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Laser 1

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29 views2 pages

Laser 1

Rg

Uploaded by

kirtan.br.007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics of LASER

1. Frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, and energy scale. It is helpful


to characterize a radiation field on different scales: frequency;
wavelength; wavenumber (number of wavelengths per unit of length);
and photon energy in units of Joule or eV. Express each of the following
values by the corresponding values on the three other scales.
(a) λ = 1 µm.
(b) ν = 1 THz.
(c) λ = 1 nm.
(d) wavenumber (k)= 1 m-1.
(e) hν = 1 eV.
2. The pulse width of a laser of wavelength 1064 nm is 25 ms. If the
average power output per pulse is 0.8 W then
(I) What is the energy released per pulse?
(II) How many photons does each pulse contain?

Hint: (I) Energy Per Pulse = E = P (∆t)


(II) No. of Photons = n = 𝐸⁄ℎ𝑐
⁄𝜆

3. Light from a 5 mW laser source of aperture 2 cm diameter and λ =


500 nm is focused by a lens of focal length 10 cm. Calculate
(I) The area of the image.
(II) The intensity at the focus.
𝜋𝜆2 𝑓 2
Hint: (I) Area of image = 𝐴 = ; a= radius = 1 cm
𝑎2
𝑃
(II) Intensity at the focus = 𝐼 = 6.36 × 107 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴
4. A laser beam can be focused on an area equal to the square of its
wavelength. For a He-Ne laser, the wavelength is 632.8 nm. If the
laser radiates energy at the rate of 1mW, find the intensity of the
focused beam.
𝑃
Hint: 𝜆2 = 𝐴 ∴ 𝐼 = 𝐴
5. The output of laser has a frequency width of 700 Hz. If the
frequency of the laser source is 1014 Hz then what is the degree of
mono-chromaticity of the output light?
Δ𝑓
Hint: Degree of monochromaticity = 𝑓
6. The output of an ordinary light source has a frequency width of
1010 Hz. If the frequency of the source is 1014 Hz then what is the
degree of mono-chromaticity of the output light?
Δ𝑓
Hint: Degree of monochromaticity = = 10−4
𝑓
7. Laser action occurs by stimulated emission from an excited state
to a state of energy 35 eV. If the wavelength of laser light emitted is
690 nm, what is the energy of the excited state?
ℎ𝑐
Hint: E1= 35 eV; λ= 690 nm ; 𝐸2 = 𝐸1 + = 36.8 𝑒𝑉
λ

8. Determine the condition under which stimulated emission equal


spontaneous emission.
ℎ𝑣 𝑁𝑠𝑝 ℎ𝑣
Hint: 𝑒 ⁄𝑘𝑇 − 1 = 𝑁 = 1 ∴ 𝑒 ⁄𝑘𝑇 = 2 ∴ (ℎ𝑣⁄𝑘𝑇) = 𝑙𝑛 2
𝑠𝑡
𝐻𝑧
∴ 𝑣⁄𝑇 = 1.44 × 1010 𝐾
9. The normal temperature of an optical source is 1000 K. Show that,
in the visible optical region, the emission is predominantly due to
spontaneous emission.
ℎ𝑣⁄ ) 𝑁𝑠𝑝
Hint: Show that 𝑒 ( 𝑘𝑇 −1= ≫ 1 considering wavelength = 600 nm
𝑁𝑠𝑡
10. If levels 1 and 2 are separated by an energy E2 – E1 such that the
corresponding transition frequency falls in the middle of the visible
range, calculate the ratio of the populations of the two levels in
thermal equilibrium at room temperature.
𝑁
Hint: 𝑁2 = 𝑒 −ℎ𝑣⁄𝑘𝑇 = 𝑒 −(𝐸2 −𝐸1 )⁄𝑘𝑇
1
𝑁2
Considering wavelength as 600 nm, will be <<< 1 (of the order 10-38)
𝑁1

11. In thermal equilibrium at T=300 K, the ratio of level populations


N2/N1 for some particular pair of levels is given by 1/e. Calculate the
frequency for this transition. In what region of the EM spectrum does
this frequency fall?
𝑁 1 𝑘𝑇
Hint: 2 = = 𝑒 −ℎ𝑣⁄𝑘𝑇 ∴ ℎ𝑣 ⁄𝑘𝑇 = 1 ∴ 𝑣 = = 6.24 𝑇𝐻𝑧 (𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑁1 𝑒 ℎ

12. The spontaneous emission rate to the stimulated emission rate is


𝒉𝝂
given by R = exp(𝒌𝑻) – 1. Determine the spontaneous emission to the
stimulated emission for tungsten at temperature of 2000 K in the
visible range.

Hint: Consider wavelength as 600 nm, T= 2000 K, k= Boltzmann


constant, h= Planck’s const., gives you R= 1.6 x 105 which means the
spontaneous emission rate is dominant. emission rate;

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