Lesson 10

Instructor: Ms. Krystel Jane L. Ajias

 Let’s Review

A Computer System is a collection of related components that have been

designed to work together to meet the needs of the user. These components
can be places in two major categories: Hardware and Software.

A computer systems Hardware includes all the

physical components of the computer and its
related devices. The components include the
System Unit: the base unit of the computer, made
up of plastic or metal enclosure, inside is the
motherboard, and the integrated peripherals.
 Refers to all tangible parts of the computer.

The motherboard is the circuit board that connects

the central processing unit(s) anchored on the board
and the other system components.

Why is it called a motherboard ?

It’s called Motherboard because it has the

ability to adopt and add new peripherals that
could help the system and become more
powerful than the older built.
 Input Devices

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous
cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round
ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and
sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are
pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right
button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be
used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it
cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

Advantages
 Easy to use
 Not very expensive
 Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.
 Input Devices

Joystick

Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to

move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a
stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and
upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket.
The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse.

It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and
playing computer games.
 Input Devices

Light Pen

Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used

to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the
monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical
system placed in a small tube.

When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen
and the pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element
detects the screen location and sends the corresponding
signal to the CPU.
 Input Devices

Track Ball

Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in

notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is
a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on
the ball, the pointer can be moved.

Scanner

Scanner is an input device, which works more like a

photocopy machine. It is used when some information is
available on paper and it is to be transferred to the
hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then

converted into a digital form that can be stored on the
disk. These images can be edited before they are
printed.
 Input Devices

SPECIAL KEYS
1. Escape key (Esc)
2. Control key (Ctrl)
3. Alternate key (Alt)
4. Windows key
5. Insert key (Ins)
6. Delete key (Del)
7. Pause/Break key
8. Scroll Lock key
9. Print Screen/System
CURSOR KEYS
1. Up, down, left, right arrows Requirement key (PrtScr/SysRq)
2. Page up key (PgUp) 10. Num Lock key
3. Page down key (PgDn) 11. Right Click key
4. Home key 12. Function key (Fn)
5. End key Space Bar

NUMERICAL KEY PAD (10-KEY)

 Input Devices
Keys & Description

Typing Keys
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the
same layout as that of typewriters.
Numeric Keypad
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a
set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding
machines and calculators.
Function Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row
at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for
 Keyboards are of two sizes some specific purpose.
84 keys or 101/102 keys, but
now keyboards with 104 keys Control keys
or 108 keys are also These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow
available for Windows and keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down,
Internet. Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
Special Purpose Keys
Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock,
Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
 Input Devices

Digitizer

Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information

into digital form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the
television or camera into a series of numbers that could be
stored in a computer. They can be used by the computer to create
a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed at.
Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it
converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A
graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and
image manipulation applications.

Microphone

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored

in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding

sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music.
 Input Devices

Bar Code Readers

Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data
in the form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally
used in labeling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a
handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image,

converts it into an alphanumeric value, which
is then fed to the computer that the bar code
reader is connected to.
 Process

Four Functional Sections of the CPU:

1. ALU: in charge in Calculating ability either

arithmetical or logical operations.
2. Registers: in charge for Temporary storage
areas that hold data, keep tracks of
instruction, and hold the location and
results of these operations.
3. Control section: it times and regulates the
operation of the entire computer system, by
using its instruction decoder to read
Central Processing Unit patterns of data in a designated register
and translate the patterns into activities,
- A small chip that is square in such as addition or comparison.
shape that interprets the input to produce 4. Internal Bus: Network of communication lines
an output. Basically CPU is charge in all that connects the internal elements of the
processing of data, initializing and once processor and also leads to external
the input was translated into a machine connectors that links the processor to the
language then it will be transmitted into other element of the computer.
most responsible peripheral to display or
execute the output.
 Storage Devices

Hard disk drives (HDD)

Standard diameter of these disks is 14 inches and they

rotate with speeds varying from 4200 rpm (rotations per
minute) for personal computers to 15000 rpm for servers.
Data is stored by magnetizing or demagnetizing the
magnetic coating. A magnetic reader arm is used to read
data from and write data to the disks. A typical modern
HDD has capacity in terabytes (TB).

Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular

disks called platters arranged one over the other
almost ½ inches apart around a spindle. Disks are
made of non-magnetic material like aluminum alloy
and coated with 10-20 nm of magnetic material.
 Storage Devices

Floppy disk (diskette)

-drives also store information in

magnetic particles embedded in removable disks.
Floppy disks store less information than a hard
disk drive and retrieve the information at a
much slower rate.

 Floppy disk are obsolete nowadays because of

the development of operating system which is
already installed in all devices unlike before
that if you do not have a floppy disk you
cannot use a computer.

 Floppy disks before are used like a password

for a computer to turn on and as a storage as we.
 Storage Devices

Flash drives

- work as floppy disks but more sensitive

as a hard disk that must be ejected logical
before final removal from the computer system.
It has more memory than floppy disks.

 Often it is called USB because of the kind

of connector it has which is USB but the term
USB was actually wrong instead it is called
Flash drive or Flash drive USB connector type.

 The size of storage amount is based in Gigabyte.

 Nowadays, flash drives can be inserted or used
in mobile phones too with the use of OTG (On the
Go). In order phone to acknowledge the flash drive
all you need to do is to enable the OTG in the
phone settings and then flash drive will be abled.
 Storage Devices

Memory Cards

-work as flash drive but with an

additional device called the card reader. This
is very effective and more durable than the
flash drives.

 The memory card is to be inserted in the whole

or a tray of the card reader.

 Same with flash drive, the size of storage in

memory cards are measured in Gigabytes.
 Storage Devices

Digital Video Display (DVD):

- This is similar and works like a CD-ROM but
can store more than 15times as much information.

 DVD are optical devices that can store 15 times the

data held by CDs.

 They are usually used to store rich multimedia files

that need high storage capacity.

 DVDs also come in three varieties – read only,

recordable and rewritable.
 Storage Devices
CD Drive

CD stands for Compact Disk.

 CDs are circular disks that use optical rays, usually lasers, to
read and write data.
They are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of storage space for
less than a dollar.
CDs are inserted in CD drives built into CPU cabinet.
They are portable as you can eject the drive, remove the CD and
carry it with you.

There are three types of CDs −

 CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory) − The data on these CDs
are recorded by the manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or
video are released on CD-ROMs.
 CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable) − Data can be written by the
user once on the CD-R. It cannot be deleted or modified later.
 CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable) − Data can be written and
deleted on these optical disks again and again.
 Output Devices
Monitors

Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the

main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny
dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form.
The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
 Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called
pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or
resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a
whole character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help.

There are some disadvantages of CRT −

 Large in Size
 High power consumption
 Output Devices

Flat-Panel Display Monitor

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that

have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison
to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your
wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include
calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, and
graphics display.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −

Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert

electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel and LED
(Light-Emitting Diodes).

Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects

to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics
patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device).
 Output Devices

Printers

Printer is an output device, which is used to print

information on paper.
There are two types of printers −
 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on
the ribbon, which is then pressed on the paper.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −

 Very low consumable costs
 Very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an
image
 Output Devices

Non-impact Printers

Non-impact printers print the characters without using the

ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time, thus
they are also called as Page Printers.

These printers are of two types −

 Laser Printers
 Inkjet Printers

Characteristics of Non-impact Printers

 Faster than impact printers
 They are not noisy
 High quality
 Supports many fonts and different character size
 Output Devices

Laser Printers
These are non-impact page printers. They use
laser lights to produce the dots needed to form
the characters to be printed on a page.

Advantages
 Very high speed
 Very high quality output
 Good graphics quality
 Supports many fonts and different character size

Disadvantages
 Expensive
Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a
document in a single printing
 Output Devices

Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based

on a relatively new technology. They print characters by
spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers
produce high quality output with presentable features.

They make less noise because no hammering is done and these

have many styles of printing modes available. Color printing
is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce
multiple copies of printing also.

Advantages
 High quality printing
 More reliable

Disadvantages
 Expensive as the cost per page is high
 Slow as compared to laser printer
Is a set of electronic instructions that tell a computer what to do. You cannot see
or touch software, but you can see and touch the packaging the software comes
in.

Types of Software

Application Software - lets you accomplish specific tasks. Popular application

software includes Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, WordPerfect, Acrobat Reader,
Internet Explorer, etc.

System Software - controls the overall activity of a computer. Some examples of

operating systems are Windows, Unix Linux, DOS, etc.
 System Software

The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and

extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is
generally prepared by the computer manufacturers. These software products
comprise of programs written in low-level languages, which interact with the
hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between
the hardware and the end users.
More examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter,
Assemblers, etc.

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a

system software −
 Close to the system
 Fast in speed
 Difficult to design
 Difficult to understand
 Less interactive
 Smaller in size
 Difficult to manipulate
 Generally written in low-level language
 Application Software
 Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of
a particular environment.
 All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the
category of Application software.
 Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's
notepad for writing and editing a simple text.
 It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet
package.

Examples of Application software are the following −

 Payroll Software
 Student Record Software
 Inventory Management Software
 Income Tax Software
 Railways Reservation Software
 Microsoft Office Suite Software
 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft PowerPoint
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