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    Head Losses in Pipes

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    keithabay775

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    Head Losses in Pipes

    Uploaded by

    keithabay775
    8 views20 pages

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    8 views20 pages

    Head Losses in Pipes

    Uploaded by

    keithabay775

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES

     The energy principle is applied to the solution of practical closed-conduit


    flow problems in different branches of engineering practice. Flow of a real
    fluid is more complex than that of an ideal fluid. Shear forces between
    fluid particles and the boundary walls and between the fluid particles
    themselves result from the fluid's viscosity.
    LAMINAR FLOW

     In laminar flow, fluid particles move along straight, parallel paths in layers
    or laminae. Magnitudes of velocities of adjacent laminae are not the
    same. Laminar flow is governed by the law relating shear stress to rate of
    angular deformation, i.e., the product of viscosity of fluid and velocity
    gradient
    CRITICAL VELOCITY

     The critical velocity of practical interest to engineers is the velocity below


    which all turbulence is damped out by the viscosity of the fluid. It is found
    that the upper limit of laminar flow of practical interest is represented by a
    Reynolds number of about 2000.
    REYNOLDS NUMBER

     The Reynolds number (Re), which is dimensionless, represents the ratio of


    inertia forces to viscous forces
    TURBULENT FLOW

     In turbulent flow, fluid particles move in a haphazard fashion in all


    directions. It is virtually impossible to trace the motion of an individual
    particle.
    SHEARING STRESS
    In the syringe as shown in the figure, the
    drug has a mass density of 900 kg/𝑚3 and
    an absolute viscosity 𝜇 = 0.002 Pa-s.
    Neglecting head loss in the larger cylinder.
    1. Which of the following gives the value of
    the Reynolds number for a flow of 0.4
    mL/sec through the needle.
     Determine the critical velocity for (a) gasoline at 20°C flowing through a
    20-mm pipe and (b) water at 20°C flowing in the 20-mm pipe.
     the kinematic viscosity at 20°C is 6.48 x 10^-7 m2 /s for gasoline
     1.02 x 10^-6 m2 /s for 20°C water
     Carbon dioxide at 20°C and a pressure of 550 kPa (abs) flows in a pipe at
    a rate of 0.04 N/s. Determine the maximum diameter allowed if the flow is
    to be turbulent.
     absolute viscosity = 1.4 x10^-5 Pa.s.
    FRICTIONAL HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES

     Friction factor / can be derived mathematically for laminar flow, but no


    simple mathematical relation for the variation of f with Reynolds number is
    available for turbulent flow.
     A lubricating oil of viscosity 1 poise and specific gravity 0.9 is pumped
    through a 30 mm diameter pipe. If the pressure drop per meter length of
    pipe is 20 kN/m2 .Determine
     i)The mass flow rate in kg/min
     ii) The shear stress at the pipe wall
     iii) The Reynolds number of flow
     Determine
     (a) the shear stress at the walls of a 12" diameter pipe when water flowing
    causes a measured lost head of 15 ft in 300 ft of pipe length, (
     b) the shear stress 2" from the centerline of the pipe,
     (c) the shear velocity,
     (d) the average velocity for an f value of 0.050,
    HYDRAULIC RADIUS

     Ratio between the area and the wetted perimeter


     If in the previous problem, the water is flowing through a 3 ft by 4 ft
    rectangular conduit of the same length with the same lost head, what is
    the shear stress between the water and the pipe wall?
    Turbulent Flow

    Water flows in a steel pipe (d = 40 mm, k = 0.045x10-3 m, µ = 0.001 k/ms)


    with a rate of 1 lit/s. Determine the friction coefficient and the head loss due to
    friction per
    meter length of the pipe using:
    1- Moody chart?
    2- Karman-Prandtl Eqn?
     Two reservoirs with a surface level difference of 20 m are to be connected by 1
    m diameter pipe6 km long. What will be the discharge when a cast iron pipe of
    roughness k = 0.3 mm is used? What will be the percentage increase in the
    discharge if the cast iron pipe is replaced by a steel pipe of Roughness k = 0.1
    mm? Neglect all local losses. Use Karman Prandtl-Equation for friction factor.
     A 300 mm by 460 mm rectangular duct carries air at 105 kPa absolute and
    20°C through 460 m with an average velocity of 2.97 m/s. Determine the
    loss of head and the pressure drop, assuming the duct is horizontal, and
    the size of the surface imperfections is 0.00055 m.
     Considering pipe loss only, how much head is required to deliver 0.222 m3
    /s of heavy oil at 38C through 914 m of new cast iron pipe, 300 mm inside
    diameter? Use e = 0.00024 m. viscosity if 180 mm2/s
     In a pipe of diameter 350 mm and length 75 m water is flowing at a
    velocity of 2.8 m/s find the head lost due to friction using i) Darcy’s formula
    Take kinematic viscosity of water as 0.012 stokes the coefficient of friction is
    given by f=0.0791/ (Re)^1/4 .

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