. This indicates that the system relies on the assumption that the information provided by
these sensors consistently and properly reflects the actual state of the wastewater, with any
differences attributable to actual changes rather than sensor failure.

The system also counts on constant connectivity. Real-time data transmission from the sensors to
a central database or control center depends on a robust network connection. Any break in this
communication could affect the timeliness and accuracy of the data.

Last but not least, the system counts on the adoption of strong data privacy and security
safeguards. It assumes that user authentication, data encryption, and access controls are used to
safeguard sensitive data against unauthorized access, alteration, or breaches. These presumptions
are essential for the system to operate properly and dependably.

1.8 Limitation of study

First, a significant restriction is the requirement for sensor calibration and maintenance.
Inaccuracies and drift can occur over time in sensors used for data collecting, needing frequent
calibration and maintenance. Failure to do so may result in data discrepancies, endangering the
dependability of the system. To ensure that sensors deliver precise and consistent data, this
necessitates routine resource allocation and operational control. Additionally, given the harsh
and frequently inaccessible wastewater conditions, maintenance might be logistically difficult.

Second, environmental influence is a major obstacle. Extreme weather, physical obstacles, the
presence of debris or contaminants in the wastewater, and other factors can interfere with sensor
performance and data transmission. Such environmental obstacles might cause data loss or

5
inaccuracy, necessitating the use of redundant systems or alternative monitoring techniques to
guarantee the accuracy of the data. These drawbacks highlight the significance of a
comprehensive strategy for wastewater management that incorporates IoT technology with
reliable maintenance and environmental adaption.

6
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Overview
This chapter embarks on a comprehensive exploration of literature pertaining to drainage and
wastewater blockage systems. The chapter's primary focus is to elucidate the functionalities,
components, characteristics, and various types of drainage and wastewater blockage detection
systems. By delving into these aspects, the aim is to provide a thorough understanding of the
critical components that constitute such systems. Furthermore, the chapter dives into the
challenges encountered during the development of these systems, shedding light on the real-
world hurdles that engineers and researchers face in the pursuit of efficient drainage and
wastewater management.

2.1 Functions of existing Sewage and wastewater management systems.

Here is a prism through which the study looks at the usefulness and practical ramifications of the
drainage and wastewater management systems that are currently in use.

2.1.1 Blockages detection.

This advanced Internet of Things (IoT)-based electronic system is equipped to detect and address
blockages within the drainage and wastewater infrastructure. To achieve this, the system
incorporates a diverse array of sensors and clog detection modules strategically placed
throughout the drainage network. Leveraging IoT technology, these sensors gather and
consolidate information, enabling the system to promptly identify blockages and initiate the
necessary remedial actions.(Misra, 2022)

To prevent the untimely discharge of wastewater from the pipeline, early detection of blockages
is of utmost importance. Delayed recognition of blockages may result in a range of distressing
consequences, including the pervasive presence of foul odors, increased risk of infections, and
the disruption of daily routines. These inconveniences can not only lead to discomfort but also
pose potential health hazards, making the timely identification and mitigation of blockages a
crucial priority in sewage and wastewater management.(Suresh Kumar et al., 2021)

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2.1.2 Overflow Detection
Overflow detection functions within drainage and wastewater management systems are designed
to monitor and identify instances where the volume of incoming wastewater exceeds the capacity
of the system, potentially leading to overflows. By continuously assessing flow rates and system
capacity, these functions provide early warnings of potential overflows, enabling timely
interventions to prevent environmental contamination and infrastructure damage (Vani* et al.,
2019).

In contrast to traditional methods of identifying drainage and wastewater overflows, which often
come with high costs and relatively low efficiency, this project introduces an innovative
approach. It harnesses the capabilities ultrasonic sensors, integrated into a Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN), to detect both blockage and overflow within the system. This technological
advancement not only promises greater cost-effectiveness but also significantly enhances the
efficiency of identifying and addressing issues in sewage and wastewater management, ushering
in a more responsive and sustainable era in infrastructure management.(Vani* et al., 2019)

2.1.3 Alert and Notification sending

When possible blockages or abnormalities are found, a drainage and wastewater blockage
detection system's alarm and notification function generates alerts and messages in real-time to
ensure that a fast response is made. After that, these notifications are sent to the appropriate
parties, including maintenance crews or wastewater management authority, allowing prompt
action to stop spills and environmental harm.(Tiwari, 2021).

This uses a level sensor to determine the water level in the drainage system and shows it on the
screen. Both the flow rate and the obstruction are found using sensors. The WEMOS D1
monitors the particular conditions, updates it in real time via IoT, and automatically sends an
alert via GSM.(Tiwari, 2021)

2.2 Components of existing sewage and wastewater management system

The study's particular emphasis in this portion is on locating, comprehending, and analyzing the
different technological, structural, and functional elements that make these systems function.

8
2.2.1 Hardware components
Microcontrollers are crucial hardware components in this study, exemplified by devices like
Arduino or Raspberry Pi(M, 2021). They facilitate data acquisition, real-time monitoring, and
control within the drainage and wastewater management system. These microcontrollers
interface with various sensors, collecting and processing data on flow rates and pressure levels,
enabling swift responses to issues like blockages and overflows. Their adaptability and
processing power contribute to the system's efficiency and overall integrity.

The system's sensory receptors are sensors; ultrasonic sensors identify obstructions and overflow
hazards(Murugan, 2021). Because these sensors give real-time data, the system can quickly
detect abnormalities and address possible problems. They play a crucial part in guaranteeing
effective drainage and wastewater management, limiting environmental contamination, and
preventing overflows.

Networking components like GSM(Tiwari, 2021), Zigbee(Vani* et al., 2019), and WiFi modules
are integral to drainage and wastewater systems. GSM ensures broad and reliable wireless
communication, Zigbee is suitable for short-range, low-power connections, and WiFi modules
offer high-speed, long-range data transfer. These components facilitate efficient communication
between sensors, microcontrollers, and central control systems, ensuring timely responses and
effective sewage and wastewater management.

2.2.2 Data storage transmission components

ThingSpeak is a cloud-based platform for data gathering, analysis, and visualization that is an
essential part of wastewater and drainage control systems. With the help of this platform, the
system may instantly and securely arrange and store data produced by sensors and
microcontrollers. Additionally, ThingSpeak offers data analysis tools, such as the ability to
create personalized applications for certain monitoring and alerting requirements. Additionally, it
makes data visualization possible through graphs, charts, and other visual aids, enabling system
administrators to draw conclusions from the gathered data. ThingSpeak is essential to
centralizing, organizing, and interpreting the massive volume of data gathered by the system,
which improves decision-making and the efficacy of sewage and wastewater treatment in
general(Shree S & Srinivasan, 2022).

9
2.2.3 Interface Component
Sewage and wastewater management systems' interface component acts as an approachable entry
point for users to engage with the data and features of the system. For instance, a mobile app
enables users to do all of the following from the comfort of their smartphones: view real-time
information, receive alerts, and take preventive action. Conversely, a webpage-based interface
makes use of a web browser to provide a more expansive platform for comprehensive analysis
and management. These two interfaces are crucial parts of the system because they give users the
means to effectively monitor and react to important occurrences in wastewater and sewage
systems, improving the system's overall responsiveness and user experience(Shree S &
Srinivasan, 2022).

2.3 Characteristics of existing systems

Examining the Characteristics of Existing Systems in relation to wastewater and drainage
management is an important project that provides a thorough grasp of the basic characteristics
and features of these infrastructure elements.

2.3.1 Less labourforce demanding

management systems refers to the systems' ability to operate with minimal manual intervention
or human labor. These systems are typically designed to be highly automated, relying on
advanced technologies, sensors, and control mechanisms to perform various tasks. For example,
automated pumps and valves control the flow of wastewater, and sensors detect blockages or
irregularities, triggering alerts and actions without the need for constant human monitoring. This
characteristic not only reduces operational costs but also minimizes the risk of human error,
contributing to the overall efficiency and reliability of drainage and wastewater management
systems(Et al., 2021).Every new technology employed in this field must focus on reducing the
labourfource required in detection of blockages.

2.3.2 Economical
The economical feature of wastewater and drainage monitoring systems relates to how
economical and effective these systems are. It entails keeping or raising service quality while
maximizing resource usage and operational costs. This quality includes things like reduced
maintenance costs, energy efficiency, and the capacity to prevent problems like overflows and
blockages, which can be costly to fix after they happen. Economical drainage and wastewater
10
management systems are a sensible option for towns and organizations trying to strike a balance
between economic and environmental goals because they strive to achieve sustainable, long-term
cost savings as well as overall financial viability while meeting environmental and public health
standards(Excellence, 2016).

2.3.3 Flexible solutions

In the context of drainage systems, "flexible solutions" refers to the system's capacity for change
and its ability to meet new demands. These solutions are made to be flexible enough to adapt to
changing conditions and a variety of scenarios, making it possible for the infrastructure to
function well in a variety of situations. For example, a flexible system could be able to modify
wastewater rerouting, vary flow rates, or adapt to capacity changes in the network. The goal is to
increase the system's resilience and reduce disruptions, which makes it ideal for metropolitan
settings where robust and flexible wastewater management systems are required due to factors
including infrastructure expansion, population growth, and weather disasters(Tiwari, 2021).

2.4 Types of existing systems

There are wide range of drainage and wastewater monitoring strategies used in urban
infrastructure they include.

2.4.1 Manual Systems

A manual-based wastewater and drainage monitoring system is one in which human interaction
is largely necessary for the majority of important operations and decision-making
processes(Satheesh et al., 1247). The majority of the work in this kind of system is done by
human operators, who also identify bottlenecks, monitor water flow, and start overflow reaction
mechanisms. These workers might physically operate pumps, valves, and other infrastructure
parts in addition to visually inspecting the sewage network and making choices based on their
views(A et al., 2019.).

Compared to automated or technologically advanced systems, manual systems are frequently less
efficient and more prone to human mistake, even if they are generally simpler and could be
appropriate for smaller or less complicated sewage networks. This kind of system usually
requires a specialized staff for ongoing upkeep and monitoring, and it might not have enough
accuracy.

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2.4.2 Robot based system
In a robot-based drainage and wastewater monitoring system, different functions are carried out
inside the drainage network by autonomous or semi-autonomous robots that are outfitted with
sensors and equipment. These robots can be programmed to carry out maintenance and repairs as
well as pipeline inspections and obstruction detection. By reducing the need for human
interaction and providing access to dangerous or difficult-to-reach regions, the employment of
robots in these systems improves efficiency and lowers operational hazards(Shankar et al.,
2021a).

Robot-based systems' initial high implementation costs are one of their weaknesses. It might be
costly to develop and implement specialist robots with the required technologies. Furthermore,
there may be continuous expenses for maintaining and improving these robotic systems.This
systems have a drawback since most are not waterproof(Shankar et al., 2021a). .But eventually,
the labor savings and increased efficiency might more than balance the original outlay, making it
a worthwhile investment.

2.4.3 Ai based Systems

Artificial intelligence algorithms and machine learning are used by an AI-based drainage and
wastewater management system to improve the system's efficiency, accuracy, and decision-
making skills. Large volumes of data gathered from sensors and other sources are analyzed by
AI, which helps the system anticipate and identify obstructions, maximize flow rates, and send
out real-time notifications for possible problems. These systems' ability to adapt and learn from
past data allows them to operate better and better over time(D et al., 2021).The fact that AI-based
systems depend on precise, high-quality data for training and decision-making presents one
possible vulnerability. Proper forecasts and conclusions may result from insufficient, obsolete, or
wrong original data. Furthermore, interpreting AI models can occasionally be difficult and they
need a lot of processing power, which could be a limitation for some applications. For AI-based
sewage and wastewater management systems to be dependable and effective, meticulous data
curation and monitoring are necessary.

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2.4.4 IoT based Systems
The Internet of Things (IoT) is used by an IoT-based drainage and wastewater management
system to link different sensors, devices, and parts of the drainage network to a central control
system online. Real-time data on variables like flow rates, pressure, water quality, and
obstruction detection is continuously gathered by these sensors. One suggested application for
this system would be to install a network of Internet of Things-capable sensors all across a city's
drainage system. These sensors provide data to a central control center, where real-time
processing of the data is done using sophisticated analytics and algorithms. The technology can
automatically send notifications to maintenance workers or change the flow rates to prevent
spills if it detects a blockage or other anomalies(S et al., 2022).

An IoT-based drainage has an edge over conventional systems since it can provide real-time
monitoring and quick response times. It offers a thorough understanding of the drainage network,
facilitating proactive maintenance and quick responses to possible problems. IoT-based systems
can be used for both local and large drainage networks since they are very scalable and adaptive.
They are an affordable and environmentally responsible option for monitoring drainage and
wastewater because they minimize the need for manual inspections, which lowers operational
costs, and they also lessen the chance of environmental harm(M, 2021).

2.5 Software development tools

The complex network of linked sensors, data analytics, and control mechanisms in IoT-based
drainage monitoring systems greatly depends on a wide range of advanced software development
tools to make this cutting-edge technology a reality. They include:

2.5.1 Visual studio code

Visual Studio's versatile toolkit can be harnessed to create a robust and efficient IoT-based
drainage monitoring system. It allows developers to design and deploy software for IoT devices,
integrate cloud services for data storage and analytics, and implement essential IoT
communication protocols. With real-time monitoring, debugging capabilities, and security
features, Visual Studio ensures the system's reliability while providing the flexibility to scale as
the number of connected sensors and data grows. Additionally, its version control and remote
maintenance tools facilitate collaborative development and enable seamless over-the-air updates,

13
making it an indispensable asset for the seamless operation and maintenance of an IoT-enabled
drainage management infrastructure(Rask et al., 2020).

2.5.2 Arduino IDE

In this IoT-based drainage monitoring system, the Arduino IDE serves as a pivotal tool for
developing and programming the microcontroller units (MCUs) and sensors embedded within
the system. By leveraging the Arduino IDE, developers can write and upload code to the
Arduino boards, ensuring seamless data collection from various sensors and enabling the
communication of vital drainage system data to the central monitoring platform. The user-
friendly nature of the Arduino IDE, coupled with an extensive library of pre-built functions,
simplifies the development process, making it accessible even to those with limited
programming experience. Furthermore, the IDE allows for quick prototyping and iterative
testing, essential for fine-tuning the system's sensor interactions and optimizing data collection,
ultimately contributing to the system's overall reliability and effectiveness in drainage
monitoring(Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering et al., 2021.).

2.6 Challenges of existing systems

Some of the challenges faced by current drainage monitoring systems include limited coverage
and scalability(Vani* et al., 2019), which can result in gaps in surveillance; issues with data
accuracy and reliability due to aging infrastructure and inaccurate sensors; maintenance
challenges related to access to remote or underground monitoring points; limitations on data
integration and interoperability that impede efficient data analysis and decision-making; and the
challenge of adapting to changing environmental and regulatory compliance standards. These
drawbacks highlight how urgently drainage monitoring systems must be updated in order to meet
these difficulties and guarantee more effective, dependable, and compliant drainage management
in more urbanized areas.

14
2.7 Related work
(Jamaludin et al., 2021),conducted a research on early detection of sewerpipeline blockage using
CCD tomography approach. The main objective of the system is to use CCD tomography, which
collects data by examining light interaction with congealed masses, to detect sewer pipeline
obstructions early. It provides real-time monitoring without invasive probes by proactively
identifying congealed masses, reconstructing their pictures, and differentiating between solid and
transparent materials. The system's application in non-transparent or optically unresponsive
materials may be limited due to its reliance on optical qualities for effectiveness.It also requires
certain hardware, resolution issues, and possible maintenance, all of which should be taken into
account before implementing. Since its adaptation to various sewer systems is not specifically
addressed, more evaluation is required to determine its efficacy in the actual world.

(Shankar et al., 2021b),In his work,came up with a system that addressed the issue . The system's
aimed to solve sewage management-related problems in highly populated areas. It used Internet
of Things (IoT) technology to automate duties that have historically been completed by human
personnel in order to monitor and maintain drainage systems. Numerous metrics, including
pressure, leakage, dangerous gas levels, total capacity, flow, and liquid levels, were continuously
monitored by the system. The system notified the authorities when any of these variables above a
predetermined threshold. The system's resilience is increased when sensor node communication
is conducted via a ring topology. Furthermore, the robot would respond to notifications by
clearing garbage along its path using a mobile app that controled its movement.

(Alzahrani et al., 2023), The IoT-based Smart Sewage Monitoring System described in the study
included flow sensors, ultrasonic sensors, NodeMCU ESP8266, and the Blynk web app to
provide real-time sewage level monitoring and safety alarms. Its features included constant
monitoring of sewage levels and flow rates, which allowed for prompt notifications to sewage
personnel in the event that the sewage level rose above a certain threshold, protecting their safety
and upholding urban hygiene. The system's dependence on power and network connectivity
posed a possible risk to its dependability and efficacy since it left it open to interruptions, data
loss, and system failure in unfavorable circumstances.

(Faris et al., 2021.), According to the paper, the Smart Real-Time Sewage Monitoring System
used a variety of sensors, such as gas sensors to identify hazardous gases, ultrasonic sensors to
15
identify obstructions, and door magnetic sensors to operate door mechanisms. These sensors
were all connected to an Arduino Uno ATmega328P chip. The system's ability to quickly send
notifications via the Internet of Things (IoT) to the server and client upon blockage detection
allowed for the prompt repair of drainage system damage and decreased the risk to manual
sewage maintenance workers. One disadvantage, though, was that the system's performance
hinged on a steady supply of power and dependable network connectivity, making it vulnerable
to disturbances in places with erratic power supplies or connections.

(Tiwari, 2021), Using ultrasonic, MQ2 gas, and temperature sensors, respectively, the IoT-based
Smart Sewage Monitoring System detailed in the article provided features including continuous
water level monitoring, hazardous gas detection, and temperature measurement within sewage
systems. It enabled real-time monitoring and alerts by sending data to the Thingspeak IoT
platform over GSM and Wi-Fi. This method has potential for improving sewage management
and protecting employees from dangerous situations. Its dependence on Wi-Fi and GSM
connectivity, however, could be a disadvantage as it leaves it vulnerable to network outages in
places with shaky infrastructure and may therefore reduce its overall usefulness.

(Murugan, 2021), intended to address problems with urban drainage systems. The main features
of the system were the use of ultrasonic sensors for problem detection, an alert system that was
activated when water levels went above a predetermined level, a 16x2 Liquid Crystal display
(LCD) for message display, and GSM notification of the situation to neighboring municipalities.
Nevertheless, there were a number of possible disadvantages, such as the need for frequent
maintenance, reliance on a steady power source, cost implications, the potential for false alarms
from the sensors, and data security issues when utilizing GSM for communication. The paper
underlined the potential advantages of early detection and alert measures for drainage blockages,
as well as the significance of maintaining effective drainage systems to avoid problems like
flooding and contamination of pure water. It covered earlier research in a related field,
demonstrating the continued interest in utilizing technology to solve drainage issues in urban
settings. Overall, the paper offered a strategy to enhance urban drainage system management,
while acknowledging the difficulties and expenses involved.

(Prasath et al., 2021),A method to deal with the problems caused by ineffective sewerage
systems in cities was covered in the study "IOT Based Sewer Clogging Prediction System For
16
Smart City" by Dr. C.S. Ravichandran and his colleagues. Using a variety of sensors, including
water flow, water level, rain, gas sensors, and an Arduino, the system's main functions included
monitoring water flow, detecting leaks or overflows, and computing water volume. An LCD and
a webpage showed every piece of data that was gathered. The paper emphasized the significance
of effective sewerage systems and the dangers associated with sewage floods as a result of things
like population expansion, inadequate infrastructure, and severe precipitation. In order to lessen
them, it stressed the necessity of proactive and autonomous sewage management employing IoT
and predictive analytics. The research covered the techniques currently used to analyze sewer
conditions and suggested an automated system that could anticipate obstructions and take action
without requiring human input. In its conclusion, the hardware components used in the system—
such as the PIC16F877A microcontroller, IoT-based Node MCU, rain, gas, and water flow
sensors—as well as some of the results obtained through the sensors were presented. These
showed how this technology may be used to improve sewerage system management.

(A et al., 2019.), In the past, the "Manhole Detection and Monitoring System," developed by
Ruheena M. A, Rukhayia Sheereen, Sheeba Kulsum, and T. Komala at GSSSIETW in Mysore,
India, aimed to address the need for efficient underground infrastructure in smart cities. This
system focused on monitoring drainage systems to maintain clean and healthy cities, particularly
during the monsoon season. It utilized wireless sensor networks and IoT technology with various
sensors to detect issues such as blockages, water flow variations, temperature changes, and gas
emissions. When a problem was identified, the system sent alerts to the relevant authorities, thus
reducing manual inspection risks and improving maintenance efficiency. Despite potential
challenges related to sensor accuracy and maintenance, power supply, and data transmission
reliability, the system offered a cost-effective and real-time solution for enhancing urban
underground drainage management to promote cleaner and safer cities.

(Sasireka et al., 2021), The International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews first
published the "Smart Safety Monitoring System for Sewage Workers Using IoT" in 2021. This
ground-breaking method was designed to alleviate the high death rates among sanitation workers
that result from their work cleaning sewage and exposure to hazardous gasses. By watching
pulse rates and continuously detecting gas concentrations—particularly those of methane, carbon
monoxide, and sulfur dioxide—it provided real-time health monitoring. When gas levels

17
departed from safety norms, workers and authorities received immediate alerts. Real-time data
transfer made possible by IoT technology allowed for remote monitoring and analysis. Advanced
gas sensors, mobile app connectivity, predictive analytics, autonomous robotics, and easily
navigable data visualization for improved sewage management and worker safety were among
the system's future prospective features.

(Tanwar, 2021.), The common problem of sewage overflow in cities was addressed in the study
"Sewage Level Maintenance Using IoT," which was presented by Ronak and Rohit Tanwar in
2021. In order to guarantee the early identification of possible issues, the system included
sensors to continuously monitor gas presence, sewage levels, and ambient conditions. It
evaluated sensor data using an ARM7 microprocessor, and when crucial thresholds were
reached, it immediately notified the appropriate authorities via GPS and GSM, allowing for a
rapid response to stop sewage overflow. Advanced sensors, Internet of Things integration,
mobile applications, predictive maintenance, and possible integration with smart city
infrastructure were all part of this system's future scope, which promised more sustainable and
effective urban services.

2.8 Summary
The assessment of the literature on drainage monitoring systems includes a range of cutting-edge
methods and tools designed to tackle the problems associated with managing sewage and
spotting obstructions in urban drainage systems early on. To improve the effectiveness and
dependability of sewage monitoring, researchers have looked into technologies including CCD
tomography, Internet of Things-based systems, and sophisticated sensor technologies. These
methods provide alarm systems and real-time monitoring to proactively detect problems and
notify the appropriate authorities. These systems have a lot of potential to improve urban
drainage and sanitation, but they also have drawbacks, such as the need for maintenance,
potential false alarms, and dependence on hardware and connectivity. All of these studies do
agree, though, that integrating technology and predictive analytics can improve drainage system
management considerably, reduce hazards to manual drainage employees, and foster safer and
cleaner urban environments. In order to deliver more efficient and sustainable school services,
future prospects for drainage monitoring systems include the use of cutting-edge sensors, IoT

18
integration, toxic gas detection, predictive maintenance, and interaction with smart city
infrastructure.

This study will focus on filling the gap of timely alerts.

19
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.0 Overview
This chapter describes how the study will be carried out. The population and sampling, data
collection techniques, development tools and materials, system development methodology,
system design, data processing and analysis, and research design are the essential elements in
this chapter.

3.1 Research design

Research designs are plans and the procedures for research that span the decisions from broad
assumptions to detailed methods of data collection and analysis. (Research Design 3, 2021.)

Types of research design

(Pawar, 2022.) states that, A researcher must have knowledge of various types of research
designs to choose which type of research design should be applied for the research. Therefore the
types of research designs includes:

1.Descriptive design
Descriptive design includes phenomena being researched and characteristics of population. To
describe internal validity does not require characteristics of population. It used for statisticsof
data, average and frequencies (Pawar, 2022.).

2.Explanatory design

Design used for research where no design study is done before. Later investigation can be best
understood to get knowledge through this design. The study used for explanation whether future
study is possible or not and data can be used for further development for more research (Pawar,
2022.).

20
3.Experimental Design
The casual relationship where particular cause leads to same effect, cause will proceed to effect
so degree of associate is major. The procedure is main which controls all factors of experiment.
Experimental design uses more measurements and more groups for longer periods of time
(Pawar, 2022.).

In order to fully define the existing state of drainage systems, descriptive research design works
best in Internet of Things drainage monitoring system projects. This allows for informed
decision-making and the modification of the monitoring system to particular environmental and
physical conditions.

3.2 Population sample and sampling

Research’s population can be defined as the total number of individuals, organisations, events,
objects or items from which measurement samples are selected(Singh et al., 2014). The
population defines the parameters and limits of the study and is determined by the criteria
pertinent to the research question. A sample is a portion of the population that is studied by
researchers with the intention of drawing conclusions and generalizing findings from it to the
greater population, subject to practical constraints(Casteel & Bridier, 2021).The practice of
choosing a subset of components from a larger population to represent and draw conclusions
about that population is known as sampling in research. (POPULATION SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES, 2019.).

the population is the different locations/building within the university area which are connected
the school sewage system.

3.2.1 Sampling techniques

According to(POPULATION SAMPLING TECHNIQUES,2021.),there are several number of
sampling techniques:

21
Probability sampling techniques
Probability sampling techniques is the use random selection (i.e., probabilistic methods) to help
you select units from your population for inclusion in your sample.They include, Simple

Random Sampling, stratified Random Sampling and Systematic Random Sampling.

Non-probability sampling techniques

They depend on the subjective judgment of the researcher or evaluator to select units from the
population for inclusion in the sample.They include, Convenience Sampling , Proportional
Quota Sampling, Purposive Sampling, Snowball Sampling and Self-Selection Sampling.This
study will employ stratified sampling technique because it ensures representative data collection
across different sections, enhancing accuracy.

Location/Building Population Sample size

Hostels 5 5
Engineering complex 2 1
Theatres 4 4
Innovation Centre 1 1
Tution Block 1 1
Administation block 2 2
Engineering workshops 3 3
Fig 3.2.1

Sample size = N/1+Ne2

Where: N= total population size=18

E= Margin of error =0.5%

=18/1+18(0.05)2

=17

Respodent sample size=RPS*n/N

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3.3 Data Collection, Instrumentation and Procedure
Instruments, gadgets, or techniques used to obtain data for analysis, research, or decision-making
are referred to as data collection tools. (Ewen, 2020.). Instruments and procedures used to
methodically collect and document data for analysis, decision-making, or research are known as
data collecting tools.The goals of the study, the kind of data needed, and the features of the target
population or environment all influence the choice of suitable instruments. The precision,
dependability, and comprehensiveness of the information gathered are enhanced by carefully
selected and executed data gathering instruments(Muhammad & Kabir, 2020.).

3.3.1 Types of data collection tools

The methodical procedure of gathering data is essential in the field of research and analysis in
order to reveal patterns and reach significant findings.

Surveys and Questionnaires:

In a survey, information is systematically gathered using a series of questions that are organized
to elicit responses from respondents. Whether distributed online, by mail, over the phone, or in
person, questionnaires are a commonly used method for gathering standardized responses from a
population or sample(Angeles County, 2023.).

Interviews
Direct conversations between a participant and a researcher are called interviews, and they are
intended to elicit detailed information and insights. Interviews can be semi-structured, allowing
for flexibility and probing, unstructured, offering an open-ended discussion, or organized, with a
preset set of questions(Foundation et al., 2019.-a).

Observation
Observation is the methodical observation and documentation of actions, circumstances, or
events. Depending on the type of observation, checklists, field notes, video recordings, or other
specialist instruments—like laboratory equipment or certain sensors—can be used as
tools(Foundation et al., 2019.-b).

Sensors and Measurement Devices

Sensors are instruments that automatically collect data from the environment. These devices can
measure a wide range of variables, including temperature, humidity, pressure, light, or
23
physiological factors. They play a crucial role in IoT applications for real-time data
monitoring(Agrawal et al., 2013).

Focus Group Guides

Focus groups are facilitated by a facilitator who leads a small group of participants in an
organized conversation about a particular subject. Focus group guides offer a structure for the
conversation, enabling participants to express their thoughts and observations on a certain topic
and frequently yielding qualitative data(CDC, 2018).

Since this is an IoT project,the use of sensors to collect data is the best choice.

3.4 Development tools and materials

An ultrasonic sensor—which is specifically made for clog detection—is an essential piece of
hardware in the Internet of Things wastewater and drainage monitoring system. The ultrasonic
sensor, which is positioned strategically inside the drainage systems pipe, works by producing
sound waves and timing how long it takes for the waves to return. The technology can quickly
detect and notify stakeholders of potential obstructions if there is any variation from the
estimated journey time. As the central processing unit, the Arduino Uno microcontroller gathers
and analyzes data from the ultrasonic sensor. Its function is to carry out preprogrammed
algorithms that evaluate sensor data and allow for instantaneous decision-makingLast but not
least, the GSM module acts as the system's communication center. It allows data and alarms to
be sent to a central server or other stakeholders, enabling prompt action in the case of overflows
or clogs. The efficacy of the system in detecting blockages and managing wastewater is
enhanced by the combined action of these hardware elements.

The Arduino IDE and visual studiocode are essential components of the Internet of Things-based
GSM drainage monitoring system, as they enable effective data processing and remote
monitoring. The Arduino IDE functions as the Arduino Uno microcontroller's programming
environment, allowing the creation of algorithms that control how sensor data is interpreted and
how decisions are made in real time. The GSM module is an elegant part of the system that uses
the Arduino IDE to provide important data over mobile networks, such overflow or blockage
signals. The transmitted data is received and stored by ThingSpeak, which acts as the centralized
cloud platform on the other end. Stakeholders can respond promptly to possible problems by

24
accessing real-time visualizations of the drainage system's status through its intuitive interface.
Visual studi and the Arduino IDE's combined capabilities guarantees a reliable and responsive
GSM-enabled drainage monitoring system, improving wastewater management's overall
efficacy.

The minimal hardware requirements for developing the Internet of Things (IoT)-based GSM
sewage monitoring system on a Windows PC will be a multi-core processor (such as an Intel
Core i5 or equivalent) for efficient code compilation in the Arduino IDE. For code editors and
development tools to run simultaneously, at least 4GB of RAM is required. Make sure you have
a minimum of 20GB of free storage space available for the Arduino IDE, libraries, and other
programming materials. For the Arduino IDE and related drivers to work, the operating system
needs to be Windows 7 or later. In addition, USB ports are required to link the Arduino Uno
board to the PC for testing and programming, and an internet connection is required to obtain
resources and updates while the project is being developed. These specs will lay the groundwork
for a Windows computer that can run the system's necessary development tools.

3.5 System Development methodology

(Ibrahim, 2020)define system development methodology as An organized method or framework
that directs the steps involved in organizing, developing, putting into practice, and managing a
system.There are different system development methodologies namely:

Waterfall Model
Software development is approached in a linear and systematic manner using the Waterfall
methodology. The requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance
phases are among the predetermined stages that it goes through. Before going on to the following
phase, each one needs to be finished(Saravanan, 2017).

Agile Methodology
Agile is a flexible, iterative methodology that places a strong emphasis on cooperation and
adaptation. It entails brief development cycles, known as sprints or iterations, in which cross-
functional teams work together to evolve requirements and solutions (Saravanan, 2018)..

25
Iterative Model
Under the iterative model, development cycles are repeated, and with each iteration, software is
improved through ongoing user feedback. It permits gradual advancement and improvement
according to the knowledge acquired throughout every cycle(Souppaya et al., 2022).

Spiral Model
The Spiral model permits modifications at any stage of the development process and highlights
the significance of risk assessments. It is an adaptable and flexible method that takes into account
required modifications as well as unforeseen problems that can come up while the project is
being developed. It is therefore a good fit for projects whose needs are ambiguous or change
over time(Ibrahim, 2020).

V-Model (Verification and Validation Model)

An expansion of the Waterfall model that highlights the connection between development and
testing is the V-Model. It entails drafting a testing strategy that runs concurrently with the
development strategy, with testing stages matching development phases. The "V"-shaped model
shows how the development and testing phases relate to one another(3 SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 3.1 INTRODUCTION, 2021).

Agile methodology suits my project well because it is well applicable to projects that require
regular revisitation of phases and have changing requirements.Furthuremore,agile methodology
prioritizes early delivery of a viable product.

3.6 Data processing and analysis

In this stage of research, the collected data will be processed and analyzed. The processing stage
will include editing, coding, classification and tabulation of collected data that will be ready for
analysis. Editing is done with great care to ensure that all questionnaires are complete, error-free,
and readable(Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis, 2022). The first step in the editing
process is to go over the responses to make sure all necessary data points are covered and to look
for any missing or conflicting information. The next step involves fixing formatting,
typographical, and grammar mistakes to improve the readability of the content. The objective is
to generate a polished, error-free set of data by verifying consistency in language and
terminology among questionnaires. Assigning codes (numbers) to each category of answers is

26
the aim of coding (Heip et al., 2022.) The process of allocating distinct numerical codes to every
group of replies derived from questionaires is carried out with an emphasis on precision and
consistency. The coding method is thoroughly described for future examination and openness.
Integrating error-checking techniques improves data integrity. Classification is used to separate
the questionnaires based on the groupings they belong to. (UNIT 5 PROCESSING AND
ANALYSIS OF DATA,2019.). The objective is to expedite and simplify the process of obtaining
particular data from various groups so as to enable a more targeted and insightful analysis of the
gathered information.

Once the data has been processed, it will be analyzed. The methodical process of examining,
purifying, converting, and analyzing unprocessed data in order to find trends, make inferences,
and aid in decision-making is known as data analysis. It entails utilizing a range of statistical and
computational methods to draw conclusions, spot patterns, and interpret data from a dataset. The
ultimate objective of data analysis is to extract useful knowledge that can help decision-makers
and advance knowledge of the topic or issue being studied. Data analysis enables the researcher
to gain insight on the behavior of raw information . A researcher can examine data using one of
two statistical metrics. That is, inferential and descriptive statistics.

Descriptive statistics
The primary characteristics of a dataset can be summed up and presented using descriptive
statistics techniques. This contains central tendency metrics that provide light on the normal or
average value within a set of data, such as the mean, median, and mode. Measures of variability
or dispersion, such as the range and standard deviation, which show how dispersed the values
are, are examples of additional descriptive statistics. The goal of descriptive statistics is to
condense and highlight a dataset's key features without drawing conclusions about a broader
population.

Inferential statistics
Conversely, inferential statistics entail extrapolating judgments or forecasts about the population
from a sample of data. This involves hypothesis testing, in which the possibility that
relationships or differences found in a sample are representative of the total population is
evaluated using statistical techniques. Regression analysis and confidence intervals are also
included in inferential statistics, which enable researchers to draw more comprehensive
27
conclusions from a smaller number of observations. The objective is to draw conclusions about
parameters other than those covered by the data gathered by extrapolating results from a sample
to a wider population.

This study will analyze data using descriptive and inferential statistics.

3.7 Ethical consideration.

To ensure the appropriate conduct of research and the ethical treatment of participants, the
researcher will follow established criteria when addressing ethical considerations for this study.
All parties involved will be asked for their informed permission, which will include information
about the project's goals, methods, and possible hazards. an attempt was made to obtain Must
Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (MIRERC) approval for a research permit. This
dedication to ethical issues seeks to protect the research's integrity and give participants' rights
and welfare top priority in this thesis

Sammary
While explanatory design enriches understanding for future investigations, descriptive design
collects phenomena and demographic features. Investigating causal linkages is essential for
system development in experimental design. When using population sampling, the study
concentrates on various university buildings and locations that are connected to the drainage
system. The variability of the population led to the selection of the stratified sampling technique.
A questionnaire is found to be the most effective means of gathering data since it allows for
uniform responses from a large number of respondents. In line with the goals of the study, this
strategy seeks to efficiently obtain quantitative insights.

28
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

4.0 Overview
This chapter does a comprehensive study of the current drainage system at MUST, pointing out
its weaknesses and potential improvements.

4.1 Feasibility study

A feasibility study is a methodical examination of the possible success of a proposed project or
business venture, taking into account elements like the financial, technical, operational, legal,
and environmental aspects. Feasibility is defined as the practicality or likelihood of successfully
achieving a goal or finishing a project within given constraints. Its main goal is to assess viability
and give stakeholders information about costs, benefits, risks, and potential roadblocks so they
may make well-informed decisions early in a project's development.(Alhamami et al., 2023)

.Technical viability for MUST University's IoT drainage monitoring system was determined by
comparing IoT sensors, data processing methods, and communication protocols to the
infrastructure already in place. Evaluating the financial feasibility of a project required weighing
the expected advantages, such as better wastewater monitoring, against the initial and continuing
expenditures of hardware, software, maintenance, and labor. Operational viability was evaluated
by taking into account the system's impact on workflows as well as how it will be used,
maintained, and managed on a regular basis. Through a careful examination of the available
technologies, a cost-benefit analysis, stakeholder consultation, and pilot testing to confirm the
usefulness and efficacy of the system, feasibility was attained(Alhamami et al., 2023).

4.2 Overall Description of the current system

At MUST, the current drainage monitoring system is manual and non-automated. To track water
levels, spot possible problems, and plan maintenance tasks, it depends on routine inspections and
visual evaluations by maintenance personnel. Manually entering observations in spreadsheets or
paper-based logs during data gathering is a labor-intensive process that is prone to mistakes and
inefficiencies. Moreover, the lack of real-time monitoring capability causes delays in problem
identification and emergency response. Instead of taking into account the actual state of the

29
system, maintenance scheduling is based on preset intervals, which leads to an inefficient use of
resources and a higher chance of environmental damage or equipment failure. In general,
automated monitoring and data analysis technologies offer efficiency, accuracy, and
responsiveness that the manual-based system does not, and it is labor-intensive and prone to
errors. The overall view of the drainage system is represented using use-case diagram, class
diagram, sequence diagram, data flow diagram and activity diagram are detailed in section 4.2.1
to 4.2.5.

4.2.1 IoT drainage monitoring system Use- Case diagram.

An illustration of the interactions between actors (users or systems) and a system or software
application is called a use-case diagram. It depicts the actors engaged in each use case as well as
the different use cases, or features, of the system. Typically, the graphic shows relationships
between the use cases as ovals, actors as stick figures, and lines representing the relationships
between the use cases. It helps establish boundaries and identify system requirements by giving a
high-level overview of how users or other systems interact with the system to accomplish
particular tasks or goals(Souri et al., 2021). During the software development process, a use-case
diagram is essential for giving a succinct summary of system features, interactions, and user
needs. It also helps stakeholders communicate and understand each other more effectively.
Figure 4.1 below is a use case diagram of the current IoT drainage monitoring system.

Figure 4.1 the current IotT drainage monitoring system Use-Case diagram

30
4.2.2 IoT drainage monitoring system Class diagram
An object-oriented system's structure and relationships between classes are represented visually
in a class diagram, which shows the properties, functions, and relationships between classes. A
class diagram is useful for software design, development team communication, and maintaining
consistency throughout the lifecycle of the system because it can give a detailed blueprint of the
system's structure, including classes, their attributes, methods, and relationshiz(Souri et al.,
2021). Figure 4.2 shows the use class diagram for the current drainage system.

Figure 4.2: The current IoT drainage system class diagram

4.2.3 IoT drainage monitoring system Sequence diagram

A sequence diagram is a graphic depiction of how different objects or system components
interact with one another. It shows the chronological order in which messages are sent between
them to show how the system dynamically behaves in a certain situation or use case(Gedam &
Meshram, 2023). Sequence diagrams are important because they help to understand system
behavior and identify potential design flaws or performance bottlenecks by clearly and detailed
illustrating the dynamic interactions and message flows between system components or
objects(Alhamami et al., 2023). Figure 4.3 shows the sequence diagram for the current drainage
monitoring system.

31
Figure 4.3: The current IoT drainage monitoring system sequence diagram

4.2.4 IoT sewage system Data flow diagram

A data flow diagram (DFD) shows the processes, data stores, data flows, and external entities
involved in the operation of a system. It is a graphical depiction of the flow of data within a
system(Gedam & Meshram, 2023).Data flow diagrams are important because they make it easy
to see how data flows through a system, which helps with understanding its functionality,
identifying data dependencies, and facilitating stakeholder communication during the system's
design and development process. Figure 4.4 shows the Data Flow diagram for the current
drainage monitoring system.

32
Figure 4.4: The current drainage monitoring system sequence diagram

4.2.5 IoT drainage monitoring system Activity diagram

An activity diagram is a graphical depiction of how actions or activities move through a system.
It models business processes or system behaviors by showing the steps involved, decision points,
and parallel or concurrent activities(Schneider et al., 2024).

The significance of an activity diagram can be attributed to its capacity to offer a pictorial
representation of the workflow or procedural logic in a system, supporting the analysis, design,
and comprehension of intricate procedures, enabling stakeholder communication, and directing
software development implementation (Schneider et al., 2024).Figure 4.5 shows the Activity
diagram for the current drainage monitoring system

33
Figure 4.5: The current drainage monitoring system activity diagram

4.3 Requirements gathering

Requirement collecting is the process of gathering and documenting stakeholder expectations
and requirements for a project or system. It comprises determining what users need and desire
from the system and ensuring that the outcome meets their demands. The capacity to notify the
on-duty staff of obstructions was recognized by the management team as the most crucial
functional necessity. Administrative Staff determined that the most crucial nonfunctional
criterion was the system's ability to sustain continuous monitoring and guarantee prompt
detection of any abnormalities or problems with the sewage system(Lane et al., 2019).Section
4.3.1 and section 4.3.2 discuss in detail the functional and nonfunction requirements of the IoT
drainage monitoring system.

4.3.1 Functional Requirements

Functional requirements outline the precise features and skills a system needs in order to fulfill
user demands and carry out its intended duties. These specifications list crucial characteristics for
an Internet of Things (IoT) drainage monitoring system, such as automated overflows
notifications, real-time monitoring, login and registration,report generation. They act as a
development roadmap, guaranteeing conformity with user requirements, assisting in quality
control, and provide a foundation for testing(Alhamami et al., 2023). To build and execute a
strong, dependable, and compliant system that satisfies environmental legislation and the

34
university's sewage management requirements, clear and thorough functional criteria are
essential.

4.3.1.1 Alerts: Alerting is the process of informing pertinent staff members or stakeholders
about anomalous circumstances, occurrences, or problems found inside the sewage
infrastructure(Alzahrani et al., 2023). The monitoring system sends notifications to specific
people or groups when it notices parameters like anomalous sewage flow rates, elevated
pollutant levels, or equipment failures. These notifications can be sent by email, SMS, mobile
app notifications, or alarms that are both audible and visible. The alert's primary goal is to trigger
immediate action, enabling personnel to act quickly to resolve issues, reduce hazards, and
guarantee the sewage system runs smoothly. Alerting is essential for avoiding sewage service
interruptions, preventing environmental dangers, and preserving system reliability(Danson,
2019.).

4.3.1.2 Anomally detections: Finding variations in sewage parameters from expected or

predefined patterns is the process of identifying abnormalities in an Internet of Things drainage
monitoring system. The system continuously keeps an eye on a number of variables, including
the water flow rates, levels, and quality indicators. Unexpected fluctuations in pollutant levels,
abrupt increases or decreases in flow rates, or equipment failures are examples of
abnormalities(Satheesh et al., 2021). These anomalies are found by the system's detection
algorithms, which examine incoming data in real time. When an anomaly is found, the system
sends out alerts to the appropriate staff, directing them to look into it and take the necessary
action. In order to minimize environmental impact, prevent drainage system failures, and
guarantee the effective operation of the drainage infrastructure, early diagnosis of irregularities is
essential.

4.3.1.3 Report Generation: The process of creating a report in an Internet of Things (IoT)
drainage monitoring system is organizing and displaying data gathered from numerous sensors
placed across the drainage infrastructure in a systematic manner(Suresh Kumar et al., n.d.).
Parameters including pollutant concentrations, levels, equipment status, and flow rates are
included in this data. The data is processed and analyzed by the system to produce reports that
are useful and customized to meet the requirements of various stakeholders, including
maintenance personnel, environmental regulators, and facility managers. These reports aid in the
35
formulation of well-informed decisions about upkeep, repairs, compliance, and infrastructure
upgrades by offering insights into the performance, trends, and any anomalous circumstances
found in the drainage system. To make it simple to understand and communicate the status and
performance of the system, they are given in formats that are easy on the eyes, like tables, charts,
graphs, and textual summaries(S et al., 2022).

4.3.2 Nonfunctional Requirements

Non-functional requirements, as opposed to functional requirements, focus on the attributes,
limitations, and features that a system must have rather than the features or functions it must
have. These specifications outline elements pertaining to the system's overall functionality,
usability, security, and scalability. Non-functional requirements frequently focus more on the
effectiveness of the system's operations than on the functions it carries out(Lane et al., 2019). An
Internet of Things drainage monitoring system's qualitative qualities and operational
characteristics are greatly influenced by its non-functional requirements. These requirements
ensure that the system effectively meets the needs of stakeholders, maintains data integrity, and
operates efficiently and securely in the demanding environment of drainage monitoring. They do
this by addressing performance, reliability, security, scalability, usability, and compliance
considerations(citation).

4.3.2.1 Security: When a system is secured, it means that safeguards have been put in place to
keep it safe from intrusions, data leaks, cyberattacks, and other possible dangers(Misra, 2022).
Measures including data encryption, user authentication, access limitations, and frequent security
audits are all part of an Internet of Things drainage monitoring system's security. These
safeguards guarantee the security, integrity, and accessibility of monitoring data by guarding the
system from hacker attacks, illegal access, and data breaches. To protect IoT infrastructure and
devices, physical security measures can also be used(Murugan, 2021). An Internet of Things
drainage monitoring system's security can be evaluated using a number of criteria, including as
physical security measures, standards compliance, incident response time, encryption efficacy,
authentication strength, and access control policies.

4.3.2.3 Reliability:

36
Reliability in the IoT drainage monitoring system is achieved thanks to the use of reliable
hardware components and high-quality software architecture and maintenance procedures. The
reliability of the system is measured by the same qualities used in the above definition of IoT
systems: Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), availability,
false positive/negative rates, and system uptime: thanks to solid hardware, robust error-handling
implemented in software and regular maintenance, abnormalities can be reliably monitored when
detected, the user promptly alerted and system reports can be made(Vidyavardhaka College of
Engineering et al., 2021.).

4.4 Summary
The system analysis chapter describes the IoT drainage monitoring system in detail, while
exploring its main objectives and functions based on the given project requirements. It assesses
the feasibility of the project and if it will be workable given the constraints. In a thorough
systematic approach by looking through technical aspects, such as environmental considerations
and user requirements, the feasibility study concluded that the project was workable. The system
is designed to be stable and accurate by choosing the correct hardware components and
designing robust software architecture. In addition, the main reason why the drainage monitoring
system will be feasible is that all elements will be identified and clearly stated in the system's
description and its main objectives are well-defined.

37
 CHAPTER FIVE
SYSTEM DESIGN

5.0 Overview
System Design chapter describes the technical plan for accomplishment of IoT drainage
monitoring system based on the requirements given in the system analysis. It covers architecture
overview, hardware and software part like sensors, Arduino firmware and database design.

5.1 Logical design of IoT drainage monitoring system

An Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram is a visual representation of the relationships between
entities in a database, illustrating the structure of the data model. Its importance lies in providing
a clear and concise overview of the database schema, aiding in the understanding and design of
relational databases(Foundation et al., 2018.-a).

Figure 5.1: ER Diagram for the IoT drainage monitoring system.

38
Figure 5.1: ER Diagram for the IoT drainage monitoring system

5.2 Physical design

Interface for the user includes hardware elements, ( LCD, Arduino Uno, GSM board, ultrasonic
sensors and LEDs) .The sensors are connected to the database as backend for data storing.

5.2.1 LCD display

The LCD display acts as a direct way for users to see real-time information and system status.
People can view key details like wastewater levels, sensor data, alerts, and status messages on
the screen. Figure 5.0 below showing the LCD display.

5.2.2 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno acts as the microcontroller that collects data from sensors, processes
information, and controls the system's operations. Users interact with the system indirectly
through the Arduino by providing input via connected devices or observing the system's output
through the LCD or Arduino IDE serial monitor. Figure 5.1 below showing the Arduino uno.

39
5.2.3 Ultrasonic sensors
The ultrasonic monitors water level in the manhole by sending out sound waves and timing
how long it takes for them to bounce back from the water's surface. Using this time
measurement, the sensor can figure out the current water level. If the level gets too high and goes
over a certain limit, the system will notify people about the risk of potential overflow.

Figure 5.4 below showing the ultrasonic sensor.

5.2.5 LEDs

40
There three LEDs white blue and red ,the blue lights when there is an overflow the red lights
when the water is above half.Under normal condition,the white led is always on Figure 5.5
below showing the LEDs.

5.3 Database design of the IoT drainage monitoring system.

The following is a description of different tables of the IoT drainage monitoring system.

5.3.1 Building table(named t_building)

This table stores information about buildings on the university campus eg ECA,ECB and Hostel
C , including their unique building_id, name,building type eg lecture hall,lab etc and
location.The building_id is set as the primary key to uniquely identify each building entry.

Table 5.1: buiding table

field datatype Length Component

Building_id int 5 Primary_key
Building_name varchar 45 Name
Building_location varchar 45 Location
Building_type varchar 45 Type

41
5.3.2 Manhole Table (named t_manhole):
This table contains data regarding manholes within the system, such as their unique manhole_id,
location eg ECB12,manhole name eg mh2006 and the building they belong to (referenced by
building_id).

The manhole_id is designated as the primary key for identifying individual manholes.

Table 5.2: manhole table

field Datatype Length Component

manhole_id Int 5 Primary_key
Building_id Int 45 Foreighn_key
manhole_location Varchar 45 Location
manhole_name Varchar 45 Name

5.3.3 Pipe Table (named t_pipe):

The t_pipe table holds details about pipes in the drainage system, including their unique pipe_id,
location, and the building they are associated with (referenced by building_id).

The pipe_id serves as the primary key to uniquely identify each pipe entry.

Table 5.3: pipe table

field datatype Length Component

pipe_id int 5 Primary_key
Building_id int 45 Foreighn_key
manhole_id int 5 Foreighn key
pipe_name varchar 45 Name

5.3.4 Blockage Detector Table (named t_blockage_detector):

This table stores information about blockage detection sensor(ultrasonic sensor) deployed within
the pipes of the drainage system. It includes attributes such as blockage_detector_id, location,
and the pipe they are installed in (referenced by pipe_id). The blockage_detector_id is defined as
the primary key for identifying each blockage detector entry.

42
Table 5.3.4: blockage detector table

Field Datatype Length Component

Blockage_detector_id Int 5 Primary_key
Building_id Int 45 Foreighn_key
manhole_id Int 5 Foreighn key
pipe_id Varchar 45 Foreighn_key

5.3.5 Level monitor Table (named t_level_monitor):

The t_level_monitor table contains data related to water level monitor sensor installed in
manholes. It includes attributes like level_monitor_id, location, and the manhole they are placed
in (referenced by manhole_id).

The level_detector_id serves as the primary key for uniquely identifying each water level
monitor.

Table 5.3.4: level monitor table

Field Datatype Length Component

leveve_monitor_id Int 5 Primary_key
Building_id Int 45 Foreighn_key
manhole_id Int 5 Foreighn key
pipe_id Varchar 45 Foreighn_key

5.3.6Alerts Table (named t_alerts):

This table logs alerts generated by the system, storing details such as alert_id, timestamp, alert
type, message, and references to the associated blockage detector (blockage_detector_id) or level
detector (level_detector_id).

The alert_id is set as the primary key to ensure unique identification of each alert entry.

Table 5.3.4: alert table

43
Field Datatype Length Component
alert_id Int 5 Primary_key
blockage_detector_id Int 45 Foreighn_key
manhole_id Int 5 Foreighn key
pipe_id Varchar 45 Foreighn_key

5.3.7 Database logical design for IoT sewage monitoring system

The process of creating a schema that depicts the arrangement and structure of the data in the
database management system from a conceptual data model is known as database logical design.
Without taking particular implementation details into account, it defines tables, columns,
relationships, constraints, and other database objects(Research Design4, 2022.).

Tables for buildings, manholes, pipelines, blockage detectors, level detectors, and alerts have
been made in the logical design for the University IoT sewage monitoring system. To ensure data
integrity and effective data retrieval, each table contains information pertinent to its own entity,
such as location and IDs, and creates associations between entities as needed.

fig 5.6: logical design:

44
45
 CHAPTER SIX
IMPLEMENTATION

6.0 Overview
This chapter offers a thorough explanation of how the suggested solution was actually
implemented in practice, outlining the technical setups, integration tactics, and deployment
procedure. It provides a thorough explanation of how to convert abstract ideas into concrete
actions, acting as a guide for project participants to follow in order to achieve the project's goals.

6.1 Implemented Features

The following is an explanation of the feature of the IoT drainage monitoring system.Figure 6.1
below shows a schematic diagram of the IoT drainage monitoring system.

Figure 6.1 shematic diagram of IoT drainage monitoring system.

6.1.1. Water Level monitoring feature

In order to monitor the level of water in the manhole, the water level monitoring feature has
ultrasonic sensors within manholes. The ultrasonic sensor senses a drop in distance to the surface
when the sewage level rises, indicating an increase in the water level. By sending this data to the

46
central monitoring system, proactive maintenance is made possible and the effective
management of water flow is ensured. A schematic view of the code syntax for implementing the
water level monitoring feature is shown in Figure 6.2 below.

Figure 6.2: code syntax of the waterlevel monitoring feature.

6.1.2 blockage detection feature

Monitoring the water level in the manhole is necessary for the blockage detection functionality to
function. An indication that there may be a blockage in the drainage system is the rising water
level. Sensors that are positioned thoughtfully inside the manhole to continuously detect the
water level in real-time make this monitoring possible. Maintenance personnel can promptly
locate and resolve obstructions, averting potential drainage backups and system malfunctions, by
sensing this spike in water level.The code structure for implementing the blockage detecting
feature is shown in Figure 6.3 below.

47
Figure 6.3: code syntax of the blockage detecting feature.

6.1.3 Alerting feature

By adding LEDs to the alerting function, the sewage monitoring system is improved by having
visual indicators for possible problems. The device turns on the blue LED to suggest that there
may be a blockage in the pipes when the ultrasonic sensor finds one. In addition, the red LED
flashes to notify operators in the event that the water level rises above a certain threshold,
indicating a potential overflow risk. LEDs are incorporated into the system to guarantee that
urgent conditions are recognized immediately. A possible obstruction is indicated by the blue
LED, which alerts operators to the problem and encourages them to act quickly to resolve it. In
the meantime, the red LED functions as an alert for impending overflow, triggering quick action
to address any drainage system issues. Below are Figures 6.4a and b illustrating the schematic
view of the code syntax for implementing the alerting feature with LEDs

48
Figure 6.4 a

49
Figure 6.4 b

6.1.4 Report generation feature

Periodically, the IoT drainage monitoring system will log sensor readings into a text file to make
report preparation easier. This procedure starts with programming the Arduino board to collect
data from sensors and save it as a text file. You have the option to store this text file externally
on an SD card or locally on the Arduino's storage. The software can be set up to add new sensor
readings to the text file at preset intervals or in response to certain conditions in order to
guarantee the preservation of a historical record of sensor data for analysis and reporting needs.
The values will be stored in a text file format and reports will be generated using CoolTerm
software. Figure 6.4 below shows the coolterm software environment.

50
Figure 6.5.coolterm software environment

6.2 System Changeover

System changeover refers to the process of transitioning from an old system to a new one. It
involves discontinuing the use of the existing system and replacing it with the new system.
According to Dennis, Wixom, and Tegarden in "Systems Analysis and Design," system
changeover is "the process of putting the new information system into use."

There are several types of system changeover, including:

Direct Changeover: Also referred to as "big bang" or "cold turkey" changeover, this technique
entails ending the old system right away and putting the new one into full operation at a

51
designated point in time. Since the entire company is converting to the new system at once, it is a
risky strategy.

Parallel Changeover: During a predetermined amount of time, the new system operates
concurrently with the old system. The two systems are used concurrently until the new system is
proven to be dependable, at which point the old system is phased out. Because users can switch
back to the previous system in case problems with the new one develop, this strategy offers a
safety net.
Phased Changeover: Using this strategy, the new system is implemented gradually, with each
step concentrating on a a specific subset of functionality. Gradually, more functions are added to
the new system until the entire system has been replaced. It is a less disruptive method that
allows for a smoother transition thus making it the best fit for the IoT drainage monitoring
system.This it is how it was done:
6.2.1 Phase 1 - Planning and Prototype Development
The project began with thorough planning and requirement gathering. A prototype of the IoT
drainage system was developed to showcase basic functionalities such as sensor integration, data
collection, and storage. This phase allowed for early testing and validation of core concepts.
6.2.3 Phase 2 - Pilot Testing
The prototype was then deployed in a controlled environment or with a small group of users for
pilot testing. This phase aimed to evaluate the system's performance, identify potential issues,
and gather feedback from users. Any necessary adjustments or improvements were made based
on the feedback received.
6.2.4 Phase 3 - Basic Functionality Implementation
The first phase of implementation focused on rolling out basic functionalities of the IoT
drainage system. This included setting up sensors to monitor water levels and detecting
blockages, establishing communication protocols, and developing a database structure to store
sensor data.
6.2.5 Phase 4 - Enhanced Features Implementation
In the subsequent phase, additional features and enhancements were added to the system based
on feedback from pilot testing and stakeholder requirements. This may have included

52
implementing alerting mechanisms for detecting overflows or blockages, developing a reporting
module for data analysis, and improving user interface design.
6.2.6 Phase 5 - Full Deployment Once all functionalities were successfully implemented and
thoroughly tested, the IoT drainage system was fully deployed in its target environment. The
transition from the old system to the new one was carefully managed, with adequate training and
support provided to users to ensure a seamless changeover process.

Summary
Ultrasonic sensors are used by the system in pipelines to identify obstructions and in manholes to
monitor water levels. These sensors monitor variations in the distance to the surface, alerting
users to elevated water levels or blockages in the drainage network. These sensors send data to a
central monitoring system, which enables prompt problem-solving and preventative maintenance
to stop drainage blockages and maintain efficient water flow control.
The IoT drainage monitoring system was implemented using a phased switch method, which
allowed for a smooth and progressive transition. The procedure started with careful planning and
the creation of a prototype that included fundamental features including data collecting and
sensor integration. Pilot testing was then conducted to assess performance and obtain user input,
which resulted in modifications and enhancements. The following stages concentrated on
introducing the system's core features, adding improvements in response to feedback from
stakeholders, and ultimately deploying the system completely. Every stage was meticulously
overseen, and users received sufficient training and assistance to guarantee a seamless shift to the
new system.

53
 CHAPTER 7
FINDING, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.0 Findings

The growing requirement for effective drainage system management in urban areas and
university settings to avoid flooding and environmental harm has drawn a lot of interest to the
field of IoT drainage monitoring systems(Nations et al., 2018). The need for intelligent drainage
system monitoring and management solutions has increased due to the effects of climate change
and urbanization(Onu et al., 2023).

The main emphasis of researcher has been creating an IoT drainage monitoring system. By
providing real-time data collecting and processing capabilities, this technology enables
authorities to make well-informed decisions on the upkeep and operation of drainage systems.
Moreover, IoT technologies facilitate accessibility from several devices, allowing stakeholders to
remotely monitor drainage systems(Sasireka et al., 2021).

The features and parts of IoT drainage monitoring systems have changed throughout time. At
first, the majority of systems concentrated on gathering basic data, like weather reports and water
level readings. But more recently, machine learning algorithms and predictive modeling have
been combined, making proactive drainage system management possible. These cutting-edge
features enable authorities to foresee possible drainage problems and take preventative action,
which lowers the danger of floods and property damage(Misra, 2022).

Moreover, the literature suggests a growing emphasis on the interoperability of IoT drainage
monitoring systems with existing urban infrastructure and management systems. By ensuring
compatibility with existing platforms and standards, researchers aim to streamline data sharing
and decision-making processes among various stakeholders involved in urban planning and
management. This interoperability fosters collaboration and facilitates holistic approaches to
urban drainage management, aligning with the principles of smart city development(Satheesh et
al., 2019).

54
Furthermore, the research points to an increasing focus on IoT drainage monitoring systems'
integration with current municipal infrastructure and management systems. Researchers hope to
expedite data exchange and decision-making processes among different stakeholders involved in
urban planning and management by guaranteeing compliance with current platforms and
standards. The concepts of smart city development are aligned with this interoperability, which
promotes cooperation and makes holistic approaches to urban drainage management possible(S
et al., 2022).

In conclusion, the findings indicate a shift toward IoT drainage monitoring systems with
advanced functionalities such as predictive modeling and GIS integration. These systems offer
enhanced capabilities for real-time monitoring, proactive management, and integration with
existing urban infrastructure, contributing to more effective and sustainable drainage
management practices in urban areas.

The results point to a trend toward IoT drainage monitoring systems with sophisticated features
like predictive modeling and GIS integration. These technologies contribute to more efficient
and long-lasting drainage management techniques in urban settings by providing improved real-
time monitoring, proactive management, and integration with current urban infrastructure.

7.1 Conclusion
To sum up, the introduction of the university IoT drainage system project is a major step forward
for the administration of drainage infrastructure in educational establishments. Before the
invention of contemporary computing, a large portion of drainage monitoring and maintenance
was done by hand, which resulted in inefficiencies and possible hazards of infrastructure
damage. Nonetheless, a paradigm change toward more automated and data-driven approaches to
drainage management has occurred with the advent of IoT technologies.
The university's IoT drainage system simplifies procedures and uses less time and money for
upkeep and monitoring. The technology reduces the risk of flooding and environmental damage
on campus grounds by proactively identifying drainage concerns through the use of real-time
data collecting and analysis.

55
Additionally, the IoT drainage system at the institution improves the overall sustainability and
resilience of the campus infrastructure. Authorities are able to make well-informed decisions and
allocate resources by gaining significant insights into the dynamics of drainage networks through
the integration of sensors and predictive modern technology.
It is crucial to understand the long-term advantages and that IoT drainage systems offer, even
though some people may disagree about the initial expenditures and upkeep involved in putting
them in place. To safeguard the security and welfare of their campus communities, academic
institutions must embrace innovation, just as institutions are always changing to keep up with
technology improvements.
In essence, the university IoT drainage system represents a forward-thinking approach to
infrastructure management, aligning with the principles of sustainability and efficiency. As we
navigate the challenges of climate change and urbanization, investing in smart solutions like IoT
drainage monitoring systems becomes increasingly crucial for creating resilient and
environmentally conscious campuses.
All things considered, the university's IoT drainage system is a progressive method of managing
infrastructure that adheres to efficiency and sustainability standards. Investing in smart solutions,
such as IoT drainage monitoring systems, is becoming more and more important as we manage
the difficulties of urbanization and climate change in order to create campuses that are resilient
and environmentally responsible.

7.2 Recommendation/ future work

The researcher recommends the following about the system:

•The administrators of Meru university of Science and Technology to offer workers training
on how to use the system, thus enabling them to understand the functionality of the entire
system.
• Other researchers can use this project report as a basis during future study of reservation
system say in IoT leakage detection systems
• The workers should periodically check on the sensor for calibration and maybe
replacement .
• Backups should be done frequently to avoid data loss in case of hardware malfunction.

56
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Appendix

1.Budget
Component number cost
Arduino uno 1 1500
GSM Module 1 1000
Ultrasonic Sensor 2 400
Others 2000
Total 4900

2.Feasibility study report

Feasibility Report for IoT Sewage Monitoring System at Meru University of Science and
Technology (MUST)

Purpose;The purpose of this feasibility report is to address the challenges related to sewage
management at Meru University of Science and Technology (MUST) and to explore potential
solutions through the implementation of an IoT sewage monitoring system.

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Alternative Solutions:

First Solution: Implementing an IoT Sewage Monitoring System

This solution involves deploying sensors and IoT devices throughout the sewage system of
MUST to monitor various parameters such as flow rate, pH levels, temperature, and presence of
contaminants. These sensors will continuously collect data and transmit it to a centralized system
for real-time monitoring and analysis.

Economic Feasibility: While the initial setup cost for implementing an IoT sewage monitoring
system is significant, it offers long-term cost savings by preventing costly sewage leaks,
minimizing maintenance costs, and optimizing sewage management processes. The estimated
cost for implementing this system ranges between ksh 5,000,000 to ksh 6,000,000, including the
purchase of sensors, IoT devices, and installation. Annual maintenance is estimated at ksh
150,000 with a service guarantee of five years.

Operational Feasibility: This solution integrates seamlessly with the existing sewage
infrastructure at MUST and enhances operational efficiency by providing real-time insights into
sewage system performance. It does not disrupt regular sewage management procedures.

Technical Feasibility: Implementation of this solution requires the deployment of IoT devices
and sensors throughout the sewage system, along with the development of a centralized
monitoring platform. The technical infrastructure necessary for data collection, transmission, and
analysis will need to be established.

Schedule Feasibility: The implementation timeline for this solution is estimated at twelve
months. This includes three months for planning and procurement, six months for installation
and configuration of IoT devices and sensors, and three months for testing and optimization.

Second Solution: Upgrading Existing Sewage Infrastructure

This solution involves upgrading the existing sewage infrastructure at MUST by replacing
outdated equipment, repairing leaks, and optimizing sewage treatment processes. Additionally, it
may include increasing the number of maintenance staff to ensure timely detection and
resolution of sewage-related issues.

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Economic Feasibility: While upgrading the existing sewage infrastructure incurs upfront costs,
it offers long-term benefits by improving system reliability, reducing maintenance expenses, and
extending the lifespan of sewage assets. The estimated cost for upgrading the sewage
infrastructure is ksh 3,000,000 to ksh 4,000,000.

Operational Feasibility: Upgrading the existing sewage infrastructure may temporarily disrupt
regular operations, but it ultimately enhances the reliability and efficiency of sewage
management processes.

Technical Feasibility: Technical feasibility depends on the extent of upgrades required for the
existing sewage infrastructure. It may involve replacing outdated equipment, installing new
treatment technologies, and integrating monitoring systems for better performance tracking.

Schedule Feasibility:The implementation timeline for upgrading the existing sewage

infrastructure varies depending on the scope of work. It may range from six months to eighteen
months, including planning, execution, and testing phases.

Third Solution: Maintain Status Quo

This solution involves maintaining the current sewage management practices at MUST without
implementing any significant changes. However, this approach may lead to ongoing challenges
such as sewage leaks, system inefficiencies, and environmental risks.

Economic Feasibility: This solution does not incur additional costs beyond regular maintenance
expenses. However, it may result in higher long-term costs due to inefficiencies and potential
environmental damage.

Operational Feasibility: Maintaining the status quo does not disrupt current operations but may
perpetuate existing challenges in sewage management.

Technical Feasibility:No new technical infrastructure or systems are required for this solution,
but it does not address the underlying issues in sewage management.

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Schedule Feasibility: Since this solution does not involve any changes to existing practices, no
additional time is required for implementation.

Recommendation:

Based on the feasibility study and considering the long-term benefits and effectiveness, I
recommend implementing the first solution: the IoT sewage monitoring system. While it
involves higher initial costs, it offers significant advantages in terms of real-time monitoring,
cost savings, and environmental protection. This solution aligns with MUST's commitment to
innovation, sustainability, and excellence in infrastructure management.

3.Workplan

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