CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CIVILIZATIONS Ziggu - towering temple complexes CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY  Mummification was

CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY  Mummification was practiced to preserve bodies for
TOPIC 1: City- State in Mesopotamia Arched Stru - provided a strong and durable way to span CIVILIZATIONS the afterlife.
TOPIC 2: Pyramid of Nile  Please read the major gods of Egyptian religion
openings in buildings
Major Gods Vaulted Ceilings - curved roofs that can span a large area
PHARAOHS RULE AS GODS LIFE IN EGYPTIAN SOCIETY
without the need for supporting columns
 Anu – sky, heavens, supreme god
 structured like a pyramid: social mobility was
 Enlil – wind, air, earth FIRST EMPIRE  pharaohs, were considered gods
possible through marriage, job success, and literacy
 Enki – water, wisdoms, crafts  theocratic rule placed the pharaoh at the
 Inanna/Ishtar – goddess of love, war and fetility What is empire? (VDCM) – political unit that controls a center of Egypt's religion EGYPTIAN WRITING
 Ninhursag – fertility, childbirth, healing large territory and often many different people; formed o Theocracy - a form of government
 Utu - Sun, justice, and law through conquest or colonization; exerting control over where religious leaders hold the  hieroglyphics - a flexible writing system evolving from
the conquered or colonized territories (key charac: Vast supreme political power pictographs; representing ideas and sounds
Life in Sumerian territory, Diverse population, Centralized authority, o Key chara: (RLE, RLA, RIN) –
Military power) Religious Leadership, Religious EGYPTIAN SCI AND TECH
 n society was organized into social classes: Law, and Religious Influence)
K, L, P (top); WM (middle), WO SL (lower)  AKKA  created a 365-day solar calendar based on the
 war captives and those sold into slavery to star Sirius
o 2350; controlling northern and southern BUILDERS OF PYRA
 developed a numerical system for taxes
settle debts, were at the bottom Mesopotamia  used geometry for land surveying and
o extended from the Mediterranean Coast to  pharaohs continued to rule after death
construction
Tech and Sci Iran through an eternal life force or ko
 BABY - Kassites  Old Kingdom saw the construction of
 base-60 system for counting, which is still used immense Pyramids as tombs for the kings
o Invaded by Amorites-nomadic warriors
today in measuring time
 fractions represent and manipulate o Capital: Babylon in Euph River
EGYPTIAN CULTURE
 multi tab - helped them perform calculations o Stele of Hammurabi
more efficiently  Jacques de Morgan, 1901  Polytheistic; worshipping 2,000 gods
 Land measurement - developed methods for  includes many harsh punishments  Believed in afterlife;m= must judged by
measuring land areas (Cubit = elbow –  one of the earliest examples of an Anubis
fingertips; Gesh=30 cubits; Nin=60 cubits) accused person being considered
innocent until proven guilty.

CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CIVILIZATIONS CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CIVILIZATIONS
TOPIC 1: City- State in Mesopotamia TOPIC 2: Pyramid of Nile

HAMMU CODE  Nile River, the longest river in the world flows
Nward from EAfrica – Medi S
 a single, uniform set of laws  THE GIFT OF THE NILE: brought water and rich
 sought to protect women and children; soil enabling settlements to thrive from July to
retaliation October; Herodotus aptly called Egypt
 Engraved in stone,282 laws
 government was responsible for societal Environmental Farmers ()
welfare
1) predictable flooding unlike on Meso:
Types of Civilizations  lower - reduced the silt and water
necessary for crops
A. Historical Development – AMM  higher - destroyed homes, granaries,
- Ancient: Past, and seeds
- Medieval: after of Roman Empire,
- Modern: during renaissance) Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
B. Cultural and Social Charac – HAIP
HunterGatherer: for subsistence,  cataract marked the boundary of Upper Egypt
Agri: crops and domesticate animals, Industrial: a region of higher elevation and narrow land
large-scale industrial production,  please highlight and learn the 6 cataracts
Post-Indus: focus on information technology)  Lower Egypt: near sea & Nile delta (silt
C. Geographical Location – RICI deposits) close to Med S
River Valley  Upper Egypt: closer to Nile R
Island
Coastal Narmer – established his capital at Memphis and
Inland Civilizations) started dynasties
 CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CIVILIZATIONS Sumerians City-states (ASCRI) CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CIVILIZATIONS
TOPIC 1: City- State in Mesopotamia CIVILIZATIONS TOPIC 1: City- State in Mesopotamia
 the first to form a civilization, characterized by TOPIC 1: City- State in Mesopotamia
GEOGRAPHY OF THE FERTILE CRESCENT advanced cities, specialized workers, complex 4) Divi o La - specializing in their respective tasks
institutions, record keeping, and improved Spread of Cities: 5) Cunei - system of writing using wedge-shaped
 between the Persian Gulf and the technology. symbols.
Mediterranean Sea  3000 B.C., they built cities like Uruk (1 st city 1) CR - cultures should be understood and 6) Ziggu - temple complexes that were both religious
 covered the SIT: Syria, Iraq and Turkey state). Kish. Lagash. Umma, and Ur evaluated within their own historical and and civic centers
 called Mesopotamia ("land between the rivers"): unctioning like independent countries. social contexts 7) Cycli Seals - to mark their possessions and
Tigris and Euphra River 2) CA - adoption of elements of one authenticate documents
ZIGGURAT - The center of these cities was a walled culture by another culture, without
Environmental Challenges (ULS) temple with a ziggurat, where priests and rulers sought understanding RELIGION
the gods favor 3) CI - imposition of one culture on
1) Unpredictable Flooding another, through economic or political  Mono – one
2) Lack of natural barriers EMPIRES: A, NS, OB, AS, NB, AC power; loss of cultural diversity  Poly – many
3) Scarcity of natural resources  Pan - universe is part of a single divine entity
1) AKKA - Founded by Sargon of Akkad; first Sumerian Cul (ERIDCZC)  Agno - existence of Gods unknowable
How they solve? (IBTO) known empire in history; under a centralized  Ani - animals, plants, and inanimate objects,
rule, expanding its influence across 1) Empha on Wat - Sumerians' deep has a spirit
1) irrigation ditches to bring river water to their Mesopotamia to Iran and Syria dependence on the Tigris and  Athe - no God or gods
fields 2) NEO SUMER - a revival under the Third Euphrates rivers for their irrigation and  Reli Plura - e multiple valid religious
2) built city walls with mud bricks Dynasty of Ur; resurgence of Sumerian culture sustenance perspectives
3) traded grain, cloth, and crafted tools for raw and governance; under King Ur-Nammu and 2) Rits and Sac - performed various rituals  Secu - eparation of religion from the state;
materials his son Shulgi and sacrifices to appease the gods and ensure that religious beliefs do not influence
4) formation of organized government and ensure their continued favor government policies
civilization. Remember: 3) Irri Sys - developed complex irrigation
first em – akka systems to manage the water resources
powerful em – assy of the region
largest em - achaemenid

CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CIVILIZATIONS CHAPTER 2: EARLY RIVER VALEY CIVILIZATIONS CHAPTER 1: Peopling of the World
TOPIC 1: City- State in Mesopotamia TOPIC 1: City- State in Mesopotamia TOPIC 2: HUMANS ORIGINS IN AFRICA
3) OLD BABYLO - became a major cultural and PRIESTS AND RULERS SHARE CONTROL AGRI REVO: Causes
political center in Mesopotamia. under the rule
of King Hammurabi (Code of Hammu), one of  managed irrigation systems and collected  Rising global tempe: Growing seasons suitable
the earliest and most complete written legal taxes.
for cultiv wild grasses
codes  commanders gained permanent control and
4) ASSY - powerful empire in northern became full-time rulers, passing power to their EARLY FAR. & CULTI
Mesopotamia (OAE, MAE, NAE), it controlled a heirs, forming dynasties
vast territory stretching from Egypt to Persia, 1) Religious Significance of Water - priests, as a. PD and CUL
Tiglath-Pileser III, Sargon II, and Ashurbanipal intermediaries between the gods and the - SS: selected the best seeds from their
5) NEO BABYLO - King Nabopolassar and his people, were responsible for ensuring a harvests to sow for the next season
son Nebuchadnezzar II, monumental steady water supply
- IRRI: to divert water from rivers and
constructions, such as the Ishtar Gate and the 2) Economic Control - regulate the distribution
streams to their fields,
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, conquered of water, which directly affected the success of
agriculture - TERA: to level out the land, prevent soil
Jerusalem and exiled the Jewish population to
3) Social and Political Influence - religious erosion
Babylon
authority and economic power made them b. PASTO
6) ACHAEME – 539, Cyrus the Great, First
Persian Empire, stretching from the Balkans influential figures in political affairs. - AH: domestication and breeding of
and Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley 4) Temple as a Center of Power - central hub animals for meat, milk, wool
for the community, providing religious, - TRANSHU: migrated seasonally with their
CITY STATES (SSUL) - olitical entity that consists of a city economic, and social services herds
and its surrounding territory; small, governed by a single - S&B: cutting and burning trees or grasses
city (self-governance, small size, urban centers, limited to clear fields
territory)