NAME : MUHAMMAD HASEEB ASIF

REGNO: FA23 - BCS - 056

SEC: C

COURSE: D B M S (CSC 270.)

TITLE: ASSIGNMENT 01

SUBMITTED TO: SIR ALI SULTAN

SUBMITTED ON : 17 / 10 / 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ASSIGNMENT 01 ........................................................................................................................................ 3
GIVEN RELATIONS: .............................................................................................................................3
TASK 1: ............................................................................................................................................... 3
 List the year and title of each book: ...................................................................................3
Query: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Justification: .......................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2: ............................................................................................................................................... 4
 List all information about students whose major is CS. ..................................................... 4
Query: ........................................................................................................................................ 4
........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Justification: .......................................................................................................................................5
TASK 3: ............................................................................................................................................... 5
 List all books published by McGraw-Hill before 1990. .......................................................5
Query: ............................................................................................................................................... 5
........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Justification: .......................................................................................................................................6
TASK 4: ............................................................................................................................................... 6
 List all students with the books they can borrow. ............................................................. 6
Query: ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Justification: .......................................................................................................................................7
TASK 5: ............................................................................................................................................... 7
 Rename AuthorName in AUTHORS relation to Name. ...................................................... 7
Query: ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Justification: .......................................................................................................................................8
TASK 6: ............................................................................................................................................... 8
 List the names of all students who have borrowed a book ............................................... 8
and who are CS majors. .............................................................................................................8
Query: ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Justification: .......................................................................................................................................9
TASK 7: ............................................................................................................................................... 9
 List each book with its keywords ........................................................................................9
Query: ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Justification: .....................................................................................................................................10
TASK 8: ............................................................................................................................................. 10
 List the title of books written by the author ‘Elmasri’. .................................................... 10
Query: ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Justification: .....................................................................................................................................11
TASK 9: ............................................................................................................................................. 11
 List the authors of the books the student ‘Sultan’ has borrowed. .................................. 11
Query: ............................................................................................................................................. 11
Justification: .....................................................................................................................................12
TASK 10: ...........................................................................................................................................12
 Rename AuthorName in AUTHORS relation to Name. .................................................... 12
Query: ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Justification: .....................................................................................................................................13
 ASSIGNMENT 01

GIVEN RELATIONS:

 BOOKS (BookId, Title, Publisher, Year)

 STUDENTS (StdId, StdName, Major)

 AUTHORS (AuthorName, Contact)

 BORROWS (BookId, StdId, Date)

 HAS_WRITTEN (BookId, AuthorName)

 DESCRIBES (BookId, Keyword)

TASK 1:
 List the year and title of each book:

Query:

π Title,Year(BOOKS)
Justification:

 π (Pi) is used to select only certain columns from the table.

 We are using it here to get just the Title and Year of the
BOOKS.

 The BOOKS table may contain more columns, but we only

want these two columns.

 In other words we can say it as "Show me the Tittle and

year of each book only , without other details.

TASK 2:
 List all information about students whose major is CS.

Query:

σ Major= ′ComputerScience′ (STUDENTS)

Justification:

 σ (Sigma) is used to filter rows in a table based on the

condition.

 We will filter the STUDENTS table to only select the students

whose major is 'Computer Science'.

 It will return all the details ( ID, name, and major e.t.c) but
only for the student that have major “CS”

 In other words we can say it as "show me only those

students and their details who are stdying "

TASK 3:
 List all books published by McGraw-Hill before 1990.

Query:

σPublisher=′McGraw−Hill′∧Year<1990​ (BOOKS)
Justification:

 · σ (Sigma) will filter rows based on given conditions:

 The publisher is “McGraw-Hill”

 The year of publication is before 1990.

 This query will return all books that meet both conditions.

 We use the ∧ (And) symbol to apply both conditions

together.

 In simple terms, we can say "Show me books published by

McGraw-Hill that were released before the year 1990."

TASK 4:
 List all students with the books they can borrow.

Query:

 STUDENTS ⋈ BORROWS

 πStdName,BookId​ (STUDENTS ⋈ BORROWS)

Justification:

 ⨝ is used to join two tables based on matching values.

 We join the STUDENTS and BORROWS tables using the

StdId attribute to show which students have borrowed
which books.

 This query returns both the StdName and the BookId of books
they have borrowed.

 In simpler terms it is like saying "show me each student

along with the books they have borrowed."

TASK 5:
 Rename AuthorName in AUTHORS relation to Name.

Query:

ρ Name ← AuthorName (AUTHORS)

Justification:

 ρ (Rho) is used to rename an attribute in a relation.

 We use → (arrow) to show which column is being renamed

and what it is being renamed to.

 In this case, AuthorName is being renamed to Name in the

AUTHORS table.

 In simpler terms,we will say "change the AuthorName

column in the AUTHORS table to just Name to make it
simple"

TASK 6:
 List the names of all students who have borrowed a book
and who are CS majors.

Query:

π StdName (σ Major= ′CS′​ (STUDENTS) ⋈ BORROWS)

Justification:

 ⨝ is used to join two tables based on matching values.

 We join the STUDENTS and BORROWS tables using the

StdId attribute to show which students have borrowed
which books.

 This query returns both the StdName and the BookId of books
they have borrowed.

 In simpler terms it is like saying "show me each student

along with the books they have borrowed."

TASK 7:
 List each book with its keywords.

Query:

π Title,Keyword​ (BOOKS ⋈ DESCRIBES)

Justification:

 ⨝ is used to join the BOOKS and DESCRIBES tables.

 This connects each book with its keywords based on the

common BookId.

 π (Pi) is used to select specific columns: Title and Keyword.

 This ensures that only the titles of the books and their
keywords are displayed, while other details will be excluded.

 The result shows each book along with the keywords that
describe it.

TASK 8:
 List the title of books written by the author ‘Elmasri’.

Query:

π Title ( σ AuthorName= ′Elmasri′ (AUTHORS ⋈ HAS_WRITTEN ⋈ BOOKS))

Justification:

 ⨝ is used to join the AUTHORS, HAS_WRITTEN, and

BOOKS tables.

 This connects Authors with the books they have written by linking
AuthorName and BookId.

 σ (Sigma) is used to filter the results for the Author named

'Elmasri'.

 This ensures that we only look at the records related to the author
'Elmasri'.

 π (Pi) is used to select the Title column.

 This means we only want to see the Titles of the books written by
'Elmasri', without other details

 The result shows the Titles of books that have 'Elmasri' as

the AUTHORS.

TASK 9:
 List the authors of the books the student ‘Sultan’ has borrowed.

Query:

πAuthorName​ (σ StdId= ‘Sultan’​ (STUDENTS ⋈ BORROWS) ⋈ HAS_WRITTEN)

Justification:

 ⨝ joins the STUDENTS and BORROWS tables.

 This connects students with the books they borrowed.

 σ (Sigma) filters for the student 'Sultan'.

 This focuses only on records related to 'Sultan'.

 ⨝ joins the result with the HAS_WRITTEN table.

 This links the borrowed books to their AUTHORS.

 π (Pi) selects the AuthorName column.

 This shows only the names of the AUTHORS of the books

borrowed by 'Sultan'.

 The final result lists the AUTHORS for the books that 'Sultan'
has borrowed.

TASK 10:
 Rename AuthorName in AUTHORS relation to Name.

Query:

π BookId​ (σ Keyword = ′database′​ (DESCRIBES)

⋈
σ Keyword = ′programming′​ (DESCRIBES))
Justification:

 σ (Sigma) is used to filter the DESCRIBES table for the

keyword 'database'.

 This finds all records of books that have the keyword 'database'.

 σ (Sigma) is used again to filter the DESCRIBES table for the

keyword 'programming'.

 This finds all records of books that have the keyword

'programming'.

 ⨝ joins the two filtered results.

 This connects the books that have the KEYWORD 'database' with
those that have the keyword 'programming'.

 π (Pi) selects the BookId column.

 This means we only want to see the IDs of the books that have
both keywords.

 The final result lists the IDs of books that have both the
KEYWORDS 'database' and 'programming'.