UNIT-III

INTRODUCTION OF IOT
CONTENTS:
Introduction & Characteristics:
⚫ Physical design protocols
⚫ Logical design enabling technologies,
⚫ IoT Levels
⚫ Domain Specific IoTs,
⚫ IoT vs M2M,
⚫ IoT systems management,
⚫ IoT Design Methodology: Specifications Integration and Application Development.

INTRODUCTION OF IOT:
IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to internet. By 2020 there willbe a
total of 50 billion devices /things connected to internet. IoT is not limited to just connecting things to the
internet but alsoallow things to communicate and exchange data.

Definition:
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have identities, physical
attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into
information n/w, often communicate data associated with users and their environments.
(or)
Multiple electronic devices which are equipped with a unique IP address and communicated with
overinternet are called the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will make our life so simple and accurate.
Examples for IoT devices like a smartwatch, smart speakers, smart TV’s, Amazon Alexa, Google
Homedevices are internet-connected devices come under examples of IoT.

Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically
adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user‘s
context or sensed environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide
certainfunctionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a
uniqueidentifier(IP address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and exchange data
with other devices and systems.

Applications of IoT:

1) Home
2) Cities
 3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & LifeStyle

DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF IOT;

There are two ways of design an IoT .they are (1) Physical design of IoT and (2) Logical Design of IoT.

In Physical design of IoT there are two things they are 1) The things in IoT 2) IoTProtocols

1) The things in IoT:

The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform remote sensing, actuating
and monitoring capabilities.
IoT devices can exchange dat with other connected devices applications. It collects data from other
devices and process data either locally or remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other devices both wired and
wireless. These includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity (iii) memory
and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/videointerfaces.
Physical Design Of IoT
1) Things inIoT:
The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange dat with other connected
devices applications. It collects data from other devices and process data either locally or
remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other devices both wired
and wireless. These includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/video interfaces.

2) IoTProtocols:
The communication Protocols handle the exchange or transfer of data between devices in the IoT
network.
It operates at several layers such as Link layer ,network layer,transport layer and application layer.
a) Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s
physical layer or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the
same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer
determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device over the medium to
which the host is attached.

Protocols:
• 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer.
Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses
fiber optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet over fiber.
• 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication
standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz
band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz
band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
• 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including
exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
• 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as
ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
 • 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).

B) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to

destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains
source and destination address.

Protocols:
IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a
hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.
IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows
2**128 addresses.
6LOWPAN:(IPv6over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
operates in 2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Protocols:
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and
HTTPS), email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP
Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of protocols in
order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestion collapse.
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time sensitive
applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless
protocol. Does not provide guaranteed delivery.
D) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols
to send data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication using ports.
Protocols:
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow request-
response model Statelessprotocol.
• CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M) applications
with constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses client-
server architecture.
• WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socketconnection.
• MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based
on publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for constrained
environment.
• XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication and
streaming XML data between network entities. Support client-server and server-server
communication.
• DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-device
or machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribemodel.
• AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol
forbusiness messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribemodel.

LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT

Refers to an abstract represent of entities and processes without going into the low level
specifies of implementation.
1) IoT Functional Blocks 2) IoT Communication Models 3) IoT Comm. APIs
 1) IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation, communication andmanagement.

• Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring
and control functions.
• Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
• Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services
and services for device discovery.
• Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
• Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and context integrity and data security.
• Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of IoT system.

2) IoT Communication Models:

1) Request-Response 2) Publish-Subscribe 3)Push-Pull 4) Exclusive Pair

1) Request-Response Model:

In which the client sends request to the server and the server replies to requests. Is
a stateless communication model and each request-response pair is independent of others.
 2) Publish-Subscibe Model:

Involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are source of data. Publishers send data
to the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives
data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to queues and consumers pull
data from the queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues help in
decoupling the message between the producers and consumers.

4) Exclusive Pair: is bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a

persistent connection between the client and server. Once connection is set up it remains
open until the client send a request to close the connection. Is a stateful communication
model and server is aware of all the open connections.
3) IoT Communication APIs:
a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response Based Model)
b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive Pair Based Model)
a) REST based communication APIs: Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which we can design web services and web APIs that focus on a
system‘s resources and have resource states are addressed and transferred.
The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows communication between client server with
REST APIs.

Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.

Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary to understand
the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.
Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly
or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache-able, then a client
cache is given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests.
Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see
beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting.
User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and a
server must be uniform.
Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.

Request-Response model used by REST:

RESTful webservice is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs. RESTful web
API has a base URI(e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The clients and requests to these URIs
using the methods defined by the HTTP protocol(e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A
RESTful web service can support various internet media types.
b) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full
duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair communication model.

IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud
Computing, Big Data Analytics, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and architectures,
Communication Protocols, Web Services, Mobile internet and semantic search engines.

1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): Comprises of distributed devices with sensors which

are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is one of the most
popular wireless technologies used byWSNs.
WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
 • Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other
data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
• Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality
and concentration of various gases.
• Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at various locations.
• Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data(motion
data detection).
• Smart Grids : use WSNs for monitoring grids at various points.
• Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of
structures(building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed
at various points in the structure.

2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in different forms.

• Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS):provides users the ability to provision computing
and storage resources. These resources are provided to the users as a virtual
machine instances and virtual storage.
• Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and deploy
application in cloud using the development tools, APIs, software libraries and
services provided by the cloud service provider.
• Software-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user a complete software application or
the user interface to the application itself.

3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by IoT are
• Sensor data generated by IoT systems.
• Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and energy
systems.
• Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking vehicles.
• Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.

4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and coupling to applications.
• Allow devices to exchange data over network.
• Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing schemes for device and
routing of packets from source to destination.
• It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lost packets.

5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and software
embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from low cost miniaturized
devices such as digital watches to devices such as digital cameras, POS terminals,
vending machines, appliances etc.,

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

1) IoT Level1: System has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and host the application as shown in fig. Suitable for modeling low
cost and low complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and analysis
requirement are not computationally intensive. An e.g., of IoT Level1 is Home
automation.
2) IoT Level2: has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuating and local analysis
as shown in fig. Data is stored in cloud and application is usually cloud based. Level2 IoT
systems are suitable for solutions where data are involved is big, however, the primary
analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself. An
e,g., of Level2 IoT system for Smart Irrigation.

3) IoT Level3: system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud
application is cloud based as shown in fig. Level3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
where the data involved is big and analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
An example of IoT level3 system for tracking package handling.
4) IoT Level4: System has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the
cloud and application is cloud based as shown in fig. Level4 contains local and cloud
based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the
cloud from IoT devices. An example of a Level4 IoT system for Noise Monitoring.

5) IoT Level5: System has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node as shown in fig.
The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from
the end nodes and sends to the cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and
application is cloud based. Level5 IoT systems are suitable for solution based on wireless sensor
network, in which data involved is big and analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
An example of Level5 system for Forest Fire Detection.

6) IoT Level6: System has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or
actuation and sensed data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud
based as shown in fig. The analytics component analyses the data and stores the result in
the cloud data base. The results are visualized with cloud based application. The
centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to nodes. An example of a Level6 IoT system for Weather Monitoring
System.
 DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs
1) Home Automation:
a) Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed.
b) Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status information
to the users remotely.
c) Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors)
to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to
the user.
d) Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to
detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors
can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas detectors can detect the
presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG etc.,

2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots
and send information over internet to smart application backends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition,
travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition
and accidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration
levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud
based scalable storage solution.
 f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage
detection can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical
infrastructures.

3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send
the data to cloud based applications and storage back ends. The data collected in
cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud based applications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological
sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions
control approaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise levels in
cities have increased and even become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT based
noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are
deployed at different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is
collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate
noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources, property
and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in minimizing damage.
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human
resources and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the
water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a no. of
sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate sensors.

4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids
that collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power transmission,
distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides predictive information
and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to
manage power. By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies, the health
of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at
the point of interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is
fed into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to
regulate the voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs
and provides power support.
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is collected using
specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurement Units(PMUs) at the
substations. The information received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for
estimating the state of the system and for predicting failures.

5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using
data collected by RFID readers.
 b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologies
such as Near Field Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors its
operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for predictive
maintenance.

6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can provide first
response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto serve a large
transportation network.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as
temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be
analyzed to detect food spoilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data
on Vehicle operations(speed, RPMetc.,) and status of various vehicle subsystems.

7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to detemine moisture amount insoil.
b) Green House Control: to improve productivity.

8) Industry:
a) Machine diagnosis and prognosis
b) Indoor Air QualityMonitoring

9) Health and Life Style:

a) Health & Fitness Monitoring
b) Wearable Electronics

IOT VS M2M:
Communication Protocols:
Commonly uses M2M protocols include ZigBee, Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus, WirelessM- Bustec.,
In IoT uses HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket, MQTT,XMPP,DDS,AMQPetc.,
Machines in M2M Vs Things inIoT:
Machines in M2M will be homogenous whereas Things in IoT will be heterogeneous.
Hardware Vs SoftwareEmphasis:
The emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis of IoT is more
onsoftware.
Data Collection &Analysis
M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-premises storage infrastructure.
The data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be public, private or
hybrid cloud).
Applications
M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by on-premises applications such as
diagnosis applications, service management applications, and on- premisis enterpriseapplications.
IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud applications such as analytics
applications, enterprise applications, remote diagnosis and management applications,etc.
Difference between IoT and M2M :

Basis of IoT M2M

Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine

Intelligence Devices have objects that are responsible Some degree of intelligence is
for decision making observed in this.

Connection type The connection is via Network and using The connection is a point to point
used various communication types.

Communication Internet protocols are used such Traditional protocols and

protocol used as HTTP, FTP, and Telnet. communication technology
techniques are used

Data Sharing Data is shared between other applications Data is shared with only the
that are used to improve the end-user communicating parties.
experience.

Internet Internet connection is required for Devices are not dependent on the
communication Internet.

Type of It supports cloud communication It supports point-to-point

Communication communication.

Computer System Involves the usage of both Hardware and Mostly hardware-based technology
Software.

Scope A large number of devices yet scope is Limited Scope for devices.
large.

Business Type used Business 2 Business(B2B) and Business 2 Business 2 Business (B2B)
Consumer(B2C)

Open API support Supports Open API integrations. There is no support for Open APIs

It requires Generic commodity devices. Specialized device solutions.

 Basis of IoT M2M

Centric Information and service centric Communication and device centric.

Approach used Horizontal enabler approach Vertical system solution approach .

Components Devices/sensors, connectivity, data Device, area networks, gateway,

processing, user interface Application server.

Examples Smart wearables, Big Data and Cloud, etc. Sensors, Data and Information, etc.

IOT SYSTEM MANAGEMENT:

The IoT system management includes the device deployment, provision of the device and authentication,
configuration and control, monitoring and diagnostic, and then software updates and maintenance. IoT is
not only about deploying the
sensors and capturing the data to communicate to the server, but once the system is established, there may
be a requirement of software updates, and repairing and replacing the faulty devices along with the
security of data.

Provisioning and authentication: Authentication is a process of establishing

the identity to ensure the security and trust. A cloud-hosted service is required to be implemented to check
the authenticity of the software and hardware connected to the network. Provisioning is a method to
provide access of a device to a system with suitable authentication.

Configuration and control: Configuring a system means an arrangement of parts in a specific form,
figure, or combination of elements. Configuring an IoT device includes attributes, such as name, location,
and specific settings for application. IoT devices need to be configured and authenticated from user
attributes to make it reliable. The control is capability of handling the device and help for configuration
changes.

Monitoring and diagnostics: Monitoring is the process of observing the progress of a system over a time
period. The IoT system is connected with thousands of remote devices over the internet, and a small
mistake in data monitoring may cause loss of trust of the customer. Even small issues need to be addressed
with appropriate diagnosis of the problem. For troubleshooting, the developers need to implement good a
program and must be capable of updating through cloud analytics.

Software maintenance and update: Software maintenance is another task in IoT that needs to support
firmware, which should be free from any bugs. However, updating firmware is another important concern.
The developer must have secure updated software, including the boot loaders.
Software maintenance on remote devices is a long-term process. A persistent and reliable connection is
required with remote devices for maintenance and updating. This is a complicated process and needs to be
performed when there is minimum impact on the business.

Improved Reliability:
· By validating the system configurations before use.
System-Wide Configuration:
· IoT systems consist of multiple devices or nodes, which have wide system configurations for the
correct functioning.
· Each device is configured separately (either manual or automated).
· Used in system faults or undesirable outcomes.
· Ensures that the configuration changes are either applied to all devices or to none.
· In the failure, the configuration changes are rolled back.
Multiple System Configurations:
· Some systems have multiple valid configurations according to different times or in certain
conditions.
Retrieving & Reusing Configurations:
· Help in reusing the configurations for other devices of the same type.
· Ensure that when a new device is added, the same configuration is applied.
The management system can retrieve the current configuration from a device and apply the same to the
new devices.

IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

The process of developing a product needs a proper execution of predefined design methodology.
Generally, a product development process includes the
following steps:

IoT Design Methodology that includes:

• Purpose & Requirements Specification
• Process Specification
• Domain Model Specification
• Information Model Specification
• Service Specifications
• IoT Level Specification
• Functional View Specification
• Operational View Specification
• Device & Component Integration
• Application Development
Step1 : Purpose & Requirements Specification
• The first step in IoT system design methodology is todefine the purpose and requirements of the system.
In this step, the system purpose, behavior and requirements are captured

Step 2: Process Specification

The second step in the IoT design methodology is todefine the process specification. In this step, the use
cases of the IoT system are formally described based on and derived from the purpose and requirement
specifications.

Step 3: Domain Model Specification

• The third step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Domain Model. The domain model
describes the main concepts, entities and objects in the domain of IoT system to be designed. Domain
model defines the attributes of the objects and relationships between objects. Domain model provides an
abstract representation of the concepts, objects and entities in the IoT domain, independent of any specific
technology or platform.

Step 4: Information Model Specification

• The fourth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Information Model. Information Model
defines the structure of all the information in the IoT system.
for example, attributes of Virtual Entities, relations, etc. Information model does not describe the specifics
of how the information is represented or stored.
To define the information model, we first list the Virtual Entities defined in the Domain Model.
Step 5: Service Specifications
• The fifth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the service specifications. Service
specifications define the services in the IoT system, service types, service inputs/output, service endpoints,
service schedules, service preconditions and service effects.

Step 6: IoT Level Specification

• The sixth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the IoT level for the system.
Ex : level1 to level-6

Step 7: Functional ViewSpecification

• The seventh step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Functional View. The Functional View
(FV) defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into various Functional Groups (FGs). Each
Functional Group either provides functionalities for interacting with instances of concepts defined in the
Domain Model or provides information related to these concepts.

Step 8: Operational ViewSpecification

• The eighth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Operational View Specifications. In this
step, various options pertaining to the IoT system deployment and operation are defined, such as, service
hosting options, storage options, device options, application hosting options, etc

Step 9: Device & Component Integration

• The ninth step in the IoT design methodology is the integration of the devices and components.

Step 10: Application Development

• The final step in the IoT design methodology is to develop the IoT application.