Computer

Programming {
Chapter Six: Structures
in C++
{
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Outline
1.Specifying simple structure
2.Defining a structure variable
3.Accessing structure variable

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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Records
▪ Aggregates of several items of possibly different types that represent related
information called RECORD
E.g
▪ Student Record:
▪ Name a string
▪ HW Grades an array of 3 doubles
▪ Test Grades an array of 2 doubles
▪ Final Average a double
▪ Bank Record:
▪ Customer Name
▪ Account Balance
▪ Amount
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Records
▪ Arrays
▪ Recall that elements of arrays must all be of the same type

scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80 . . .
0 1 2 3 4 5 98 99

▪ In some situations, we wish to group elements of different types

employee R. Jones 123 Elm 6/12/55 $14.75

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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Structures in C++
▪ A Structure is a container, it can hold a bunch of things. These things can be of any
type.

▪ They are commonly used when you want to represent an object with multiple
attributes

▪ Structures are used to organize related data (variables) into a nice and neat package.

▪ A struct is heterogeneous in that it can be composed of data of different types.

▪ Structure is declared using C++ ‘struct’ keyword

▪ A structure definition is a user-defined variable type: You can create variables from it
just like you would from any other type
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Structures in C++
▪ Before creating a structure variable you must create a structure definition
▪ Syntax:
struct structname Tag
{
datatype1 variable1;
Members
datatype2 variable2;
};
▪ This is simply a data blue print
▪ Individual components of a struct type are called members (or fields).
▪ Each member has a name, a type - Names follow the rules for variable names.
▪ Types can be any defined type
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
struct Examples
struct Date { struct StudentGrade{
char Name[15];
int day; The “Date” structure The “StudentGrade”
char Course[9];
int month; has 3 members, int Lab[5]; structure has 5
int year; day, month & year. int Homework[3]; members of
}; int Exam[2]; different array types.
};

struct StudentInfo{
int Id; struct BankAccount{
The “StudentInfo” char Name[15]; The “BankAcount”
int age; structure has simple,
structure has 4 int AcountNo[10];
char Gender; array and structure
members double balance;
double CGPA; types as members.
Date Birthday;
}; of different types.
};
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Declaring and using structs
▪ By defining a structure you create a new data type.
▪ Once you have defined a structure you can create a variable from it just
as you would any other variable. struct StudentRecord
▪ Syntax: <struct-type> <identifier_list>; {
char Name[15];
▪ Example: StudentRecord Student1, Student2; int Id;
char Dept[5];
char Gender;
};
Name Name

Student1 Id Gender Id Gender Student2

Dept Dept

Student1 and Student2 are variables of StudentRecord type. 8

Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Declaring and using structs
▪ The members of a struct type variable are accessed with
the dot (.) operator:
Student1
syntax: <struct-variable>.<member_name>;
▪ Example: Name

Student1.Name= “Kibru G."; Id Gender

Student1.Id = 12345; Dept
strcpy(Student1.Dept, "COMP");
Student1.gender = 'M';
Kibru G.
cout << "The student is ";
12345 M
switch (Student1.gender){
COMP
case 'F': cout << "Ms. "; break;
case 'M': cout << "Mr. "; break; }
cout << Student1.Name << endl;
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
struct-to-struct assignment
▪ The values contained in one struct type variable can be assigned to
another variable of the same struct type.
▪ Example:
strcpy(Student1.Name, “Kibru G."); Student1
Student1.Id = 12345;
strcpy(Student1.Dept, "COMP");
Student1.gender = 'M';
Student2 = Student1;

Copies the entire structure from Student1 to Student2

Student2

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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Structure Example
#include<iostream.h>
cin>>s2.id;
struct student
{ cout<<"\nEnter Name";
int id;
char name[15]; cin>>s2.name;
}; cout<<"\nStudents Information";
int main()
{ cout<<"\n Student id\t Student Name";
//creating three student variables cout<<endl<<s1.id<<"\t\t"<<s1.name;
student s1,s2;
cout<<"\n Enter Student Id"; cout<<endl<<s2.id<<"\t\t"<<s2.name;
cin>>s1.id; return 0;
cout<<"\nEnter Name";
cin>>s1.name; }
cout<<"\n Enter Student Id";

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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Aggregate Operations with Structures
Limitations on aggregate operations
▪ no I/O cout << s1;
cin >> s1;

▪ no arithmetic operations old_part = s1 + s2;

▪ no comparisons if (s1 < s1)

cout << ...;
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Aggregate Operations with Structures
▪ struct variables must be compared member-wise.

▪ To compare the values of student and newStudent, you must

compare them member-wise, as follows:

if(student.firstName == newStudent.firstName &&

student.lastName == newStudent.lastName) ...

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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Array of structs
▪ What if we have a record of 120100 students

▪ Array of records

▪ First declare a struct (such as student)

▪ Then specify an array of that type

▪ student stud1[50];

▪ Declares an array of 50 student data type

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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Array of structs Example
#include<iostream.h> cout<<"\nEnter Name";
struct student { cin>>s[i].name;
int id; }
char name[15]; }; cout<<"\n Displaying student Info";
int main() { cout<<"\nStudent Id \t
//creating 10 student using an array Student Name";
cout<<"\n============================
student s[10]; ";
int i; for( i = 0; i < 5; i++)
for(i=0; i < 10; i ++) { cout<<endl<<s[i].id<<"\t\t\t"<<s[i].name;
cout<<"\n Enter Student Id"; return 0;
cin>>s[i].id; }
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Declaring a struct as a member of struct
▪ struct employee {
string name;
string id;
date birthdate;
}emp1,emp2;
▪ struct date{
int day,month,year;
};
▪ To access the year that emp1 was born
▪ emp1.birthdate.year
▪ emp2.birthdate.month // access the month
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Defining a structure in a structure
▪struct employee {
string name;
string id;
struct date{
int day,month,year;
}; birthdate;
}emp1,emp2;
▪emp1.birthdate.year;
▪emp2.birthdate.month;
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Accessing Struct Members using pointres
▪ Individual members of a struct variable can be accessed using
pointers if a pointer to the struct has been declared and
initialized
▪ Example:
▪ Some_name *myptr = &mystruct ;
by using the structure pointer operator (the “->“):
myptr -> letter ;
which could also be written as:
(*myptr).letter ;
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Sample Program
#include <iostream.h>
struct personal //Create a struct but don’t reserve space.
{ long id;
float gpa; };
struct identity //Create a second struct that includes the first one.
{ char name[30];
struct personal person;
};
int main() {
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Sample Program
struct identity js,*ptr = &js ;

cout<<"enter student name: ";

cin>>js.name;

cout<<"enter student id: ";

cin>>js.person.id;

cout<<"enter student gpa: ";

cin>>js.person.gpa;

cout<<ptr->name<<" "<<ptr->person.id<<" "<<ptr->person.gpa<<endl;

return 0; }
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Structure with Member Functions
#include <iostream>
// Member function to display student details
#include <string> void displayInfo() {
struct Student { std::cout << "Student Name: " << name << std::endl;
std::string name; std::cout << "Roll Number: " << rollNumber << std::endl;
std::cout << "Grade: " << grade << std::endl;
int rollNumber;
}
char grade;
};
// Member function to display student details int main() {
void registerStudent() { Student student1;
std::cout << "Student Name: "<<std::endl; // Using the member function
student1.registerStudent();
std::cin>>name;
student1.displayInfo();
std::cout << "Roll Number: " <<std::endl;
return 0;
std::cin>>rollNumber; }
std::cout << "Grade: "<< std::endl;
std::cin>>grade;
}
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Computer Programming Chapter Six: Structures in C++ By: Kibru G.
Chapter 6;
}
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