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Chapt 1 Generalities

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29 views12 pages

Chapt 1 Generalities

Uploaded by

zakirezagui8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability and Statistics

Dr. ARRAR N.
National School of Automous Systems

2023-2024

ARRAR N. () Proba - Stat. 26/09/2023 1 / 108


Program

Part 1 : Descriptive statistics


Chapter 1 Generalities
Chapter 2 Statistical series of one-dimension
Chapter 3 Bivariate statistical series
Part 2 : Introduction to probability calculus
Chapter 4 Events and set algebra
Chapter 5 Probability calculus

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Introduction

The essential purpose of statistics is to facilitate decision-making under


conditions of uncertainty.
There is no precise de…nition of statistics, but for us we will use the
following de…nition:
De…nition
We call statistics a set of methods or techniques used to analyze or
process sets of observations that we will call data.

The methods used are based on mathematics and make extensive use of
computer tools for their implementation.
Remark
We must not confuse statistics, which is the science that has just been
de…ned, with a statistic, which is a set of numbers on a speci…c subject.

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Chapter 1: Generalities
History

We distinguish three important phases in the evolution of statistics:


- From antiquity until the end of the 19th century, statistics
remained mainly a set of enumeration.
- From the 19th century to the 1960s, mathematical statistics
was built up school (K. Pearson, W. Gosset (Student), R.
Fisher, J. Neyman ...).
- Since the 1960’s, and with the development of computer and
graphic tools, statistics graphics, statistics has undergone a
considerable development.

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Basic terminology

Population: set concerned by a statistical study (noted Ω).


Individual element or statistical unit (individu): is one member of
a set of entities being studied (noted ω 2 Ω).
Sample (échantillon): subset of the population on which the
observations are made.
Survey (enquête): operation consisting of observing (measuring,
questioning, etc.) all the individuals in a sample.
Census (recensement): survey in which the sample observed is the
entire population (exhaustive survey).
Poll (sondage): survey in which the observed sample is a strict
subset of the population (non-exhaustive survey).

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Basic terminology

Character: It is a characteristic de…ned on the population and


observed on the sample. The characteristic can be:
Modality or observations: the di¤erent values taken by each
character.

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Type of characters

1 Qualitative: it is a character which is not measurable and it can be :


- nominal data (gender, profession, family situations, ...)
- ordinal data (military rank, grade in university, ...)
2 Quantitative: it is a characteristic that can be measured and we
distiguish two cases:
- discrete (number of children, number of rooms in an
apartment, ...) also called discrete statistical variable.
- continuous (height, age, speed, weight, rate, ...) also called
continuous statistical variable.

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Statistical approach

To carry out a statistical study, it is advisable to follow the following


procedure:
- First of all, we start by collecting the raw observations that we group in a
table called data table.
- In many situations, the observations may be di¤erent and in large
numbers, and the data table is not easily exploitable, so the observations
are synthesized by grouping them in the statistical table.
- We complete the study by making graphical representations and
numerical calculations in order to give a good interpretation of the
observed data.

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Statistical approach

Schematically the statistical approach is summarized as follows:

Data table
Synthetize
Statistical table
Visualize
Graphical representations
Summarize
Numerical summaries

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Data tables - Qualitative data

Example (1)
The study of the family situation of 30 employees of a company is
summarized in the following table:

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
S M S S D W M M S D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
S M S S M D S S M M
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
S S M S W S S M S S

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Data tables - Discrete statistical variable

Example (2)
We study the number of children in a family in a city inhabited by 100
families. The following results were obtained:

01 02 03 04 ... 98 99 100
2 0 4 2 ... 6 3 1

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Chapter 1: Generalities
Data tables - Continuous statistical variable

Example (3)
We study the time taken by 30 workers to manufacture a given part. The
following results were obtained:

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
56 60 60 65 67 70 71 73 73 74
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
75 76 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 78
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
79 81 81 82 82 83 84 85 87 90

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