INGLÉS

UNIT 2
GRAMMAR: PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS, PAST PERFECT, USE TO/WOULD AND BE USE TO
PAST SIMPLE: We use p.s to describe finished actions or situation in the past, or to say that one thing
happened after another. E.g. She applied once and then she tried again and again
PAST CONTINUOUS: We use the p.c to talk about activities in progress at a moment in the past, to describe
scenes in a syory or description, or to talk about an activity in progress in the past that is interrupted by
another action. E.g. When she set off, she was wearing a very long and impractical skirt.
PAST PERFECT: We use the p.p to talk about actions that happened before another action in the past. E.g.
When she began the journey, she hadn´t ridden a bike before
USE TO/ WOULD: We can use used to to talk about habitual actions and situations in the past. We can use
the negative form of used to talk about habits. We can’t use the present form of “use to” talk about present
habits. We can’t use used to and would to talk about single actions in the past. We can’t use to the negative
form of would to talk about past habit. We can use would to talk about habitual actions in the past. We
can’t use would to talk about habitual situations in the past.
PAST HABITS: go-read-play-do-listen-write-run-speak-cycle-walk-clean-speak
PAST STATES: have- love- hate- belong- believe-want-like-wish-remember-understand-know-need-live-
study-be-enjoy
BE USED TO: We use they are affirmative present form of be used to to talk about situations that are
normal or familiar to us now. We use the negative present form of be used to to talk about situations that
are not normal or familiar to us. In the expression be used to, the word “used” never changes. After be used
to we can use the gerund (-ing) form of the verb. After be used to, we can use a noun instead of a verb
VOCABULARY: TYPES OF TRANSPORT, TRAVEL, ACCOMODATION, PHRASAL VERBS ABOUT TRAVEL
TYPES OF TRANSPORT: cable car • coach • cruise ship • ferry • helicopter • hot-air balloon • jet-ski •
lorry/truck • motorbike • plane • scooter • skateboard • spacecraft • tram • underground/subway • van •
yacht
TRAVEL: arrivals • bus stop • cancel • car park • catch • coach/train station • delay • departures • fare •
information screens • lost property office • luggage • miss • platform. • return • service station • single •
taxi rank • ticket office • waiting room
ACCOMODATION: bed and breakfast • campsite • caravan • holiday home/apartment. homestay • hostel •
motel • tent
PRASAL VERBS ABOUT TRAVEL: break down • check in • get away • get back • get in • get into/out of • get
on/off • go on • set off • take off
UNIT 3
GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFENT SIMPLE AND PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: Affirmative: subject + have/has + past participle….She has gone home. Negative:
We haven't seen him. Question form: Have you been there? Short answers: Yes, I have. /No, she hasn't.
We use the p.p.s to talk about: an experience in someone's lifetime, without saying the exact time when the
event occurred. E.g. I've visited Vienna. Recent events which have a result in the present. E.g. She's bought a
new house. (= She has a new house now.) |Actions or situations that began in the past but continue in the
present. E.g. Helen's lived here for three years. (= Helen still lives here now.)
Words are often used with the present perfect. EVER, NEVER, FOR, SINCE, JUST, ALREADY, YET
We can use ever in questions to mean 'at any time in your life'. E.g. Have you ever been to Japan?
We can use never ('at no time in your life') in negative sentences. E.g. I've never lived in a big city.
We use for and since with past actions or situations which continue in the present. For goes with periods of
time and since with moments. E.g. I've lived here for three months/ since January.
We use just to emphasise that something happened very recently. E.g.We’ve just arrived. (= We arrived only
a second ago.)
We use already for something that has happened earlier than we expected. E.g. I don't need to go there. I've
already been. The train has already left!
We use yet with questions and negative sentences to ask if something we expect has happened, or to say
that it hasn't. E.g. Have you moved yet? /haven't moved yet.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Affirmative: subject + have/has + been + -ing She has been living in the
US. Negative: We haven't been studying French. Question form: Have you been reading?
We use the p.p.c when we want to emphasise the process and duration of an action. E.g. I've been living
here for a year. I've been studying hard all summer.
If an action is very short, we cannot use the continuous form. I've been breaking my leg.
We also use the continuous to emphasise that an action finished very recently or is incomplete. E.g. I've
been stuaying. (= I finished a second ago or I still haven't finished.) Have you been running?(=1 can see
that you are tired.)
If we want to emphasise the completion and result of an action, or how many times an action happens, we
must use the present perfect simple. E.g. I've washed the dishes. (= They are all finished). I've written seven
books.
VOCABULARY: HOUSES AND HOME, PLACES IN A CITY, ADJETIVES DESCRIBING CITIES AND EXTREMES
ADJETIVES
HOUSES AND HOME: bungalow • cottage • detached house • flat/block of flats • houseboat • mansion •
semi-detached house • terraced house
PLACES IN A CITY: art gallery • bridge • castle • city centre • factory • fountain • housing estate • industrial
estate • market • museum • outskirts • palace • park • port • skyscraper • square • statue • suburbs •
theatre • town hall
ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING CITIES: busy • charming • clean • crowded • dirty • historic impressive • lively •
modern • noisy • peaceful • popular • quiet • run-down
EXTREME ADJECTIVES: ancient • boiling • dreadful/horrible • enormous/huge • filthy • freezing • hideous •
hilarious • packed • silent • spotless • stunning • terrifying • tiny
UNIT 4
GRAMMAR: WILL, BE GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENT SIMPLE FOR FUTURE, FUTURE
CONTINUOUS AND FUTURE PERFECT
BE GOING TO AND WILL: We use be going to for plans and intentions which we have already decided to do
in the future. E.g. We've decided that were going to eat out. I am going to play tennis tomorrow.
We can also use be going to to make predictions about the future, particularly when we have evidence for
the prediction. E.g. I've studied hard for this exam. I think I'm going to pass. The clouds are very dark. I think
it's going to rain.
We use will and won't to make general predictions about the future. We often use think, hope, expect, etc.
with will and won't to express our opinion. E.g. I think our next exam will be easy.
I expect she will be late. Her flight was delayed.
We also use will and won't when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.
E.g. You look tired, Dad. 'll make the dinner tonight. It's really cold in here! 'll shut the window.
We use will and won't to talk about the future when it is an objective truth. E.g. It's my birthday next week.
I'll be seventeen.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENTI SIMPLE FOR FUTURE: We use the present continuous to talk about
future arrangements or plans that have been confirmed. E.g. Tomorrow 'm eating out. My parents booked
last week
We use the present simple directly after time expressions like when, as soon as, until, after and before. We
cannot use will with these time expressions. E.g. When I go to the shops, II buy something to eat.
We can also use the present simple to talk about the future when the action is part of a timetable or routine.
E.g. My class starts at 8 am tomorrow.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS: Affirmative: subject + will + be + -ing She will be having lunch at one o'clock
tomorrow. Negative: We won't be having dinner at 6 pm tomorrow. Question form: Will you be having
breakfast at this time tomorrow? Short answers: Yes, I will. /No, they won't.
We use the future continuous to talk about activities in progress at a particular time in the future. The
activities are in progress and so they are unfinished.
FUTURE PERFECT: Affirmative: subject + will + have + past participle She will have had lunch by 3 pm.
Negative: We won't have finished the exam by half past nine. Question form: Will you have done your
homework by 9 pm tonight?Short answers: Yes, I will./No, we won't.
We use the future perfect to talk about activities that will be finished by a certain time in the future. We
often use the preposition by with the future perfect. It means 'some time before'.
VOCABULARY: FOOD AND MEALS, DESCRIBING FOOD AND PREFIXES
FOOD: Dairy products: butter • cream • semi-skimmed milk. Fruit: avocado • cherry • peach • plum
Meat/fish/seafood: cod • lamb • prawn • tuna • turkey Sweets/bakery products: muffin • pancake • pie
Vegetables: carrot • chips • crisps • lettuce • olive • pea • spinach • sweetcorn Others: oil • rice
MEALS: canteen • dessert • dish • fast food • main course • packed lunch • school meal • snack • starter •
vending machine. DESCRIBING FOOD: baked • boiled • fattening • fresh • fried • frozen . greasy • juicy •
processed • raw • roast • rotten • salty • spicy • stale • tasty.PREFIXES: disadvantage • disagree • disappear
• overcooked • precooked • recooked • undercooked • redesign • redo • overestimate • underestimate •
international • cooperate • overpriced • rethink • misunderstand • overweight • underweight
UNIT 5
GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION, PROHIBITION, ADVICE AND PERMISSION. ZERO, FISRT AND
SECOND CONDITIONALS, UNLESS
MODALS VERBS OF OBLIGATION AND PROHIBITION:
(DON’T) HAVE TO Affirmative: You have to go to school until you're 18. Negative: You don't have to go to
school when you're 21. Question form: Do you have to go to school? Short answers: Yes, I do./ No, I don't.
We use have to to talk about things which are obligatory or necessary. It often describes obligations
imposed on us by other people and authorities.
You have to show your ID to enter the building.
We have to wear a uniform at our school.
We use don't have to to talk about things which are not obligatory or necessary.
Students don't have to carry ID at school
MUST(N’T): Affirmative: You must listen to the teacher. Negative: You mustn't (must not) cheat in exams.
We use must to talk about rules, regulations, and obligations. It often describes obligations that come
internally, from ourselves.
I must remember to take my ID.
I must call my sister today. It's her birthday.
We use mustn't to talk about prohibitions.
You mustn't enter without your ID.
CAN(‘T): Affirmative: You can use the computers here. Negative: You can't (cannot) eat or drink here.
We use can to give permission and can't to refuse permission.
You can use the library, but you can't eat there.
We can't park the car in front of the building, but we an park behind it
SHOULD(N’T), OUGHT TO AND HAD(‘D) BETTER: Affirmative: You should/ought to/ had better go.
Negative: You shouldn’t hand work in late Question form: Should I write it by hand? Short answers: Yes,
you should/ No, you shouldn’t
We use should, shouldn't, ought to, had ("d) better to give and ask for advice and recommendations. E.g.
You ought to arrive on time.
ZERO, FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS:If can go at the start of the sentence or in the middle. If it goes at
the start, we use a comma before the second half.
ZERO CONDITIONAL: If + present simple, ... present simple We use the zero conditional for situations that
are generally or always true.
E.g. If you go to the VS, you need a passport.
FIRST CONDITIONAL: If + present simple, ... will + infinitive We use the first conditional for possible and
probable situations in the future, and their consequences. E.g. If you aren't careful (possible future
situation), you will have un accident the consequence).
SECOND CONDITIONAL: If + past simple, ... would/ wouldn't+ infinitive We use the second conditional for
imaginary or improbable situations and their consequences. The situations are in the present or future, NOT
in the past.
If made films (imaginary present situation), / would live in Hollywood (the consequence).
We use If I were/was you, l'd unless..., to give advice.
UNLESS = if ... not, except if
The headteacher wouldn't want to speak to me unless it was important (= if it wasn't important.)
We can use unless in any type of conditional sentence.
VOCABULARY: STUDY SUBJECTS, NOUNS AND VERBS/PHRASES ABOUT STUDYING AND NOUN SUFFIXES
STUDY SUBJECTS: architecture • art • biology • business studies • chemistry • citizenship • computing •
design and technology • drama • engineering • English • geography • history • law • literature • marketing
• maths • media studies • medicine • music • philosophy • physical education (PE) • physics • politics and
international relations • psychology
NOUNS ABOUT STUDYING: assessment • assignment • coursework • essay • excursion • extra-curricular
activities • field trip • mark/grade • research • term • timetable
VERBS/PHRASES ABOUT STUDYING: catch up • fail an exam • fall behind • hand back • hand in • make an
effort • make progress • pass an exam • pay attention • resit an exam • skip a lesson
NOUN SUFFIXES-er, -or, -ist, -ian, -ee: director • economist • electrician • employee • employer • instructor
• journalist • librarian • manager • photographer • physician • physicist • politician • professor •
psychologist • researcher • scientist • technician • trainee • trainer • translator
UNIT 6
GRAMMAR: THE PASSIVE, THE CAUSATIVE, HAVE SOMETHING DONE, GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
THE PASSIVE: Subject + be + past participle (+ by + agent)
We make the passive with the correct tense and form of the verb to be and the past participle of the verb.
The prizes are given at a ceremony. (present simple). This invention is being used by millions of
people(present continuous). These computers have been used by NASA. (present perfect)
The car wasn't invented in 1930. (past simple). This type of energy will be used in the future. (will) To make
questions in the passive, we put the first auxiliary verb before the subject. E.g. Is the ceremony being shown
on TV? Has the ceremony been filmed?
We use the preposition by to introduce the agent (the person or thing which does the action).
We use the passive when: We are more interested in the action than the people who do the action. E.g.
English is spoken here. The library was built 300 years ago.
We do not know who exactly does the action. E.g. My things have been moved. Our car was stolen last
night.it is obvious or understood who did the action. E.g. The criminal was arrested at 5.30 pm. Coffee is
grown in Brazil.
HAVE SOMETHING DONE: Subject + have or get + object + past participle (+ by + agent)
E.g. I get my eyes tested once a year. (present simple). She is having a pizza delivered to her house (present
continuous). He had his hair cut. (past simple). Well get our photo taken. (will)
We use have something done to talk about actions which we don't do ourselves: somebody or something
does them for us. We often pay them to do this action. Get is slightly more informal.
E.g. We didn't paint the house ourselves. We had it painted by professionals.
We can use the preposition by to introduce the agent (the person or thing which does the action).
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES: We use the gerund: as the subject or object of a sentence. E.g. Doing
homework is useful. After prepositions. E.g. I'm worried about making mistakes. After verbs of liking or
disliking, E.g. like, love, enjoy, can't stand, don't mind, hate. E.g. I don't like waiting. With go to talk about
physical activities. E.g. go running, go swimming, go shopping
We use the infinitive: to explain why somebody does something. E.g. Why did he go to the laboratory? To
do an experiment. Immediately after adjectives. E.g.It's easy to answer that question. After too, enough, the
first, the last. E.g. I'm too young to vote.
VOCABULARY: EVERYDAY TECHOLOGY, DESCRIBING TECHOLOGY, OPERATING TECHOLOGY AND
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH ADJECTIVES
EVERYDAY TECHOLOGY: air-conditioner • cooker • dishwasher • electric toothbrush • fan • fridge-freezer •
games console • heater • microwave oven • remote control • satnav • smart speaker • smart TV • sound
system • toaster • vacuum cleaner • washing machine
DESCRIBING TECHOLOGY: Shape: curved • rectangular • round • square • straight
Material: aluminum • ceramic • glass • gold • leather • metal • plastic • rubber • silver • steel
Feature: button • hole • slot • socket • strap
OPERATING TECHOLOGY: charge/recharge • connect • insert • plug in • press • run out • select • swipe •
switch/turn on/off/up/down • tap • unplug
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH ADJECTIVES: afraid of • aware of • bored with • different from • fed up
with • good/bad at • interested in • pleased with • ready for • responsible for • shocked about/at • similar
to • tired of • worried about
UNIT 7
GRAMMAR: DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES, NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES AND QUANTIIERS
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: Alex Honnold was the first person who/that climbed. El Capitan with no
equipment. We use who and that for people, which and that for things, whose for possessions, where for
places, and when for times. In defining relative clauses, we can omit who, which or that when a subject
comes immediately after those words. E.g. She's the tennis player that I like. = She's the tennis player I like.
But. She's the tennis player that won. NOT She's the tennis player won.
We do not use commas in defining relative clauses. We use defining relative clauses to give essential
information about the person, thing, place or time in the first part of the sentence. The sentence does not
usually make sense without the relative clause. E.g. France is the country which won the World Cup in 2018.
NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: Alex Honnold, who was born in Sacramento, often climbs in
Yosemite.We do not use that in non-defining relative clauses. In non-defining relative clauses we cannot
omit the relative pronoun.We always use commas in non-defining relative clauses We use non-defining
relative clauses to give extra, non-essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first
part of the sentence. The commas work in a similar way to brackets ), showing that the information is not
vital to the sentence. Non-defining relative clauses are not very common in conversation and can seem
formal.
QUANTIFIERS: We use some with uncountable nouns and with plural countable nouns, in affirmative
sentences.We use any with uncountable nouns and with plural countable nouns, in negative sentences and
questions. We use much, many, a lot (of) to talk about big quantities.
We often use much in negative sentences and questions, with uncountable nouns.
We often use many in negative sentences and questions, with plural countable nouns.
We use a lot of in affirmative and negative sentences and in questions, with countable and uncountable
nouns. We use of when a lot comes before a noun. But when there is no noun after a lot we do not use of. A
lot of and Lots of are the same.
We use a few and a little to talk about small quantities.. We use a few with plural countable nouns. We use
a little with uncountable nouns. A few or a little means that there is a small quantity of something. Few or
little mean that there is a very small quantiy, amost nothing, and so it gives a negative idea.
VOCABULARY: SORTS, SPORTS EQUIPMENT, THINGS YOU CAN DO WITH A BALL/PLAYING AND SCORING,
SPORTS VENUES AND PHRASAL VERBS CONNECTED WITH SPORT
SPORTS AND TYPES OF SPORT: Sports: athletics • baseball • basketball • climbing • cricket • cycling • diving
• football • golf • gymnastics • horse-riding • ice hockey • ice skating • judo • karate • rugby • sailing •
skiing • snowboarding • swimming • tennis • volleyball • weightlifting
Types of sports: ball • combat • individual • indoor • non-competitive • team • water • winter
SPORTS EQUIPMENT: bat • boots • club • goal/goal post • goggles • net • racket • skates • skis • stick •
trainers
THINGS YOU CAN DO WITH A BALL/PLAYING AND SCORING: Things you can do with a ball: bounce • catch
• head • hit (with a bat etc.) • kick • pass • throw Playing and scoring: beat • draw • goal • lose (a match/to
somebody) • league • match • nil • point • score • shoot • win
SPORTS VENUES: course • court • gym • pitch • pool • rink • slope • stadium • track
PHRASAL VERBS CONNECTED WITH SPORT: catch up with • end up • get into • give in • go for • join in •
knock out • take up • work out
UNIT 8
GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH (STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS, COMMANDS AND SUGGESTIONS)
STATEMENTS: In reported speech, when the reporting verb (say, tell is in the past, the tense of the verb in
reported speech usually changes, going one tense 'back'.
DIRECT REPORTED
Present Simple PAST simple
Present continuous PAST continuous
Present perfect S PAST perfect S
Present Perfect C PAST perfect c
Past Simple PAST perfect s
Past Continuous PAST perfect c
Past Perfect NO CHANGE
Will Would
Can Could
May Might
Must/Have to Had to
Could, would, should and might do not change.
In reported speech, pronouns and possessive adjectives change.
E.g. " watched your concert.' > Joe told me he had watched my concert.
With say you do not need to use a personal object to say who you are saying something to.
E.g. She said (..., she needed help.
With tell you must use a personal object to say who you are saying something to.
E.g.g She told Jamie she needed help. Can you tell her to call me, please?
TIME REFERENCE: Now – Then Today – That day Here – There This – That Tomorrow – The following
day Yesterday – The previous day Ago – Before Tonight – That night
QUESTIONS: We do not use the auxiliary verb do in reported questions.
"Do you like art?' → She asked me if I liked art.
There is no inversion of subject and verb in reported questions.
'Where is the exhibition?' → He asked me where the exhibition was.
Reported questions are not real questions so they do not need question marks.
When there is no question word (who, what, how, why, etc.), we use if or whether.
'Are you listening?' → She asked me if| was listening.
COMMANDS
'Stand up!' - She told them to stand up.
'Don't write on the table!' - They told him not to write on the table.
'Please write your name here!' - He asked me to write my name there
For reported commands we use to + infinitive or not to + infinitive. If necessary we change pronouns and
other words in the same way as in reported statements. If, after the command, there are other verbs,
pronouns or time words, they change as in normal reported speech.
We use told to report stronger commands and asked for politer requests.
SUGGESTIONS: 'Why don't we paint something?' 'Let's paint something! 'How about painting something?
She suggested painting something
For reported suggestions we use the gerund after suggest. without saying the person, we are talking to.
If, after the suggestion, there are other verbs, pronouns or time words, they change as in normal reported
speech.
VOCABULARY: ARTISTS, THE VISUAL AND THE PERFORMING ARTS AND ADJECTIVES –ING AND –ED
ARTISTS: actor • artist • choreographer • composer • conductor • dancer • (fashion) designer •
(film/theatre) director • drummer • guitarist • musician • painter • performer • photographer • pianist •
sculptor • singer • singer-songwriter
THE VISUAL ARTS: abstract painting • art gallery • collection • exhibition • landscape • masterpiece •
(self-)portrait • sculpture • sketch • still life
THE PERFORMING ARTS: audience • cast • composition • concert • lighting • lyrics • main character •
musical • orchestra • performance • play • plot • scene • stage • tune
ADJECTIVES –ING AND –ED: amazed/amazing • amused/amusing • annoyed/annoying • bored/boring •
confused/confusing • depressed/depressing disappointed/disappointing • disgusted/disgusting •
embarrassed/embarrassing • entertained/entertaining excited/exciting • exhausted/exhausting •
fascinated/fascinating • frightened/frightening • frustrated/frustrating • gripped/gripping •
inspired/inspiring interested/interesting • moved/moving • relaxed/relaxing shocked/shocking •
surprised/surprising • tired/tiring uninspired/uninspiring • worried/worrying
UNIT 9
GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS OF SPECULAYION AND DEDUCATION (PRESENT AND PAST) AND THIRD
CONDITIONAL
MODAL VERBS OF………. PRESENT:
Must: She must be good at maths because she always gets a 10. We use must when we are 90% certain
something is true.
may/might/ could: She may/might/could/may not/ mightn't (might not) be good at maths, but I don't really
know. We use may, might, could, may not, mightn't (might not) when there is a 50% possibility that
something is true (or not).
can't: She can't be good at maths because her marks are always bad. We use can't when we are 90% certain
that something is not true.
After these modal verbs we use an infinitive without to. When we are 100% certain that something is or
isn't true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation and deduction.
E.g.I know she's good at maths.
MODAL VEBS OF……….PAST:
must: She must have done well in her last exam because she was really happy afterwards. We use must
have when we are 90% certain that something was true.
may/might/ could: She may/might/could/may not/ mightn't (might not) have passed her exam, but I don't
really know. We use may have, might have, could have, may not have, mightn't (might not) have when there
is a 50% possibility that something was true (or not).
can't: She can't/couldn't have passed her exam because she was really sad afterwards. We use can't have,
couldn't have when we are 90% certain that something was not true.
To make sentences in the past using modal verbs we use this form:
must/may/might/can't/couldn't + have + past participle
When we are 100% certain that something was or wasn't true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation
and deduction. E.g. She didn't pass her exam.
THIRD CONDITIONAL: If + past perfect, ... would/wouldn't have + past participle
E.g. If I had seen him, 'd have spoken to him. We wouldn't have passed our exams if we hadn't studied. If can
go at the start of the sentence or in the middle.
If it goes at the start, we must use a comma before the second half of the sentence. We use the third
conditional to talk about imaginary or impossible situations in the past and their consequences. The
situations are impossible because we cannot change them now that they have happened. fIhad done my
homework last night (imaginary past situation — it didn't happen), the teacher wouldn't have been angry
with me. (the consequence). You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder. If had known your
were visiting, I would have cleaned the house!
VOCABULARY: COUNTRIES AND NATIONS, GOVERMENTS AND ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES
COUNTRIES AND NATION: capital city • currency • flag • national anthem • national symbol/emblem •
official language • population • royal family (king/queen/prince/princess)
GOVERMENTS: campaign • constitutional monarchy • democracy • general election • law • member •
monarchy • political party • politician • republic • run the country • vote (n., v.)
ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES: artistic • believable • careful • careless • colourful . comfortable • dangerous •
doubtful • doubtless • dramatic • enjoyable • environmental • famous • harmful • harmless • helpful •
helpless • hopeful • hopeless • hungry • lucky • mysterious • natural . official • painful • painless • scientific
• sensible • terrible • unbelievable • unlucky • useful • useless • valuable
UNIT 10
GRAMMAR: INTERMEDIATE PRONOUNS (SOME-, ANY-, NO- AND EVERY-), SO AND SUCH AND I WISH AND IF
ONLY
INTERMEDIATE PRONOUNS (SOME-, ANY-, NO- AND EVERY-)
SOME-: something, somebody/ someone and somewhere
ANY-: anything, anybody/ anyone and anywhere
NO-: nothing, nobody/ no one and nowhere
EVERY-: everything, everybody/ everyone and everywhere
We use -thing for objects, -body and -one for people, and -where for places. We use pronouns with some- in
affirmative sentences and in offers and requests. E.g. Somebody called you an hour ago.
Would you like something to drink? Can someone close the door?
We use pronouns with any- in negative sentences, questions, and in affirmative sentences when it means it
doesn't matter who, what, where. E.g. I haven't got anything to do tomorrow. Is there anybody in the
library? Anybody can come tonight. You're all invited. Does anyone know the answer to this question?
We use pronouns with no- with affirmative verbs because the meaning of the pronoun is already negative.
E.g. Nobody called you yesterday. Is there nothing on the table? All the shops are closed today. There's
nowhere to go.
We use pronouns with every- in all types of sentences and in questions. E.g. I've got everything I need. He's
travelled everywhere! Is everybody here now? I think everyone enjoyed the party last night.
SO AND SUCH: We use so to intensify the meaning of adjectives and adverbs. E.g. That painting is so
beantiful. They ran so fast.
We also use so with many + plural countable nouns and so with much + uncountable nouns. E.g. There were
so many people in the shop. They spend so much money on clothes.
We use such to intensify the meaning of nouns, with or without adjectives. We use alan after such when we
continue with a singular countable noun, but not with uncountable or plural nouns. E.g. It's such a lovely
morning. It's such a pity. She paints such beautiful pictures. This is such fresh air.
After sentences with so or such we can continue the sentence with that. E.g. The music is so loud that I can't
concentrate.
I WISH AND IF ONLY: We use I wish/If only + the past to talk about imaginary situations in the present. It
expresses wishes for things to be different in the present. E.g. I wish I was on holiday right now. If only I had
a brother or sister.
We use I wish/If only + the past perfect to talk about past situations that we regret or would like to be
different. E.g. I wish I had listened to the teacher last year. If only I hadn't told her my secret.
We use I wish/If only with would/wouldn't + infinitive to talk about somebody's habitual behavior that we
want to criticise and change. E.g. My sister takes my clothes. I wish she wouldn't do it. wish you would arrive
on time.
VOCABULARY: SHOPS, SHOPPING IN STORE AND ONLINE AND COLLOCATIONS WITH MONEY
SHOPS: bakery • butcher's • charity shop • chemist's • clothes shop • department store • electrical goods
shop • greengrocer's • jeweller's • newsagent's • post office • stationery shop • supermarket
SHOPPING IN STORE AND ONLINE: afford (v.) • bargain (n.) • bestseller (n.) • browse (v.) • cart (n.)
cash (n.) • chain store (n.) • checkout (n.) • consumer (n.) • deliver (v.) • delivery (n.) - designer brand (n.) •
discount (n.) • independent shop (n.) • low cost (brand/store) (n.) • package (n.) • purchase (v., n.) • queue
(n., v.) - receipt (n.) • recommend (v.) • recommendation (n.) • refund (v., n.) • replace (v.) • replacement
(n.) • return (v., n.) • sale (n.) • track (v.)
COLLOCATIONES WITH MONEY: borrow (from) • cost • donate (to) • earn • lend (to) • make • owe • raise
(for) • save • spend (on) • waste (on) • win