Calculus PDF

MISSION POSSIBLE
SNR COACH LUDONGA
KHOMBINDLELA SECONDARY SCHOOL

CALCULUS
GRADE 12 MATHS SNR COACH LUDONGA
K.S. S CALCULUS MISSION POSSIBLE P1
CALCULUS
 Calculus is basically MATHEMATICS OF CHANGE.
LIMIT
 The limit of a function is the value of y to which the graph approaches as the values of x
approach a certain value from both left and right side of that point.
EXAMPLES
1. Evaluate the following
𝑥 3 −27
1.1 lim 2𝑥 − 1 1.2 lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
AVERAGE GRADIENT
 Average gradient (average rate of change) of a function it is like the gradient of a line
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
between two points. i.e. 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
OR 𝑚 = ℎ
EXAMPLE
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 3 find the average gradient between 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2.
GRADIENT AT THE POINT
 Gradient at the point of a function is the gradient of a tangent / normal at that point.
𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
i.e. 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉
, 𝒇′ (𝒙) → is the derivative ; gradient of the tangent, etc.
𝒉→𝟎
The formula we used to calculate the slope at the point and we call FIRST PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLES
3.1 Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) from first principle
3.2 In each of the following case find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) from first principle at the point
where 𝑥 = 1.
 Differentiation is used to find the gradient at a specific point
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TWO METHODS OF DETERMINING THE DERIVATIVE ( GRADIENT)
DETERMINE THE DERIVATIVE FROM DETERMINE THE DERIVATIVE USING

FIRST PRINCIPLE THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 1. Derivative of a constant
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim 2. The power rule
ℎ→0 ℎ
3. The sum rule
4. The difference rule
THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

 The rules for differentition allow to differentiate without going the process of first
principles.
 Always use rules to differentiate unless it is stated to use first principles.
Rule 1 Derivative of a constant is 0 Rule 2 The power rule

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎. 𝑥 𝑛 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑛. 𝑎. 𝑥 𝑛−1
e.g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 e.g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3.2. 𝑥 3−1
= 6𝑥 2
Rule 3 The sum rule Rule 4 The difference rule
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑥) + ℎ′(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑥) − ℎ′(𝑥)
e.g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 −2 + 3𝑥 e.g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2.4𝑥 −2−1 + 1.3𝑥 1−1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2.3𝑥 2−1 − 1.5𝑥1−1
= −8𝑥 −3 + 3 = 6𝑥 − 5
NOTATIONS
𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥), , 𝐷 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ; 𝑓"(𝑥) 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
BEFORE DIFFERENTIATING REMOVE THE FOLLOWING: [ Doctor B]

 Brackets
 Surds
 Fractions
Differentiate the following using rules
1. Determine 𝑓′(𝑥)
1.1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5
𝑥2 3
1.2. 𝑓(𝑥) = +
3 𝑥3
(𝑥+2)3
1.3. 𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Determine 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑓
2.1. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
2.2. 𝑦𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6
2.3. 𝑦 = 𝑥+2
3. Determine
4
3.1. 𝐷𝑥 [ 𝑥 3 − √𝑥 3 ]
𝑑
3.2. 𝑑𝑥 [√𝑥 2 + (2𝑥)−4
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EQUATION OF THE TANGENT / NORMAL : [DEF]

The gradient of the tangent to a curve at a point (𝑥; 𝑦) is the derivative at that point (𝑥; 𝑦).
STEPS :
 Determine the DERIVATIVE
 Substitute the point
 Use the FORMULA 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
EXAMPLES
1) Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −4

2) Find the equation of the tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 which is parallel to the line
𝑦 − 7𝑥 + 4 = 0
QUESTION 1
1
1.1 Differentiate 𝑓 from first principle: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (4)
𝑑𝑦
1.2 Use the rules of differentiation to determine 𝑑𝑥
if 𝑦 = (2 − 5𝑥)2 (3)
QUESTION 2
2.1. Differentiate 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5 from first principles (5)

𝑑𝑦 𝑥6
2.2. Evaluate 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 2
+ 4√𝑥 (3)
QUESTION 3
3.1. Differntiate 𝑓 from first principle: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 3𝑥 2 (4)

4 1
3.2. Calculate 𝐷𝑥 [4 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 ] (3)
𝑑𝑦
3.3. Determine 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = (1 + √𝑥)2 (3)
QUESTION 4
4.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = −4𝑥 2 (5)

4.2. Evaluate:
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥2
4.2.1 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 (3)
4.2.2 𝑓 ′ (1) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = (7𝑥 + 1)2 (4)
QUESTION 5
5.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 3 (5)

5.2. Evaluate:
5.2.1. 𝐷𝑥 [ 1 + 6√𝑥 ] (2)
𝑑𝑦 8−3𝑥 6
5.2.2. 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 8𝑥 5
(4)
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QUESTION 6
6.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 3𝑥 (4)

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
6.2. Evaluate 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 −4 + 2𝑥 3 − 5 (3)
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
6.3. Given: 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
6.3.1 Calculate 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 1 (2)
6.3.2 Explain why it is no possible to determine 𝑔′(1) (1)
QUESTION 7
7.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 (5)

𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥+1
7.2. Determine 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥2
(4)
7.3. Calculate the values of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 5 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = −7𝑥 + 3 (6)
QUESTION 8
8.1. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4

8.1.1 Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 (5)
8.1.2 𝐴(𝑥; 23), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(−2; 𝑦) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓.
Calculate the numerical value of the average gradient of 𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵. (5)
𝑥+5
8.2. Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 (3)
√𝑥
8.3. Determine the gradient of the tangent of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 5
at 𝑥 = −1 (4)
QUESTION 9
QUESTION 10
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QUESTION 11
QUESTION 12
QUESTION 13
QUESTION 14
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QUESTION 15
QUESTION 16
QUESTION 17
QUESTION 18
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QUESTION 19
QUESTION 20
QUESTION 21
QUESTION 22
QUESTION 23
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QUESTION 24
QUESTION 25
QUESTION 26
QUESTION 27
QUESTION 28
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QUESTION 29
CUBIC FUNCTION
Standard form Turning point form Intercept form

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 (𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
where 𝑥1; 𝑥2; 𝑥3 are x-intercept
SKETCHING CUBIC FUNCTION

1. Shape
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
2. Turning points (Stationary points) [DESSO]

3. Intercepts
y-intercept : let x = 0 x-intercepts : let y = 0 / f( x ) = 0
Use SYNTHETIC DIVISION or
MONKEY METHOD
4. Plot the points and join them using free hand.
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SNR 1
SNR 2
SNR 3
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INTERPRETE THE CUBIC GRAPH

 LOCAL MAXIMUM : 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 , gradient change from positivity to negativity
or 𝑓(𝑥) increase on left side of turning point & decrease on the right side of the turning
point.
 LOCAL MINIMUM : 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 , gradient change from negativity to positivity or
𝑓(𝑥) decrease on left side of turning point & increase on the right side of the turning
point.
 POINT OF INFLECTION : It is the point where the graph change its concavity( bend
on the other direction ). 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0
 CONCAVITY
Concave up : 𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥) > 0
Concave down : 𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥) < 0
If the cubic function has ONLY one stationary point , this point will be a point of
inflection that is also a stationary point.
 NATURE OF ROOTS (values of k for which the graph have __ distinct roots)
DETERMINING THE EQUATION OF THE CUBIC FUNCTION
Given the turning points Given the x-intercepts and other points
 Set the derivative = zero  Substitute x-intercepts into
 Substitute x-value of the TP 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
 Solve  Substitute other point & solve for a
 Substitute the value of a & remove
brackets.
NB: Other methods will be done on activities
EXAMPLE
Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 5
a) Determine the stationary point(s)
b) Determine the coordinates of the point of inflection of f.
c) Determine the values of x if f is increasing
d) Determine the values of x if f is concave down
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COMPARE CUBIC GRAPH 𝒇(𝒙) and PARABOLA GRAPH 𝒇′(𝒙)
CUBIC GRAPH 𝒇(𝒙) PARABOLA GRAPH 𝒇′(𝒙)

a) If 𝑎 > 0 a) 𝑎 > 0
b) If 𝑎 < 0 b) 𝑎 < 0
c) x-values of TP c) x-intercepts
d) x-value of point of inflection d) x-value of the TP/ Axis of symmetry
e) coefficient of x e) y-intercept
SNR 1
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SNR 2
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QUESTION 1
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QUESTION 2
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QUESTION 3
QUESTION 4
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QUESTION 5
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QUESTION 6
QUESTION 7
QUESTION 8
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QUESTION 9
QUESTION 10
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QUESTION 11
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QUESTION 12
QUESTION 13
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QUESTION 14
QUESTION 15
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QUESTION 16
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QUESTION 17
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QUESTION 18
QUESTION 19
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QUESTION 20
QUESTION 21
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QUESTION 22
QUESTION 23
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QUESTION 24
QUESTION 25
QUESTION 26
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 12
26.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning point of 𝑓. (5)

26.2 Determine the roots of 𝑓 (4)
26.3 Sketch the graph of 𝑓 (3)
26.4 Write down the coordinates of the turning points of ℎ 𝑖𝑓 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) (2)
26.5 Determine the equation of the tangent to the graph of 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 6 (4)
26.6 Determine the coordinates of the point(s) of inflection of 𝑓 (4)
26.7 Determine the value(s) of 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 (2)
26.8 Determine the values of 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝 (2)
26.9 Determine the valuue(s) of k for which −𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 𝑘 = 0 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 only (3)
one real root.
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QUESTION 27
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QUESTION 28
QUESTION 29
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QUESTION 30
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QUESTION 31
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QUESTION 32
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QUESTION 33
OPTIMISATION AND RATE OF CHANGE
1. OPTIMISATION [MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM]

 You must be given statement formulate your own equation.
 Express in terms of one variable.
 Maximise volume , area , profit , etc.
 Minimise volume , area , cost , distance , time
 In order to maximize / minimize an object [DESSO]
 LARGEST , SMALLEST , FIXED , etc. [DESSO]
2. RATE OF CHANGE
 𝑠(𝑡) represents an equation of motion (HEIGHT, DISTANCE,
DISPLACEMENT) at time t.
 𝑠′(𝑡) represents velocity / speed at time t. [DERIVATIVE]
 𝑠′′(𝑡) represents acceleration at time t. [ SECOND DERIVATIVE]
QUESTION 1
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QUESTION 2
QUESTION 3
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QUESTION 4
QUESTION 5
5.1 (2)
5.2 (6)
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QUESTION 6
QUESTION 7
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QUESTION 8
QUESTION 9
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QUESTION 10
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QUESTION 11
QUESTION 12
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QUESTION 13
QUESTION 14
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QUESTION 15
QUESTION 16
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QUESTION 17
QUESTION 18
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QUESTION 19
19.1 (1)
19.2 (3)
19.3 (4)
QUESTION 20
QUESTION 21
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QUESTION 22
QUESTION 23
23
23.1 (3)
23.2 (3)
QUESTION 24
24 (7)
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QUESTION 25
25
25.1 (2)
25.2
(3)
25.3 (2)
25.2
25.4
(3)
QUESTION 26
26.1 (1)
26.2 (5)
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26.3
(6)
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MISSION POSSIBLE

SNR COACH LUDONGA

KHOMBINDLELA SECONDARY SCHOOL

 Calculus is basically MATHEMATICS OF CHANGE.

GRADIENT AT THE POINT

 Differentiation is used to find the gradient at a specific point

TWO METHODS OF DETERMINING THE DERIVATIVE ( GRADIENT)

DETERMINE THE DERIVATIVE FROM DETERMINE THE DERIVATIVE USING

THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

Rule 1 Derivative of a constant is 0 Rule 2 The power rule

BEFORE DIFFERENTIATING REMOVE THE FOLLOWING: [ Doctor B]

Differentiate the following using rules

EQUATION OF THE TANGENT / NORMAL : [DEF]

1) Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −4

2.1. Differentiate 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5 from first principles (5)

3.1. Differntiate 𝑓 from first principle: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 3𝑥 2 (4)

4.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = −4𝑥 2 (5)

5.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 3 (5)

6.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 3𝑥 (4)

7.1. Determine 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 (5)

8.1. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4

Standard form Turning point form Intercept form

SKETCHING CUBIC FUNCTION

2. Turning points (Stationary points) [DESSO]

4. Plot the points and join them using free hand.

INTERPRETE THE CUBIC GRAPH

DETERMINING THE EQUATION OF THE CUBIC FUNCTION

COMPARE CUBIC GRAPH 𝒇(𝒙) and PARABOLA GRAPH 𝒇′(𝒙)

CUBIC GRAPH 𝒇(𝒙) PARABOLA GRAPH 𝒇′(𝒙)

26.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning point of 𝑓. (5)

OPTIMISATION AND RATE OF CHANGE

1. OPTIMISATION [MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM]

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