Thinesh Xii-B Physics Project

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all
those people without whom this project could have never been completed first and
foremost. I would like to thank my parents for their inexhaustible inspiration.
I would like to extend my gratitude towards our school management “Amrita

Vidyalayam, Kanyakumari” for providing a nice platform for me to learn. I would
thank Mr.Chockalingom Pillai N, Principal of Amrita Vidyalayam, Kanyakumari
for his encouragement and moral support. I would also like to thank Mr.Paul
Singh, Physics teacher for his keen interest in the work and ever useful practical
knowledge and for his kind supervision.
This guidance and supervision were very useful in bringing this project work to
conclusion.
NAME: N.THINESH
CLASS: XII-B
PHYSICS PROJECT
ON
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
HALO PRISM
FOR
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
TABLE OF CONTENT:
 Aim of the project

 Introduction
 Theory
 Requirements
 Procedure
 Observation
 Graphs
 Calculation
 Results
 Sources of error
 Precautions
 Bibliography
AIM OF THE PROJECT:
To investigate the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using HOLO
PRISM filled with different transparent fluids.
INTRODUCTION:
Hollow prisms, also referred to as hollow core optical fibers, represent a distinctive
advancement in optical fiber technology. Unlike conventional optical fibers with
solid cores, hollow prisms possess an empty core surrounded by a reflective inner
surface. This innovative design introduces several unique characteristics and
applications that make them increasingly relevant in various scientific and
technological domains.
The core of a hollow prism is essentially a void or hollow region, which
distinguishes it from solid-core fibers. This empty core is typically surrounded by a
reflective material, often in the form of a photonic bandgap structure. This
arrangement enables the guidance of light through the fiber by exploiting the
reflective properties of the inner surface, providing a means of light confinement
similar to solid-core fibers.
One of the primary advantages of hollow prisms lies in their potential to mitigate
certain issues associated with conventional fibers. In solid-core fibers, light
propagation can be affected by phenomena like material dispersion, where
different wavelengths travel at varying speeds, leading to signal distortion. Hollow
prisms, by virtue of their unique structure, can exhibit lower dispersion, offering
improved performance in terms of signal integrity.
Additionally, the hollow core introduces the possibility of leveraging nonlinear
optical effects. Nonlinear optics involves interactions between light and matter that
become significant at higher light intensities. Hollow prisms can facilitate these
effects due to the absence of a solid core, allowing for applications in areas such as
frequency conversion and the generation of new wavelengths over long distances.
The ability to mitigate signal distortion and enhance signal quality is crucial in
maintaining the integrity of communication networks. Telecommunications is a
prominent field where hollow prisms show promise. The low dispersion and
potential for nonlinear effects make them attractive for transmitting high-speed
data
In laser systems, hollow prisms find applications in guiding and manipulating laser
beams. The unique properties of these fibers enable precise control over the
characteristics of the laser light, contributing to the development of more efficient
and versatile laser technologies.
Sensing devices also benefit from the attributes of hollow prisms. The reduced
dispersion and enhanced nonlinear effects can improve the accuracy and sensitivity
of sensors based on optical fiber technology. This has implications in fields such as
environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial sensing.
Despite their advantages, hollow prisms face challenges in terms of fabrication and
maintaining low loss in the transmission of light. Fabricating fibers with
consistently low loss and optimizing their performance for specific applications
remain active areas of research.
In conclusion, holo prisms represent a significant advancement in optical fiber
technology, offering advantages in terms of low dispersion and the potential for
nonlinear optical effects. Their applications span various fields, including
telecommunications, laser systems, and sensing devices. As research and
development in this area continue, hollow prisms hold the potential to
revolutionize the way we transmit and manipulate light for diverse technological
applications.
THEORY :
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract
light prisms can
Be made from any material that is transparent including glass, plastic and fluoride .
a prism can be used to break light up into constituent spectral colors. Prisms can
also be used to reflect light, or to split into components with different polarizations.
The refractive index of the liquid is:

µ=sin i/sin r =sin((A+D)/2)/sin(A/2)
Where,
µ=refractive index of the liquid
A=the angle of minimum deviation
D=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
REQUIREMENTS :
 DRAWING BOARD
 WHITE SHEET OF PAPER
 HOLLOW PRISM
 DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
 DRAWING PINE
 PENCILS
 HALD METER SCALE
 THUMP PINS
 GRAPH PAPER
 PROTRACTOR
PROCEDURE:
 Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of the
drawing pins
 Draw a straight line XX' parallel to the length of the paper nearly in the
middle of the paper .
 Mark points Q1,Q2,Q3… on the straight line x x’ at a suitable distance of
5 cm.
 Draw normal N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3,… On the points Q1,Q2,Q3……
 Draw straight lines RQ1, RQ2, RQ3, making angle of 30o,40o .... 60o(Write
the value of angles in the paper)respectively with their normal.
 Mark one corner of the prism as A and take it as the edge of the prism for
all the observations.
 Put prism with its refracting face AB in the line X X' and point Q1 in the
middle of AB.
 Mark the boundaries of the prism.
 Fill the hollow prism with one of the transparent liquid.
 Fix 2 or more office pins P1 and P2 in the line R1Q1 vertically. The
distance between the pins should be 10mm or more.
 Look at the image of pin P1 and P2 through face AC.
 Close your left eye and bring open our right eye in line with the 2 images.
 Fix 2 office pins P3 and P4 vertically, and 10 mm away such that the open
right eye sees pins P4 and P3 the image of P2 and P1 in one straight line.
 Remove pin P3 and P4 and encircle their pricks on the paper.
 Repeat this steps with point Q2 , Q3 ,…….so on for i =40o…..60o,with
different liquids in each case.
To measure D is different cases:
 Draw straight lines through points P4 and P3 (pin pricks) to obtain

emergent rays S1T1,S2T2,S3T3,……
 Produce T1S1,T2S2,T3S3,…… inwards in the boundary of PRISM to
meet produce incident rays R1O1,R2O2,R3O3,…at points F1,F2,F3,…..
 Measure angles K1F1S1 , K2F2S2 , K3F3S3,….. these are the angle of
deviations D1,D2,D3……….
 Write the values of this angle in a paper.
TO MEASURE A:
 Measure angle bac in the boundary of the prism .this gives angle A .
 Record your observation.
OBSERVATION :
TURPENTINE OIL:
S.NO Angle of prism Angle of Angle of deviation

(Degree) incidence (Degree)
(Degree)
1 60 35 36
2 60 40 34
3 60 45 32
4 60 50 34
5 60 55 35
6 60 60 37
DILUTE SULPURIC ACID:
S.NO Angle of prism Angle of Angle of

(Degree) incidence deviation
(Degree) (Degree)
1 60 35 30
2 60 40 29
3 60 45 25
4 60 50 28
5 60 55 30
6 60 60 34
CALCULATIONS:
FOR TURPENTINE OIL:
 Angle of minimum deviation is

32
Then the refractive index ,

n=sin((A+D)/2)/sin(A/2)
n=sin((60+32)/2)/sin(30
n= 1.44
 Speed of light in benzaldehyde

v=c/n
c=3 X 108
v=2.08 X 108
FOR DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID:
 Angle of minimum deviation is

28
Then the refractive index,

n=sin(A+D/2)/sin(A/2)
n=sin((60+28)/2)/sin(60/2)
n=1.356
 Speed of light in dilute
sulphuric acid
v=c/n
c=3 X 108 m/c
v= 2.2 X 108 m/s
RESULT :
 The angle of the prism is 60o
 The i-d graph shows that as angle of incidence increases, angle of deviation
decreases , attains minimum value and then again starts increasing for the
further increase in the angle of deviation for the further increase in the angle
of incidence.
 The angle of minimum deviation of water for
Dil.Sulphuric acid=28
Turpentine oil=14
 The refractive index for

Dil.sulphuric acid=1.356
Turpentine oil=1.44
 The speed of light in
Dil.sulphuric acid=2.2 x 108
Turpentine oil=2.2 x 108
Sources of error :
 Pin pricks may be tick

 Measure of angles may be wrong
PRECAUTIONS :
 The angle of incidence should lie between 35o-60o.

 The pins should be vertical.
 The distance between two pins should not be less than 10mm.
 Arroe heads should be marked to represent the incidence and
emergent rays.
 The same angle of prisms should be used for all observations.
BIBILOGRAPHY :
 CLASS 12 NCERT BOOK

 PHYSICS MANUAL
 TEXT BOOK FOR VISUAL OPTICS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my gratitude towards our school management “Amrita

 Aim of the project

The refractive index of the liquid is:

To measure D is different cases:

 Draw straight lines through points P4 and P3 (pin pricks) to obtain

S.NO Angle of prism Angle of Angle of deviation

S.NO Angle of prism Angle of Angle of

FOR TURPENTINE OIL:

 Angle of minimum deviation is

Then the refractive index ,

 Speed of light in benzaldehyde

FOR DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID:

 Angle of minimum deviation is

Then the refractive index,

 The refractive index for

 Pin pricks may be tick

 The angle of incidence should lie between 35o-60o.

 CLASS 12 NCERT BOOK

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