Quantitative Methods with

Modelling and Simulation

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Prof. Marc Anthony S. Bautista

Topics Covered Introduction

What Is System Analysis?

Understanding the System

Modeling and Representatio

Requirements Analysis

Problem Identification and Resolution

Iterative Process

Classification of System

System Theory

Concepts of Systems Theory

Application of Systems Theory in Simulation

Introduction
Systems analysis is a systematic method for
comprehending, analyzing, and improving
complex systems. It entails breaking down the
system into manageable components, studying
their interactions and behaviors, gathering and
analyzing stakeholder needs, finding and
resolving issues, and iteratively refining solutions
to reach the intended results. Effective systems
analysis necessitates collaboration among
analysts, stakeholders, domain experts, and other
relevant parties to ensure that the solutions
produced suit the needs of all stakeholders and
are consistent with the system's goals.
 What Is System Analysis?

Systems analysis is a problem-solving

technique that entails investigating a
system's components, interconnections,
and goals to better understand its structure
and behavior. It is an important phase in
systems engineering and other fields where
complex systems must be developed,
optimized, or upgraded.
Understanding the System

Identification of Components

The first step in systems analysis is to identify the system's components or

constituents. These components can be either tangible (hardware,
software, and humans) or intangible (processes, rules, and information
flows).

Define Bounderies

Setting clear limits is critical for distinguishing between what is

included in the system and what is not. This helps to concentrate the
analysis and eliminates scope creep.

Interaction Characterizing

Understanding system behavior requires an examination of

how components interact with one another as well as with
their surroundings. This includes assessing inputs, outputs,
feedback loops, and component dependencies.
Modeling and Representation

Creating Models

Systems analysts employ a variety of modeling tools to depict the

system's structure, behavior, and operations. These diagrams may
comprise flowcharts, entity-relationship diagrams, data flow diagrams,
and system dynamics models.

Abstraction

Simplification and abstraction are frequently used to capture key

characteristics of the system while suppressing irrelevant details.
Different degrees of abstraction can be employed to represent the
system from various angles.

Simulation and Analysis

Models can be simulated or evaluated with computational tools

to investigate various scenarios, forecast system behavior, and
assess the impact of changes or interventions.
Requirements Analysis

Identifying Stakeholder Needs

Systems analysts collaborate with stakeholders to gather requirements

and understand their objectives, limitations, and preferences.

Requirement Analysis

Requirements are reviewed to ensure that they are complete,

consistent, realistic, and in line with the system's goals. Conflicting
requirements may need to be resolved through negotiations or trade-
offs.

Analyzing Requirements

Clear and complete documenting of requirements is critical for

communication, validation, and traceability throughout the
system development lifecycle.
Problem Identification and Resolution

Root Cause Analysis

System analysis entails determining the root causes of issues or

inefficiencies within a system. To accurately identify difficulties, it may be
necessary to collect data, conduct interviews, or run experiments.

Solutions Design

Once problems have been discovered, systems analysts collaborate

with stakeholders to develop solutions that address root causes while
meeting requirements. This could include proposing changes to
system components, processes, or interfaces.

Impact Assessment

Analysts assess the possible influence of suggested solutions on

the overall system, taking into account costs, risks, performance,
and stakeholder satisfaction.
Iterative Process

Feedback and Iteration

Systems analysis is frequently an iterative process in which stakeholders'

feedback and validation of interim results drive modifications and
adjustments to the analysis. This iterative approach ensures that the final
solution fits stakeholders' needs and matches with the system's
objectives.

Continuous Improvement

Systems analysis is not a one-time task, but rather an ongoing

process that occurs throughout the system's existence. As the system
evolves and new requirements arise, continuous analysis is required to
adapt and optimize the system.
 By Nature of Components
Classification of System Physical Systems
Abstract Systems

Classifying systems can be approached

from a variety of angles, depending on
By Purpose or Functionality
the context in which the term "system" is
Open Systems Control Systems
employed. Here are the different Closed System Information Systems
classifications based on various
characteristics of a system.
By Complexity
Simple Systems
By Domain Complex Systems

Physical Systems Social Systems

Biological Systems Information Systems

By Dynamics
Static Systems
Dynamic Systems
 System Theory
Systems theory is an interdisciplinary framework for
studying complex systems, including their
components, interactions, and behaviors. It takes a
holistic approach, emphasizing the interactions
between system constituents rather than their
isolated qualities.
 Concepts of Systems Theory

Systems Inputs, Outputs, and Hierarchy and Levels of Emergence Feedback

Processes Organization
A system is a collection of Systems theory stresses the Emergence is the phenomena Feedback mechanisms are
interconnected and movement of information, Systems theory acknowledges in which complex behaviors or critical for system stability and
interdependent components energy, or matter between a that systems can have features emerge from regulation. Positive feedback
or pieces that collaborate to system and its surroundings. hierarchical structures, with interactions between simpler amplifies or reinforces a
achieve a shared objective or Inputs are the resources or subsystems nested within components. These emergent system's activity, while
stimuli that enter the system, larger systems. Each level of
function. Systems can be features cannot be predicted negative feedback stabilizes or
processes are the internal
classed according to their organization may have unique or explained by evaluating dampens it.
actions or transformations that
nature, complexity, and occur inside the system, and emergent features and individual components
boundaries. outputs are the outcomes or dynamics. separately.
products produced by the
system.
Concepts of Systems Theory

Nonlinearity and Adaptation and

Complexity Evolution
Systems theory is concerned Systems have the ability to adapt
with nonlinear and complex to changing settings and evolve
systems in which slight over time. This adaptation may
changes in initial conditions or include learning, self-
interactions can result in organization, and the creation of
disproportionate or new structures or behaviors.
unforeseen effects. The
system's interactions and
feedback loops contribute to
its complexity.
 Modeling Complex Systems
Researchers can develop computational models that capture the structure,
Application of behavior, and interactions of system components. Systems theory provides
a conceptual framework for creating and evaluating simulation models,
Systems Theory in assisting researchers in identifying key components, interconnections, and
feedback mechanisms.
Simulation Understanding Emergent Behavior
Simulating the dynamics of complex systems allows academics to obtain
insight into how these systems evolve over time and respond to various
situations and interventions.

Testing Hypotheses and Scenarios

Simulation allows academics to investigate the potential effects of system
modifications and compare the effectiveness of various techniques or
policies.

Optimization and Decision-Making

Simulating different situations and methods allows decision-makers to
make more informed judgments about how to allocate resources, enhance
processes, and accomplish desired results.
 In Summary

System analysis is a key activity in software development that focuses on

understanding and defining the requirements and architecture of a software
system in order to assure its effective implementation and deployment.
Systems analysts utilize systematic and iterative analytical methodologies to
bridge the gap between stakeholders' needs and technical solutions,
allowing for the development of software systems that meet user
expectations and business objectives.

Systems theory research sheds light on the behavior and dynamics of a

wide range of systems in fields such as biology, ecology, sociology,
economics, and engineering. Simulation techniques, such as agent-based
modeling or system dynamics modeling, can be used to mimic complex
system behavior and investigate its attributes, interactions, and emergent
events. Researchers and practitioners can use systems theory and
simulation methodologies to better understand, analyze, and manage
complex systems in the real world.
Thank You
For Your Attention