1.What is the full form of DBMS?

Ans - DataBase Management Sytems.

2.What is RDBMS ? Explain?

Ans- RDBMS is a special database software required to store maintain

and retrieve data from multiple tables present in a single database. RDBMS
works with a relational database which comprises multiple data sets
organised in the form of two or more tables and the respect to records and
columns.A relational database uses Structured Query Language which
provides an easy and user friendly interface for interacting and working with
database.

3.Differentiate between:
(a) Memo and Varchar data type

MEMO VARCHAR
Stores up to the maximum length Stores upto the specified length
indicated by user.
It is used to store some descriptive The number of bytes
data having more than 255 allocated depends on the number of
characters characters entered by
the user

(b) Design View and Datasheet view of a table

DESIGN VIEW DATASHEET VIEW

It displays the view which allows It displays the view in a row/column
you to enter field names ,data format which allows you to view,
types,and description into your enter or manipulate data.
table.
A design view provides access to Datasheet view allows data entry
create or modify tables, forms, or and editing, only data can be
any other database objects. edited.
4.Define referential integrity. Who maintains referential
integrity in a database?
Referential integrity is a term used in database design to describe the
relationship between two tables. It is important because it ensures that all
data in a database remains consistent and up to date. It helps to prevent
incorrect records from being added, deleted, or modified. Referential
integrity is a constraint on the database design that makes certain that
each foreign key in a table point to a unique primary key value in another
table.This will ensure that data is not lost, and it will also help you maintain
data quality.

5. What is the use of Alias row in the Design grid of the Query
Design window?
The Alias row in the Design grid of the Query Design window is used to
provide an alternative name for a field, making the output more readable or
meaningful.

6. In RDBMS how data can be organised?

A relational database is a collection of information that organizes data in
predefined relationships where data is stored in one or more tables (or
"relations") of columns and rows.

7. State the purpose of using data types in DBMS/RDBMS?

Data type used to identify which type of data we are going to store in the
database.Fields in a table can be of various types, depending on the data
that they contain.Once a data type has been defined it will not accept a
different type of data.If data of some other type is entered into a field other
than its defined data type, then it will result in an error.

8.In libre office Base, Explain the number of ways in which tables can
be entered.
There are two ways to create tables in LibreOffice .
a) Using design view
 b) Using wizard view

9. What do you understand by the structure of the Table?

A table is a basic element of a relational database. It stores data in a
tabular format, which means the system organizes data into rows and
columns.Knowing the structure of a table can help you navigate and
understand a database more easily. This is especially useful in
database design and query language writing, which can be essential
skills for many professionals in the information technology industry.

10. Difference between tuples and attributes of a table? Explain.

A row in a table is known as tuple. A single horizontal entry in a table
is called .A record a group of related fields or data items is
represented by a record in a table.Tuple contain the data of different
types.
A set of values of a certain data type is known as an attribute .A
column can also be represented by the term attribute.

11. In Base,how many types of relationships can be created?

There are three specific types of relationships that can exist between
a pair of tables: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. The
tables participate in only one type of relationship at any given time.
In one-to-one relationship there is always one record in one table
related to only one record in another related table.
In one- to -many relationship one record in one table has many
matching records in another related table.
In many to many relationship multiple reports in one table have many
matching records in another related table.

12. Define Sorting.In how many ways can sorting be done?

sorting is any process that involves arranging the data into some meaningful
order to make it easier to understand, analyze or visualize.Data is typically
sorted in either ascending (ASC)or descending order(DESC).

13. What is Referential integrity? Explain using an example.

Referential integrity constraint is also called a foreign key constraint. A
reference key is a key whose values are generated from another table's
primary key. The Master or Referenced Table is the table from which the
values are derived, and the Child or Referencing Table is the table into which
the values are entered.

Example:

Consider the table Student (Roll Primary Key, Name, Course). Column Roll
serves as the Primary Key, allowing the value of the foreign key in the child
table to be determined.
Take another table, Subject (Roll, Subject, SubName), for example. Column
Roll acts as a Foreign Key in the table above, and its values are derived from
it.

14.Name any two DML Commands.

Select,insert, update

15. What purpose is served by using queries?

A query can give you an answer to a simple question, perform calculations,
combine data from different tables, add, change, or delete data from a
database.Running a query is like asking a detailed questions from a
database.The outcome of the database query is the filtered information that
matches the criteria or condition to find the exact data you want.

16. Explain in brief any four DDL commands.

DDL (Data Definition Language) is a type of SQL command used to define
data structures and modify data. It creates, alters, and deletes database
objects such as tables, views, indexes, and users. Examples of DDL
statements include CREATE, ALTER, DROP and TRUNCATE.
CREATE :
This command is used to create a new table in SQL. The user has to give
information like table name, column names, and their datatypes.
Syntax –

CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_1 datatype,
column_2 datatype,
column_3 datatype,
....
);

ALTER :
This command is used to add, delete or change columns in the existing table.
The user needs to know the existing table name and can do add, delete or
modify tasks easily.
Syntax –
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

DROP :
This command is used to remove an existing table along with its structure
from the Database.
Syntax –
DROP TABLE table_name;

RENAME:
It is possible to change name of table with or without data in it using simple
RENAME command.
Syntax –
RENAME TABLE <Table Name> To <New_Table_Name>;
17. What is the purpose of the Alter command? Explain using an
example.
ALTER :
This command is used to add, delete or change columns in the existing table.
The user needs to know the existing table name and can do add, delete or
modify tasks easily.
Syntax –
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;
Example –
In our Student_info table, we want to add a new column for CGPA. The syntax
would be as below as follows.

ALTER TABLE Student_info

ADD CGPA number;

18. Which operator is used for pattern matching in a query?

In SQL, the operator that performs pattern matching is the “LIKE” operator.
The “LIKE” operator is used to match values in a column against a specific
pattern, where the pattern can include wildcard characters to represent
unknown or variable characters.

19. Mention the components of the Grid area while creating the query in
‘Design Grid’.
Design Grid is the lower portion of the Query Design Window.It contains
columns where you can set up the fields.It contains various elements- Fields,
Table, Show, Sort, Criteria and Or.

20. Explain the distinction between * and ? wild card characters.

Wildcards are placeholders that are often used in file searches to avoid typing
the full name. They can also be used to find and replace multiple occurrences
of a pattern in a file, or to search for variations on a theme.
The main difference between the wildcard characters * and ? is that * matches
any number of characters, while ? matches any single character:
Asterisk ()*
Matches any number of characters, including zero characters. For example,
east matches "Northeast" and "Southeast".
Question mark (?)
Matches any single character, including spaces. For example, sm?th matches
"smith" and "smyth".

21. Can queries be created on multiple fields? If yes, explain by giving

an example.
We can create the queries by using the multiple fields using the criteria
section in queries. For example we have to create a query for displaying the
records using multiple conditions where fees is more than or equal to 4000
and number of credit achieved by the students is less than 3 after mentioning
the condition click run query to run the query or we may alternative press the
shortcut key F5.

22. With respect to a database ,in how many ways can forms and reports
be created?
There are two methods for making forms and reports:

Make Form in Design View.

Make forms utilizing the wizard.