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Acknowledgement

Class 12 investigatory project

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farhanshakilahmad
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25 views11 pages

Acknowledgement

Class 12 investigatory project

Uploaded by

farhanshakilahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to my physics teacher “ Shibasis


Nath ” for their guidance and support in completing my project.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the school for providing me with all
the facilities that were required.
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Krunal Vasava of class XII has successfully completed
the project on PHYSICS for class XII practical examination of the central
board of secondary education in the year 2024-2025.

Sign. of Principal :

Sign. of subject teacher :

Sign. of Examiner :
INDEX

1.CERTIFICATE

2.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3.AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

4.APPARATUS REQUIRED

5.THEORY

6.PROCEDURE

7.OBSERVATIONS

8.CONCLUSIONS

9.PRECAUTIONS

10.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aim of the experiment

To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using a hollow prism

Apparatus Required

⦁ Hollow glass prism


⦁ Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide, benzaldehyde etc.
⦁ Bell pins
⦁ Drawing board
Theory

❖ A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces


that refract light. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to
break light up into its constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be
used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different
polarizations.

The refractive index of the liquid is given by the formula:

U=sin i/sin r=sin((a+d)/2)/sin(a/2)

Where,

U=refractive index of the liquid.


a= the angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
Procedure

⦁ Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of
drawing pins.

⦁ Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.

⦁ Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.

⦁ Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and


place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.

⦁ Place the prism filled with a given sample of liquid ,on the marked
outline ABC.

⦁ Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins
appear to be in the same line.

⦁ Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.

⦁ Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

⦁ Repeat this with different liquids and different angles of incidence.


Observation

⦁ Benzaldehyde

S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 30 45

2 60 35 42

3 60 37.5 40

4 60 39 42

5 60 40 45

U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.504

⦁ Water

S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 30 25

2 60 35 22

3 60 40 20

4 60 45 22

5 60 50 25

6 60 55 28
U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.306

⦁ Dil. Sulphuric Acid

S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 20 33

2 60 30 30

3 60 35 25

4 60 40 29

5 60 45 30

U=sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.351
Conclusion

Refractive indices at room temperature:

Benzaldehyde

⦁ Actual: 1.546
⦁ Experimental: 1.504

Water

⦁ Actual: 1.33
⦁ Experimental: 1.306

Dil . Sulphuric acid

⦁ Actual: 1.355
⦁ Experimental: 1.351
Precautions

⦁ Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.

⦁ Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in the same line.

⦁ Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm.

⦁ Same angle of prism should be used for all observations.

⦁ Arrow heads should be marked to represent emergent and incident


rays.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

● www.google.in
● www.cbse.nic.in
● www.icbse.com

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