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entoration Tunction to,.
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circit denoh vaence of
dd as copper
device en ed & Date: PageNo.
ntraion diode forbidden insul SA (good
eneg band oàe
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Optics
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 35Disinguisb 3.

!-Coppet electr
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Kley es more
ok deplation p Date: PageNo.

woodEx' forbiddeneta No Condnotuct Semiconducdor

1nsatoy
Insulator Side.
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 J. 4. 3. 2. Comparison
1.
The semiconductor.
Therepentavalent.
Impurity Impurity
sinceantimony, N-type
semiconductoras
Definition
When
pentavalent :
electrons
are it
provides
excess semiconductor
N-type
added used between
are impurity
free is for (Si
majority phosphorus,
of
electrons. called or
electrons. doping N-type
Ge a
is
as crystal),
carriers. addedSmall and
donor may

be amount
P-type
it to
impurity3. bismuth
arsenic, is
rsenic, known a
pure extrinsic
of1,
5. 4. 2.
impurity.
carriers. The holes. trivalent.
ThereImpurity semiconductor
Impurity Definition
semiconductors
trivalent
known
gallium,
holes are as
semiconductor
P-type
indium, impurity
P-type
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When
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is (Si :
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doping Gesmall
are
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as crystal),
amount
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as it
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 Page No.
Date:

gS.
diode io both the.biasing.
nFo-rUard Bias ’ f Pasitive terrmina)
baterry is Conneted tol +te 'p8ide
Negae terninot a battemy ís Connected
to Ahe N Side, then the diode is gaid to
be foTUDard biased
-Depltiony

(Foruard Bias)
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dhebateny is Conneted to p- side
Positive temio Of a bat eru is Cobnected
to N Side , thent the diod e iSajd to
be Connec4 ed in oeese biase
Deplatíon.
tayet
P

CReNerse Bias)
 Page No.
Date:

6efne Heat. tae it's uoit in differenA

Sytem.
Heat ; ’ h e energyhgthet
toransferred foom
Qne ene
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temporaue dikterence bed een them
is Called asheat
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SI Úoit - Jowe 3)
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Gs Unit Calories Ccal)
C1 Explain: Goy Temproturre Scae & formda
for oovension o
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In this Scale ot tempature, lowet
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2 Fahrenheit Scal e ok temprture i

In this Scole ot dem prodyre lowe
fged point is 82s && uppe fixed point
PE is then o divided into
 Page No.
Date:

equa patts each equal pott is Caled

deqaree fahrenheid a

a kelNin Scale o7
denoedbyoE.A
Tempradure i
To this Scale o
ce the temp rod
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F ’°E Fahren heit

Conyert 4sc Temprature into °K

GivenrC 4s tcit

nuibo4e Kooo that

BKB+8°k
 Page No.
Date:

9. Shate Lacos 0k Re.fiectíon.

J Angle of Tncidence s equal to he
angle Of refecíon.

2] Tncident ray eflec4ed ay & Normal

to ttei reflecting Surface i io one
plone.
Incident 21
keftect

ReflecicgA
-Normat

Q:efoe:- Pefc+io Critical Angle

ORefocioni Refracíon is defined as the
popertu o light on acCounto
ohich Haht chaoges its patth direction,
wben enters Ufrom one ned ium tnto
anoth er medium. 4

Citical Angle i ( )
The ante ot incidence a ohich
refracion is 9oe fs Cal ed as

Caitical bagle,
 3. ang
|3.5.3Total Internal Reflection (T.I.R.) (Principle of Optical Fibre)
Before going into the details of T.IR., we must know about reflection and refraction. When ligt
falls on surface like glass or water, some part of light is reflected in the first (same) media al
some light passes in the second media i.e., reflection and refraction take place.
50 Refraction is the property of light on account of which light changes its path (bends), Wnen
enters from one medium into another medium.
Basic Science : Physics (Sem. I)

If light enters from air 3.31

bends towards the
normal. (opt
normalically
and if lightrarer
medi u m) into
Thermometry and Fibre Optics
Also we have seen that as enters from glass toglassair, ((optically denser medium), the ray
maximum possible angle of angle of the light ray bends away from the
angle : If angle of refraction
incidence
incidence
is ''
90° and increases, angle of refraction also
absorption does not
medium and comes out
take increases corresponding
place) and only above 0., then angle of does
refraction
increases. The
incidence is called critical
T.I.R. : Consider light the other end.reflection takes place i.e. light keep
from not take place (i.e.
surface on the other side of
rays from a point bouncing in the same
For the rays a, b, c there which is less source in opticaly denser medium
S
ray d, the angle Or are optically denser medium (air)
both reflection (glass) fall on the
rerraction and shown in Fig. 3.14 (a).
is 90° which refraction taking place at the interface.
interface. This is the means that the refracted ray
For the rays e, f maximum possible angle of runs along tne
reflection takes place i.e. T.I.R.angle of incidencerefraction.
where is laraer than '0.
(Total there is no
'" isInternal
Thus as the angle or
incidence Reflection). refraction and only
wofracted ray pOlnts along tne surtace, increased, a situation is reached (see ray 'd') at which the
and the angle of refraction
arner than this critical angie , no refracted ray is 90°. For angle of
wofection takes place, gIving rise to a exists and now all the light is reflectedincidence
i.e. only
Fia. 3.14 (b) shows sonme part of phenomenon called total internal reflection (T.I.R.).
Fig. 3.14 (a) but made enlarged for
of incidence, reflection and refraction, understanding the angle
Definition of T.I.R. :If light is travelling from high
areater than critical angle then only reflection takes placeR.I. to low R.I. and if angle of incidence is
which is called total internal reflection.
Definition of critical angle : The critical angle ' ' is the angle of incidence at which angle of
refraction is 90°.
OR
The critical angle ec is defined as a particular value of angle of incidence at which refracted ray
emerges along the interface.
Conditions for T.I.R. :
For total internal reflection,
(1) the angle of incidence 0 should be greater than 6, and (2) 4 Sshould be greater than H2
Thus in TIR only reflection takes place and no refraction.
Reflection as wellas Only reflection
refraction (no refraction)

Source of light

Reflected rays

Normal
Glass a
(high R.I.)
(optically
denser 2 3
medium)
Rg
Air
(low R.I.) R
(optically
rarer
Refracted rays
medium)
Internal Reflection (T.I.R.)
Total
Fig. 3.14(a):R= refractedray
i = incident ray, r = reflected ray,
I1= R1, i, = R2, i3 = R3, i4 = R4 voi
ij < Ri i; < R2, i3 R3, 04 < Ra
At i3 value of Ra = 90°, i3 = c
 Basic Science : Physics (Sem. I)
Normal
3.32
Thermometry and Fibre Optics
(perpendicular)
i to interface

Incident ray Reflectedr

Glass
Glass-air
soundolene
air interface
R'

Fig. 3.14 (b)

2i= angle of incidencehcct topssl al
sonshpol 0 212ne
Refractd ray
ne Zi= angle of incidence
r=angle of reflection
ZR=angle of refraction

Zr=angle of reflection
2R= angle of refraction alnotsua 6boe6o
Here, (2 i=2) < R. Angle of incidence and angle of reflection are equal. But angle of
refraction is greater than the angle of incidence. s beioGiteT Onigns oem 8n2
Actual optical fibre consists,
instead of glass’ plastic of high refractive index andoeg smo ewore d)E.D
instead of air ’ plastic of lower refractive index
We have, Snell'slaw of refraction,SAotoot potlover tel ho ona
sin i H2sleasi sotoewinonenssions le
sin r P1
where U, =R.I. of first medium
medium
610Ser tocte te boosH2 = R.I, of second
Put r= 90° and i= 0,
sin o 2
sin 90° o-.(1)
For glass and air, H, = 1.50 and , = 1.00 9d bluoreonoobnl slpns
Equation (1) becomes
1.00
sin 0, = 1.50 since sin 90° = 1
sin 6, 0.667
. = sin1 (0.667)
, = 41.8 Critical angle in case of glass and air
The total internal reflection does not occur when light originates in the
of refraction. medium of lower inae*
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 Path : Core Difference
Basic

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