Optical Fiber Communications

OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
0R OPTICAL
COMMUNICATIONS
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS :
Principles and Practice, John Senior &
Yousif Jamro, third edition, Pearson
edition, 2013
 REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION : Chapter
1, 2, 3
 CHAPTER 5
 CHAPTER 10
 CHAPTER 12
 CHAPTER 13
 PROBLEMS OF CAPTER 1,2
 PROBLEMS OF CAPTER 5
 Sheets & EXERCICES
(a) The general communication system. (b) The optical fiber
communication system
 A method of transmitting information from
one place to another by sending light through
an optical fiber.
 The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave that is modulated to carry information.
The process of communicating using fiber-
optics involves the following basic steps:
 Creating the optical signal using a
transmitter,
 Relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring
that the signal does not become too distorted
or weak,
 Receiving the optical signal and converting it
into an electrical signal.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
1
 = ∈ 0 ∈ ᵅ0ᵅ n=c/
/  = c / p = ᵅ ᵅ
 1880 – Alexander Graham Bell
 1930 – Patents on tubing
 1950 – Patent for two-layer glass wave-guide
 1960 – Laser first used as light source
 1965 – High loss of light discovered
 1970s – Refining of manufacturing process
 1980s – Technology becomes backbone of long
distance telephone networks.
 An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic
fiber that carries light along its length.
 Light is kept in the "core" of the optical fiber

by total internal reflection.
 Thinner / Light Weight
 Less Expensive
 Higher Carrying
Capacity : Higher
Bandwidth
 Less Signal Degradation
& Digital Signals
 Light Signals
 Non-Flammable
 High Security
 Much Higher Bandwidth (Gbps) - Thousands of
channels can be multiplexed together over one
strand of fiber
 Immunity to Noise - Immune to electromagnetic
interference (EMI).
 Safety - Doesn’t transmit electrical signals,
making it safe in environments like a gas
pipeline.
 High Security - Impossible to “tap into.”
 Less Loss - Repeaters can be spaced 75 miles
apart (fibers can be made to have only 0.2
dB/km of attenuation)
 Reliability - More resilient than copper in
extreme environmental conditions.
 Size - Lighter and more compact than copper.
 Flexibility - Unlike impure and brittle glass,
fiber is physically very flexible.
 Greater capacity (bandwidth up
to 2 Gbps, or more)
 Smaller size and lighter weight
 lower attenuation
 Immunity to environmental
interference
 Highly secure due to tap
difficulty and lack of signal
radiation
 The cost of interfacing
equipment necessary to
convert electrical signals
to optical signals (optical
transmitters & receivers)
{ E/O & O/E} is high.
 Splicing fiber optic cable
is also more difficult.
 Expensive over short distance
 Requires highly skilled installers
 Adding additional nodes is difficult
 Telecommunications
 Local Area Networks
LANs
 Cable TV
 CCTV
 Optical Fiber Sensors
 Relatively new transmission medium used by telephone
companies in place of long-distance trunk lines
 Also used by private companies in implementing local
data networks
 Require a light source with injection laser diode (ILD) or
light-emitting diodes (LED)
 Fiber to the desktop in the future
 Optical fiber consists of a core,
cladding, and a protective outer
coating, which guides light along
the core by total internal reflection.
Core – thin glass center of the
fiber where light travels.
Cladding – outer optical
material surrounding the core
Buffer Coating – plastic
coating that protects
the fiber.
 The core, and the lower-refractive-index
cladding, are typically made of high-quality
silica glass, though they can both be made of
plastic as well.
 Consists of three concentric sections
plastic jacket glass or plastic

fiber core
cladding
25
26
 Contains one or
several glass fibers
at its core
 Surrounding the
fibers is a layer of
glass called cladding
3 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
1. Plastic core and

cladding
2. Glass core with
plastic cladding (
called PCS fiber-
Plastic Clad Silica )
3. Glass core and glass
cladding ( called SCS
 Photons (light “particles”)
light represented by tiny bundles of energy
(or quanta), following straight line paths
along the rays.
PLANCK’S LAW
Ep =hf
Where,
Ep – energy of the photon (joules)

h = Planck’s constant = 6.625 x 10 -34 J-s
f – frequency o f light (photon) emitted (hertz(
 Let medium 1 be glass ( n1 = (1.5 and
medium 2 be ethyl alcohol (n2 = 1.36 ). For an
angle of incidence of 30°, determine the angle
of refraction.
 Answer: 33.47°
 The minimum angle of incidence at which a
light ray strike the interface of two media and
result in an angle of refraction of 90° or
greater.
 The maximum angle in which external light
rays may strike the air/glass interface and still
propagate down the fiber.
 A = θin (max) = sin-1
 Where,
 θ in (max) – acceptance angle (degrees)
 n1 – refractive index of glass fiber core (1.5)
 n2 – refractive index of quartz fiber cladding
( 1.46 )
MERDIONAL RAYS
Core and cladding with
different indices of refraction
Core-cladding boundary
 Used to describe the light-gathering or light-
collecting ability of an optical fiber.
 In optics, the numerical aperture (NA) of an
optical system is a dimensionless number
that characterizes the range of angles over
which the system can accept or emit light
= Sin ( A)
= Sin {θin (max)} The numerical aperture in
respect to a point P depends
on the half-angle θ of the
maximum cone of light that
can enter or exit the lens.
 Two main categories of
optical fiber used in
fiber optic
communications are
multi-mode optical
fiber and single-mode
optical fiber.
 Single-mode fibers – used to transmit one
signal (i.e., Single Wavelength or Mode or Ray)
per fiber (used in telephone and cable TV).
They have small cores (9 microns in diameter)
and transmit infra-red light from laser.
 Single-mode fiber’s smaller core (< 10
micrometres) necessitates more expensive
components and interconnection methods,
but allows much longer, higher-performance
links.
 Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many
signals (i.e., Many Wavelengths or Modes or
Rays) per fiber (used in computer networks).
They have larger cores (62.5 microns in
diameter) and transmit infra-red light from
LED.
 Multimode fiber has
a larger core ( ≥
50 micrometres ),
allowing less
precise, cheaper
transmitters and
receivers to connect
to it as well as
cheaper connectors.
 However, multi-mode fiber introduces
multimode distortion which often limits the
bandwidth and length of the link.
Furthermore, because of its higher dopant
content, multimode fiber is usually more
expensive and exhibits higher attenuation.

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OPTICAL FIBER

 Light is kept in the "core" of the optical fiber

plastic jacket glass or plastic

1. Plastic core and

Ep – energy of the photon (joules)

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