Chapter Learning Area: Algebra

1 Functions
Fungsi

1.1 Functions / Fungsi

Smart Tip
Function involves two sets, domain and codomain. The elements in a domain are called objects. Images are found in
codomain. A function is a relation such that each object has only one image.
Fungsi melibatkan dua set, domain dan kodomain. Unsur dalam domain dikenali sebagai objek. Imej didapati daripada kodomain. Fungsi ialah
satu hubungan dengan keadaan setiap objek hanya mempunyai satu imej.

Exercise 1 Determine whether each of the following relations is a function or not. Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap hubungan yang berikut ialah fungsi atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang fungsi.

Example 1 1 2
2 a 3 6
a 3 b 12
b 24 5
5 c 15
c 7 d 7 21
d 27

Solution This relation is a function This relation is not a function

This relation is a function because because each object has only because there is an object that
each object has only one image. one image. has more than one image.
Hubungan ini ialah satu fungsi kerana
setiap objek hanya mempunyai satu imej.

3 4 5
1 p a 1 1
p
2 q b 2 2
q
3 r c 3 3
r
4 s d 4 4

This relation is a function This relation is not a function This relation is a function
because each object has only because object c has no image. because each object has only
one image. one image.

Exercise 2 Determine whether each of the following graphs is a function or not. Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap graf yang berikut ialah fungsi atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang fungsi.

Example 2 1 y 2 y
y
Solution
The graph x
x O
is a function O
x
O because when
tested with
vertical line, there is only one
The graph is not a function The graph is not a function
point that cuts the graph.
because when tested with because when tested with
Graf ini ialah satu fungsi kerana
apabila diuji dengan garis
vertical line, there is more than vertical line, there is more than
mencancang, hanya wujud satu titik one point that cuts the graph. one point that cuts the graph.
sahaja yang memotong graf itu.

1
 3 y
4 y 5
y

x
x O
O x
O

The graph is a function The graph is a function

because when tested with The graph is not a function
because when tested with
vertical line, there is only one because when tested with
vertical line, there is only one
point that cuts the graph. vertical line, there is more
point that cuts the graph.
than one point that cuts the
graph.

Exercise 3 State the domain, codomain and the range of the following functions.
Nyatakan domain, kodomain dan julat bagi fungsi berikut.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang fungsi.

Example 3
x 4x

•4
Smart Tip
1•
•6 1 Domain contains the objects only.
2• •8 Domain mengandungi objek sahaja.
3• •10 2 Codomain contains images and non-images.
•12 Kodomain mengandungi imej dan bukan imej.
3 Range contains the images only.
Set P Set Q Julat mengandungi imej sahaja.

Solution
Domain = {1, 2, 3} Codomain/Kodomain = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Domain = {1, 2, 3} Range/Julat = {4, 8, 12}

Common Error
{(1, 2), (–2, 5), (3, 8)}
Domain = (–2, 1, 3)
Codomain/Kodomain = (2, 5, 8)
Range/Julat = (2, 5, 8)

This is wrong because the set notation of domain, codomain and range is { }. The correct answer for domain is {–2, 1, 3}.
Salah kerana tatatanda set bagi domain, kodomain dan julat ialah { }. Jawapan yang betul bagi domain ialah {–2, 1, 3}.

1 2
7• • 49 4• •16
• 30 3• •12
2• •9
5• • 25
–3• •8
–5 • • 24 –4• •4
Set P Set Q Set G Set H

Domain = {–5, 5, 7} Domain = {–4, –3, 2, 3, 4}

Codomain/Kodomain = {24, 25, 30, 49} Codomain/ Kodomain = {4, 8, 9, 12, 16}

Range/Julat = {25, 49} Range/Julat = {4, 9, 16}

2
 3 {(1, a), (2, b), (3, a), (4, c)} 4 {(a, p), (b, p), (c, p), (d, q)}

Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4} Domain = {a, b, c, d}

Codomain/Kodomain = {a, b, c} Codomain/Kodomain = {p, q}

Range/Julat = {a, b, c} Range/Julat = {p, q}

5 Set Q 6
Set G

8 4
0 3
–1 0
Set P Set F
–1 0 2 –1 0 2

Domain = {–1, 0, 2} Domain = {–1, 0, 2}

Codomain/Kodomain = {–1, 0, 8} Codomain/Kodomain = {0, 3, 4}

Range/Julat = {–1, 0, 8} Range/Julat = {0, 3, 4}

Exercise 4 Find the image for each of the following functions.

Cari imej bagi setiap fungsi berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang fungsi.

Example 4 1 f : x → 3x + 2; x = 5 2 f:x→
3x – 2
;x=4
2
2x + 1 f(5) = 3(5) + 2
f:x→ ;x=2 3(4) – 2
3x + 4 = 15 + 2 f(4) =
2
= 17
Solution 12 – 2
The image of 5 is 17. =
2(2) + 1 2
f(2) = 10
3(2) + 4 =
5 2
= =5
10
1 The image of 4 is 5.
=
2 1
The image of 2 is .
2
1
Imej bagi 2 ialah 2 .

6 x+5
3 h:x→ + 8; x = –3 4 f : x → 2x2 + 3x – 5; x = –2 5 h:x→ ;x=3
x x–1
f(–2) = 2(–2)2 + 3(–2) – 5
6 (3) + 5
h(–3) = +8 = 2(4) – 6 – 5 h(3) =
(–3) (3) – 1
=8–6–5
= –2 + 8 8
= –3 =
=6 2
The image of –2 is –3.
The image of –3 is 6. =4
The image of 3 is 4.

3
Exercise 5 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang fungsi.

Example 5 1 It is given that f : x → x + 3, 2 It is given that f : x → 3x – 10,

昀椀nd the object when the image 昀椀nd the object when the image
It is given that f : x → 2x – 5, is 7. is 5.
昀椀nd the object when the Diberi bahawa f : x → x + 3, cari Diberi bahawa f : x → 3x – 10, cari
image is 1. objek apabila imej ialah 7. objek apabila imej ialah 5.
Diberi bahawa f : x → 2x – 5, cari f(x) = x + 3 f(x) = 3x – 10
objek apabila imej ialah 1. 7=x+3 5 = 3x – 10
7–3=x 5 + 10 = 3x
Solution 4=x 15 = 3x
f(x) = 2x – 5 5=x
1 = 2x – 5 The object is 4.
1 + 5 = 2x The object is 5.
6 = 2x
3=x
The object is 3.
Objek ialah 3.

x+4 x+8 x+1

3 It is given that f : x → , 4 It is given that f : x → , 5 It is given that f : x → ,
2 x x–1
昀椀nd the object when the image x ≠ 0, 昀椀nd the object when the x ≠ 1, 昀椀nd the object when the
is 6. image is 3. image is 5.
x+8 x+1
Diberi bahawa f : x →
x+4
,
Diberi bahawa f : x → x , x ≠ 0, Diberi bahawa f : x → x – 1 , x ≠ 1,
2 cari objek apabila imej ialah 3. cari objek apabila imej ialah 5.
cari objek apabila imej ialah 6. x+1
x+4 x+8 f(x) =
f(x) = f(x) = x–1
2 x
x+8 x+1
x+4 3= 5=
6= x x–1
2 5(x – 1) = x + 1
12 = x + 4 3x = x + 8
3x – x = 8 5x – 5 = x + 1
12 – 4 = x 5x – x = 1 + 5
8=x 2x = 8
x=4 4x = 6
The object is 8. 6
x=
The object is 4. 4
3
x=
2
3
The object is = .
2
6 The diagram below shows the relation between set P and set Q.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara set P dan set Q.
(a) Using the function notation,
express f in terms of x.
f(x) Menggunakan tatatanda fungsi,
Set P Set Q
ungkapkan f dalam sebutan x.
1•  •1 (b) Find the value of h.
Cari nilai h.
5•  • 0.2
(c) If set P represents all the whole
h•  • 0.1
numbers, does every object has its
20 •  • 0.05 image? HOTS Analysing
Jika set P mewakili semua nombor bulat,
adakah setiap objek mempunyai imejnya?
1 1
(a) x = 1; =1 (b) f(h) =
(1) h
1 1
x = 5; = 0.2 0.1 =
(5) h
x = 20;
1
= 0.05 ∴ h = 10
(20)
1 (c) No. Image of 0 is not de昀椀ned.
∴ f(x) = x , x ≠ 0

4
Exercise 6 Find the value or values of x for each of the following.
Cari nilai atau nilai-nilai x bagi setiap fungsi berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6 1 It is given that f(x) = |3x|, 昀椀nd the object when

f(x) = 12.
It is given that f(x) = |2x – 3|, 昀椀nd the object Diberi bahawa f(x) = |3x|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 12.
when f(x) = 7.
Diberi bahawa f(x) = |2x – 3|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 7. |3x| = 12
Solution 3x = –12 or 3x = 12
|2x – 3| = 7 x = –4 or x=4
2x – 3 = –7 or/atau 2x – 3 = 7
2x = –7 + 3 or/atau 2x = 7 + 3
2x = –4 or/atau 2x = 10
x = –2 or/atau x =5

2 It is given that f(x) = |x – 2|, 昀椀nd the object when 3 It is given that f(x) = |2x + 1|, 昀椀nd the object
f(x) = 3. when f(x) = 5.
Diberi bahawa f(x) = |x – 2|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 3. Diberi bahawa f(x) = |2x + 1|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 5.

|x – 2| = 3 |2x + 1| = 5
x – 2 = –3 or x–2=3 2x + 1 = –5 or 2x + 1 = 5
x = –3 + 2 or x=3+2 2x = –5 – 1 or 2x = 5 – 1
x = –1 or x=5 2x = –6 or 2x = 4
x = –3 or x=2

3x – 1
4 It is given that f(x) = |2x – 5|, 昀椀nd the object 5 It is given that f(x) = , 昀椀nd the object
2
when f(x) = 9. when f(x) = 6.
Diberi bahawa f(x) = |2x – 5|, cari objek apabila f(x) = 9. 3x – 1
Diberi bahawa f(x) = , cari objek apabila f(x) = 6.
2
|2x – 5| = 9 3x – 1
2x – 5 = –9 or 2x – 5 = 9 =6
2
2x = –9 + 5 or 2x = 9 + 5
3x – 1 3x – 1
2x = –4 or 2x = 14 = –6 or =6
2 2
x = –2 or x=7
3x – 1 = –12 or 3x – 1 = 12
3x = –12 + 1 or 3x = 12 + 1
3x = –11 or 3x = 13
13
x = – 11 or x=
3 3

5
Exercise 7 Complete the table and sketch the graph for the domain given. Then, 昀椀nd the range of the
function.
Lengkapkan jadual dan lakarkan graf bagi domain yang diberi. Kemudian, cari julat bagi fungsi itu.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 7 1 f(x) = |x2 – 4|; – 2  x  3 2 f(x) = |x + 1|; –2  x  2

f(x) = |2x – 3|; –1  x  3 x –2 0 2 3 x –2 –1 2

Solution f(x) 0 4 0 5 f(x) 1 0 3

3
x –1 3
2 f(x)
f(x) 5 0 3 f(x)

5
3
f(x) 4

5 1

x x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –2 –1 0 1 2
3 Range
Julat
Range/Julat: 0  f(x)  5 Range/Julat: 0  f(x)  3

x
–1 0 3 3
2

Range/Julat: 0  f(x)  5

3 h(x) = |2x + 3|; –2  x  1 4 h(x) = |x2 – 1|; –2  x  2 5 f(x) = |x2 – 4|; – 2  x  3

3 x –2 –1 0 1 2 x –2 0 2 3
x –2 – 0 1
2
h(x) 3 0 1 0 3 f(x) 0 4 0 5
h(x) 1 0 3 5

h(x)

5
h(x) f(x)

3 3 5

1 1

x x x
–2 – 3 –1 0 1 –2 –1 0 1 2 –2 0 2 3
2

Range/Julat: 0  h(x)  5 Range/Julat: 0  h(x)  3 Range/Julat: 0  f(x)  5

6
 1.2 Composite Functions / Fungsi Gubahan
Exercise 8 The diagrams below show the relationship between set P, set Q and set R. Complete the
function in the box provided.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara set P, set Q dan set R. Lengkapkan fungsi dalam petak yang
disediakan.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang fungsi.

a
Example 8 1 2
gf
 

g f
f g P  Q  R P  Q  R
P  Q  R

Solution
fg f
gf

3 4 5
fg gf fg
  

P  Q  R P  Q  R P  Q  R

f g g

Exercise 9 Complete each of the following.

Lengkapkan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 9
g(x) = 5x – 9 Solution
h(x) = x + 3 (a) gh(x) = g(x + 3) (b) hg(x) = h(5x – 9) (c) gh(–2) = 5(–2) + 6
Find/Cari = 5(x + 3) – 9 = (5x – 9) + 3 = –10 + 6
(a) gh(x) = 5x + 15 – 9 = 5x – 9 + 3 = –4
(b) hg(x) = 5x + 6 = 5x – 6
(c) gh(–2)

1 g(x) = x – 8 (a) gh(x) = g(2x + 1) (b) hg(x) = h(x – 8) (c) gh(5) = 2(5) – 7
h(x) = 2x + 1 = (2x + 1) – 8 = 2(x – 8) + 1 = 10 – 7
= 2x + 1 – 8 = 2x – 16 + 1 =3
= 2x – 7 = 2x – 15

2 g(x) = x + 2 (a) g2(x) = g(x + 2) (b) hg(x) = h(x + 2) (c) hg(2) = 3(2) – 1
h(x) = 3x – 7 = (x + 2) + 2 = 3(x + 2) – 7 =6–1
=x+4 = 3x + 6 – 7 =5
= 3x – 1

7
 3 g(x) = 3x
(a) gh(x) = g ( x +6 6 ) (b) h2(x) = h ( x +6 6 ) (3) + 6
(c) h2(3) = (3) + 7
6
h(x) = 9
= 3( )
x+6 6 6 =
= 10
x+6
=
18 ( 6
x+6
)
+6
x+6 6
=
(6 + 6x + 36
x+6
)
6(x + 6)
=
6x + 42
6(x + 6)
=
6(x + 7)
x+6
= x+7

4 g(x) = x2 + 1 (a) gh(x) = g(x – 3) (b) hg(x) = h(x2 + 1) (c) hg(–4) = (–4)2 – 2
h(x) = x – 3 = (x – 3)2 + 1 = (x2 + 1) – 3 = 16 – 2
= (x2 – 6x + 9) + 1 = x2 – 2 = 14
= x2 – 6x + 10

5 g( ) = x + 4 (a) g2(x) = g(x + 4) (b) hg(x) (c) hg(−2)

h(x) = 2x2 – 9 = (x + 4) + 4 = h(x + 4) = 2(−2)2 + 16(−2) + 23
=x+8 = 2(x + 4)2 – 9 = 2(4) − 32 + 23
= 2(x2 + 8x + 16) – 9 = −1
= 2x2 + 16x + 32 – 9
= 2x2 + 16x + 23

Exercise 10 Find the image for each of the following composite functions.
Cari imej bagi setiap fungsi gubahan berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksankan tugasan mudah.

Example 10 1 Given f(x) = 2x and 2 Given f(x) = 6x and

g(x) = x – 3. Find fg(7). g(x) = x – 2. Find gf(5).
Given f(x) = 3x and g(x) = x + 5. Diberi f(x) = 2x dan Diberi f(x) = 6x dan
Find fg(4). g(x) = x – 3. Cari fg(7). g(x) = x – 2. Cari gf(5).
Diberi f(x) = 3x dan g(x) = x + 5. g(7) = (7) – 3 f(5) = 6(5)
Cari fg(4). =4 = 30
Solution fg(7) = f(4) gf(5) = g(30)
g(4) = (4) + 5 = 2(4) = 30 – 2
=9 =8 = 28
fg(4) = f(9)
= 3(9)
= 27

3 Given f(x) = x + 4 and 4 Given g(x) = x2 and 5 Given g(x) = 2x2 and
g(x) = 2x – 5. Find gf(3). h(x) = x + 3. Find hg(3). h(x) = 3x + 1. Find gh(4).
Diberi f(x) = x + 4 dan Diberi g(x) = x2 dan Diberi g(x) = 2x2 dan
g(x) = 2x – 5. Cari gf(3). h(x) = x + 3. Cari hg(3). h(x) = 3x + 1. Cari gh(4).
f(3) = (3) + 4 g(3) = (3)2 h(4) = 3(4) + 1
=7 =9 = 13
gf(3) = g(7) hg(3) = h(9) gh(4) = g(13)
= 2(7) – 5 = (9) + 3 = 2(13)2
=9 = 12 = 338

8
Exercise 11 Find the value of x for each of the following composite functions.
Cari nilai x bagi setiap fungsi gubahan berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 11 1 g(x) = x + 3 2 f(x) = 2x

h(x) = 2x + 4 g(x) = x − 5
f(x) = 3x + 1 gh(x) = 5 fg(x) = 6
g(x) = 2x − 1
fg(x) = 1 gh(x) = g(2x + 4) fg(x) = f(x − 5)
Solution = (2x + 4) + 3 = 2(x − 5)
fg(x) = f(2x – 1) = 2x + 7 = 2x − 10
= 3(2x − 1) + 1
= 6x − 3 + 1 Given gh(x) = 5 Given fg(x)= 6
= 6x − 2 2x + 7 = 5 2x − 10 = 6
2x = 5 − 7 2x = 6 + 10
Given/Diberi fg(x) = 1 2x = −2 2x = 16
6x − 2 = 1 x = −1 x=8
6x = 1 + 2
6x = 3
3 1
x = =
6 2

4 12 − x
3 f(x) = , x ≠ 0 4 f(x) = 5 h(x) = 6x − 7
x 2
g(x) = 2x + 1 h2(x) = 23
f 2(x) = 4
fg(x) = 15
12 − x h2(x) = h(6x − 7)
f 2(x) = f ( 2 ) = 6(6x − 7) − 7
fg(x) = f(2x + 1)
12 − x
4
= (2x + 1) =
12 − ( 2
) = 36x − 42 – 7
= 36x − 49
2
24 − 12 + x
Given fg(x) = 15
4
( 2 ) Given h2(x) = 23
= 36x − 49 = 23
2x + 1 = 15 2
12 + x 1 36x = 72
4 = 15(2x + 1) = 2 
2 x=2
4 = 30x + 15
12 + x
–15 + 4 = 30x = 4
–11 = 30x
11 Given f 2(x) = 4
x=– 12 + x
30
4 =4
12 + x = 16
x =4

Exercise 12 Find the function f(x) for each of the following.

Cari fungsi f(x) bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 12 1 g(x) = x − 5 2 g(x) = x + 8

fg(x) = x − 2 fg(x) = x − 6
g(x) = x + 6
fg(x) = 2x + 16 f [x – 5] = x – 2 f [x + 8] = x – 6
Solution Let y = x – 5 Let y = x + 8
f [x + 6] = 2x + 16 x=y+5 x=y–8
Let/Katakan y = x + 6 f(y) = x – 2 f(y) = x – 6
x=y–6 = (y + 5) – 2 = (y – 8) – 6
f(y) = 2x + 16 =y+3 = y – 14
= 2(y – 6) + 16 f(x) = x + 3 f(x) = x – 14
= 2y – 12 + 16
= 2y + 4
f(x) = 2x + 4

9
 3 g(x) = 2x − 4 4 g(x) = x + 6 5 g(x) = 3x − 5
fg(x) = 2x + 1 fg(x) = 3x + 17 fg(x) = 6x − 9

f[2x – 4] = 2x + 1 f [x + 6] = 3x + 17 f[3x – 5] = 6x – 9
Let y = 2x – 4 Let y = x + 6 Let y = 3x – 5
2x = y + 4 x=y–6 3x = y + 5
y+4 f(y) = 3x + 17 y+5
x= x=
2 = 3(y – 6) + 17 3
f(y) = 2x + 1 = 3y – 1 f(y) = 6x – 9
f(x) = 3x – 1 y+5
=2
y+4
( 2
+1 ) =6( 3 )
–9
=y+5 = 2y + 1
f(x) = x + 5 f(x) = 2x + 1

Exercise 13 Find the function g(x) for each of the following.

Cari fungsi g(x) bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 13 1 f(x) = x + 3 2 f(x) = x − 6

fg(x) = x − 8 fg(x) = x + 9
f(x) = 3x + 2
fg(x)= 3x − 19 f(x) = x + 3 f(x) = x − 6
then fg(x) = g(x) + 3 then fg(x) = g(x) − 6
Solution
f(x) = 3x + 2 Given Given
then/maka fg(x) = x − 8 fg(x) = x + 9
fg(x) = 3g(x) + 2
Given/Diberi g(x) + 3 = x − 8 g(x) − 6 = x + 9
fg(x) = 3x − 19 g(x) = x − 8 − 3 g(x) = x + 9 + 6
3g(x) + 2 = 3x − 19 = x − 11 = x + 15
3g(x) = 3x − 19 − 2
3g(x) = 3x − 21
3g(x) = 3(x − 7)
g(x) = x − 7

3 f(x) = x − 12 4 f(x) = 3x − 7 5 f(x) = 2x − 3

fg(x) = 3x − 4 fg(x) = 3x + 20 fg(x) = 10x + 5

f(x) = x − 12 f(x) = 3x − 7 f(x) = 2x − 3

then fg(x) = g(x) − 12 then fg(x) = 3g(x) − 7 then fg(x) = 2g(x) − 3

Given Given Given

fg(x) = 3x − 4 fg(x) = 3x + 20 fg(x) = 10x + 5

g(x) − 12 = 3x − 4 3g(x) − 7 = 3x + 20 2g(x) − 3 = 10x + 5

g(x) = 3x − 4 + 12 3g(x) = 3x + 20 + 7 2g(x) = 10x + 5 + 3
= 3x + 8 3g(x) = 3x + 27 2g(x) = 10x + 8
3(x + 9) 2(5x + 4)
g(x) = g(x) =
3 2
g(x) = x + 9 g(x) = 5x + 4

10
Exercise 14 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 14 1 f : x → 14 − 3x 2 f : x → 2x − 7
g : x → 2 − 4x g : x → 3x
f : x → 2x + k fg : x → hx + k gf : x → ax + b
g:x→x−4
Find the value of h and of k. Find the value of a and of b.
fg : x → mx + 6
Cari nilai h dan nilai k. Cari nilai a dan nilai b.
Find the value of k and of m.
Cari nilai k dan nilai m.
fg(x) = f(2 − 4x) gf(x) = g(2x − 7)
= 14 − 3(2 − 4x) = 3(2x − 7)
Solution = 14 − 6 + 12x = 6x − 21
fg(x) = f(x − 4) = 8 + 12x Compare PAK-21
= 2(x − 4) + k = 12x + 8 gf(x) = ax + b

website
= 2x − 8 + k
Compare gf(x) = 6x − 21
Compare/Bandingkan fg(x) = hx + k ∴a=6
fg(x) = 2x – 8 + k fg(x) = 12x + 8 b = −21
fg(x) = mx + 6 ∴ h = 12
−8+k=6 , m=2 k=8
k = 14
∴ m = 2, k = 14

3 f : x → 8x + k 4 f : x → 6 − 4x 5 f : x → 2x + h
g:x→x–4 g : x → ax + b g : x → 3x − 9
fg : x → mx − 18 gf : x → 2 − 12x gf : x → kx + 12
Find the value of k and of m. Find the value of a and of b. Find the value of h and of k.
Cari nilai k dan nilai m. Cari nilai a dan nilai b. Cari nilai h dan nilai k.
fg(x) = f(x − 4) gf(x) = g(6 − 4x) gf(x) = g(2x + h)
= 8(x − 4) + k = a(6 − 4x) + b = 3(2x + h) − 9
= 8x − 32 + k = 6a − 4ax + b = 6x + 3h − 9
Compare = 6a + b − 4ax Compare
fg(x) = mx − 18 Compare gf(x) = kx + 12
fg(x) = 8x − 32 + k gf(x) = 2 − 12x gf(x) = 6x + 3h − 9
m = 8; −32 + k = −18 gf(x) = 6a + b − 4ax k = 6; 3h − 9 = 12
k = −18 + 32 −4a = −12; 6a + b = 2 3h = 12 + 9
= 14 a=3 6(3) + b = 2 3h = 21
∴ m = 8, k = 14 18 + b = 2 h=7
b = 2 − 18 ∴ h = 7, k = 6
= −16
∴ a = 3, b = −16

1.3 Inverse Functions / Fungsi Songsang

Exercise 15 Find the inverse function for each of the following functions.
Cari fungsi songsang bagi setiap fungsi berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksankan tugasan mudah.

Example 15
2x + 3 From/Daripada ,
x ,x≠0
f(x) = Website
3
f –1(y) = y − 2 Visit https://www.purplemath.
Solution com/modules/invrsfcn3.htm
3
∴ f –1(x) = x − 2 , x ≠ 2 for additional notes on the
x = f –1 (
2x + 3
x
)  inverse functions.
2x + 3
Let/Katakan y = x Common Error
xy = 2x + 3 3
xy − 2x = 3 f–1(x) = x – 2 is incomplete./adalah tidak lengkap.
x(y − 2) = 3 The condition x ≠ 2 must be written in the answer.
3 Syarat x ≠ 2 mesti ditulis dalam jawapan.
x = y−2

11
1.4
1 f(x) = 3x + 2 2 f(x) = 3x − 5 3 f(x) = 6 − 4x

f(x) = 3x + 2 f(x) = 3x − 5 f(x) = 6 − 4x

x = f −1(3x + 2) x = f –1(3x − 5) x = f –1(6 − 4x)
Let y = 3x + 2 Let y = 3x − 5 Let y = 6 − 4x
y − 2 = 3x y + 5 = 3x 4x = 6 − y
y−2 x y+5 x 6−y
3 = 3 = x = 4

Hence, Hence, Hence,

−1
y−2 –1
y+5 6−y
f (y) = 3 f (y) = 3 f –1(y) =
4
x−2 x+5 6−x
f –1(x) = 3 f –1(x) = 3 –1
f (x) = 4

5−x x−6 6 f(x) = 7 + 7x

x ,x≠0
4 f(x) = 5 f(x) =
3
5−x x−6 f(x) = 7 + 7x
f(x) = 3 f(x) = x x = f –1 (7 + 7x)
x−6
(5−x
x = f –1 3 ) (
x = f –1 x ) Let y = 7 + 7x
5−x x−6 y − 7 = 7x
Let y = 3 Let y = x
y−7
3y = 5 − x xy = x − 6 7 =x
x = 5 − 3y 6 = x − xy
6 = x(1 − y) Hence,
6 y−7
Hence, f –1(y) =
1−y =x 7
f –1(y) = 5 − 3y x−7
f –1(x) = 5 − 3x
–1
f (x) = 7
Hence,
6
f –1(y) = 1 − y
6
f –1(x) = 1 − x , x ≠ 1

Exercise 16 Find the values of p and q for each of the following. HOTS Applying
Cari nilai p dan q bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 16
f(x) = 4x + q
f –1(x) = px + 2
Solution
f(x) = 4x + q Compare/Bandingkan
x = f –1(4x + q) x q
f –1(x) = −
4 4
Let/Katakan y = 4x + q
f –1(x) = px + 2
y−q
Then/Maka x = 4 1 q
∴4 =p and/dan − = 2
y−q 4
f –1(y) = 4 1
p= 4 q = −8
x−q
f –1(x) = 4
x q
= 4 − 4

12
1 f(x) = 2x − 14 2 f(x) = 6x + q 3 f(x) = px + 6
f –1(x) = px + q f –1(x) = px − 12 f –1(x) = 4x + q

f(x) = 2x − 14 f(x) = 6x + q f(x) = px + 6

x = f –1(2x − 14) x = f –1(6x + q) x = f –1(px + 6)
Let y = 2x − 14 Let y = 6x + q Let y = px + 6
y + 14 y−q y−6
Then x = 2 Then x = 6 Then x = p
y + 14 y−q y−6
f –1(y) = 2 f –1(y) = 6 f –1(y) = p
x + 14 x−q x−6
f –1(x) = 2 f –1(x) = 6 f –1(x) = p
x x q x 6
= 2 +7 = 6 − 6 = p − p

Compare with Compare with Compare with

f –1(x) = px + q f –1(x) = px − 12 f –1(x) = 4x + q
1 1 1
∴p= 2 ∴p= 6 ∴ p =4
and and 1
q=7 p = 4
q
−
6 = −12 and
q = 72 6
− =q
p
− 6 =q
( )
1
4
q = −6  4
= −24

4 f(x) = px + q 5 f(x) = px − 18 6 f(x) = 2p − 3x

f –1(x) = 2x − 6 f –1(x) = 3x + q f –1(x) = 1 − q x
3
f(x) = px + q f(x) = px − 18 f(x) = 2p − 3x
x = f –1(px + q) x = f –1(px − 18) x = f –1(2p − 3x)
Let y = px + q Let y = px − 18 Let y = 2p − 3x
y−q y + 18
Then x = p Then x = p 2p − y
Then x = 3
y−q y + 18
f –1(y) = p f –1(y) = p 2p − y
f –1(y) = 3
x−q
f –1(x) = p x + 18 2p − x
f –1(x) = p f –1(x) = 3
x q
= p − p x 18
= p + p Compare with
Compare with Compare with f –1(x) = 1 − q x
f –1(x) = 2x − 6 3
f –1(x) = 3x + q
1 3 − qx
∴ p =2 = 3
1
∴ p =3
1 ∴ 2p = 3
p= 2 1
p= 3 3
and p= 2
and
− q = –6 18 and
p
q p =q –q = –1
p =6 18 = q q=1
q = 6p
1 ( )
1
( )
q =6 2 3
q = 54
=3

13
Exercise 17 Solve each of the following. HOTS Evaluating
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang fungsi dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

6 2 It is given that g(x) = 7 − 3x.

1 Given h(x) = − , 昀椀nd
x Diberi bahawa g(x) = 7 – 3x.
6 (a) Find/Cari
Diberi h(x) = − , cari
x (i) g2(x) and/dan g–1(x).
(a) h2(x), (ii) (g2)–1.
(b) h8(x), (b) Determine the relationship between (g2)–1
(c) h17(x). and (g–1)2.
Tentukan hubungan antara (g2)–1 dan (g–1)2.
6
(a) h (x) = −
2
g2(x) = 7 − 3(7 − 3x) 7−x
−
6
( )
x
(a) (i)
= 7 − 21 + 9x
7− ( 3 )
(b) (g–1)2 =
x = 9x − 14 3
=6×
6 21 − 7 + x
=x
Let y = g(x)
y = 7 − 3x
( 3 )
=
6 6 3x = 7 − y 3
(b) h3(x) = − ( )
x
=−
x 7−y x + 14
6 x= =
h4(x) = − =x 3 9
6 7 − x ∴
− ( )
x
–1
g (x) =
3
(g 2
) –1
= (g –1 2
)

h8(x) = h4(h4(x)) (ii) Let y =g2(x)

=x y = 9x − 14
9x = y + 14
(c) h17(x) = h16(h(x)) y + 14
6 x=
= −( )x
∴ (g ) =
2 –1
9
x + 14
6 9
=−
x

3x − 118
3 Mr Lim is a fried noodles hawker. The daily pro昀椀t that he can obtain, in RM, is given by w : x → ,
4
where x is the number of packets of fried noodles sold in a day.
Encik Lim ialah seorang penjaja mi goreng. Keuntungan harian yang dapat diperolehnya, dalam RM, diberi oleh
3x – 118
w:x→ , dengan keadaan x ialah bilangan peket mi goreng yang dijual dalam sehari.
4
(a) Calculate the average daily pro昀椀t obtained by Mr Lim if he sold 1 197 packets of fried noodles in a
week.
Hitung keuntungan harian yang diperoleh Encik Lim jika dia menjual 1 197 bungkusan mi goreng dalam seminggu.
(b) Find the minimum number of packets of fried noodles that must be sold in a day so that Mr Lim does
not experience any loss.
Cari bilangan minimum peket mi goreng yang perlu dijual dalam sehari supaya Encik Lim tidak mengalami sebarang
kerugian.

(a) 1 week : 1 197 packets of fried noodles

1 day : 171 packets of fried noodles
3x − 118
w(x) =
4
3(171) − 118
=
4
= 98.75
∴ The daily pro昀椀t = RM98.75
3x − 118
(b) >0
4
3x − 118 > 0
3x > 118
x > 39.33
x = 40
The minimum number of packets of fried noodles that must be sold in a day is 40 packets.

14
 Review 1
Paper 1
Section A
1 (a) Diagram 1 shows three coloured boxes (b) Diagram 3 shows the graph of the function
containing numbered cards. One card from g(x) = |3x – 6| for the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 7.
each box is drawn at random. The outcome of Rajah 3 menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi
the cards from the white box, black box and g(x) = |3x – 6| untuk domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 7.
blue box are “2”, “5” and “5” respectively. g(x)
Rajah 1 menunjukkan tiga buah kotak berwarna yang
mengandungi kad-kad bernombor. Satu kad dari setiap
kotak dicabut secara rawak. Hasil cabutan kad dari kotak 15
berwarna putih, hitam dan biru masing-masing ialah
“2”, “5” dan “5”.
a

4 5 4 5 4 5 x
O b c
3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
Tentukan nilai bagi a, b dan c.
White box Black box Blue box Determine the values of a, b and c.
Kotak putih Kotak hitam Kotak biru
[3 marks/markah]
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
3 (a) Given f : x → 3x + 7 and fg : x → 6x2 – 3x – 5,
Draw an arrow diagram to represent the 昀椀nd g(x).
relation “the numbered cards obtained from Diberi f : x → 3x + 7 dan fg : x → 6x2 – 3x – 5, cari g(x).
the coloured boxes”. Hence, determine [2 marks/markah]
whether the relation is a function or not. (b) The following information is about the
Lukiskan satu gambar rajah anak panah untuk mewakili function f and the composite function f 2.
hubungan “kad nombor yang diperoleh daripada kotak Maklumat berikut adalah berkaitan fungsi f dan fungsi
berwarna”. Seterusnya, tentukan sama ada hubungan gubahan f 2.
itu ialah fungsi atau bukan.
[2 marks/markah] f : x → mx + n, where m and n are constants
(b) Given the function f : x → 4x − 3, 昀椀nd f(2). and m > 0.
Diberi fungsi f : x → 4x − 3, cari f(2). f : x → mx + n, dengan keadaan m dan n ialah
[2 marks/markah] pemalar dan m > 0.
f 2(x) = 36x – 21
2 (a) Diagram 2 shows the function f : x → x + x + 4. 2
Find the value of m and of n.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan fungsi f : x → x2 + x + 4.
Cari nilai m and nilai n.
[3 marks/markah]
f
x x2 + x + 4
5
4 (a) It is given that g(x) = x + 4 , x ≠ . Find the
2x – 5 2
3 value of g–1(–3).
x+4 5
16 Diberi bahawa g(x) = , x ≠ . Cari nilai g–1(–3).
2x – 5 2
h
[2 marks/markah]
(b) Given the function f(x) = –ax + b, where a and
b are constants. Find the value of a and of b
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
such that f –1(7) = 4 and f –1(–3) = 9.
Find the value of h. Diberi fungsi f(x) = –ax + b, dengan keadaan a dan b
Cari nilai h. ialah pemalar. Cari nilai a dan nilai b dengan keadaan
[2 marks/markah] f –1(7) = 4 dan f –1(–3) = 9.
[3 marks/markah]

15
Section B
5 (a) The price per unit of an item is RMx. Each (b) Given the function g : x → 6x + d and
item purchased online is to be taxed by 2%. g2 : x → cx – 28, where c and d are constants
Given the delivery cost is RM15 and the total and c > 0. Find
expenditure to buy a unit of the item is f(x). If Diberi fungsi g : x → 6x + d dan g2 : x → cx – 28,
t(x) is the function for the payment with tax, dengan keadaan c dan d ialah pemalar dan c > 0. Cari
express f(x) in terms of x. (i) the value of c and of d,
Harga seunit suatu barang ialah RMx. Setiap unit nilai c dan nilai d,
barang yang dibeli secara dalam talian dikenakan cukai (ii) (g−1)2(x).
2%. Diberi kos penghantaran ialah RM15 dan jumlah [4 marks/markah]
perbelanjaan untuk membeli seunit barangan itu ialah
f(x). Jika t(x) ialah fungsi bagi bayaran dengan cukai,
ungkapkan f(x) dalam sebutan x.
[4 marks/markah]

Paper 2
Section A
x
1 It is given that g : x → 2x – 3 and h : x → + 2, 昀椀nd
3
x
Diberi bahawa g : x → 2x – 3 dan h : x → + 2, cari
3
(a) g−1(x), [2 marks/markah]
(b) g−1h(x), [2 marks/markah]
(c) the function k(x) such that kh(x) = 2x + 8. [3 marks/markah]
fungsi k(x) dengan keadaan kh(x) = 2x + 8.

Section B
2 It is given that g : x → 3x + 15 and h : x → 2x − 12.
Diberi bahawa g : x → 3x + 15 dan h : x → 2x − 12.
(a) Find/Cari
(i) h(8),
1
(ii) the value of p if g(p − 1) = h(8) + 1,
2
1
nilai p jika g(p − 1) = h(8) + 1,
2
(iii) hg(x).
[5 marks/markah]
(b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = |hg(x)| for – 6  x  0.
Lakarkan graf bagi y = |hg(x)| untuk – 6  x  0.
(ii) Find the value of q such that hg(q) = 2gh(q).
Cari nilai q dengan keadaan hg(q) = 2gh(q).
[5 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 Desa Kindergarten started operating in 2016 and the number of students for the 昀椀rst 12 years is given by
f : t → 16 + 7t, such that t is the number of years after 2016. HOTS Applying
Tadika Desa mula beroperasi pada tahun 2016 dan bilangan murid untuk 12 tahun yang pertama diberi oleh f : t → 16 + 7t, dengan
keadaan t ialah bilangan tahun selepas 2016.
(a) Find the number of students after 5 years.
Cari bilangan murid selepas 5 tahun.
(b) In which year will the number of students be 79?
Pada tahun berapakah bilangan murid akan menjadi 79 orang?

16
Chapter Learning Area: Algebra

2 Quadratic Functions
Fungsi Kuadratik

2.1 Quadratic Equations and Inequalities / Persamaan dan Ketaksamaan Kuadratik

Smart Tip
1 The general form of a quadratic equation is (b) Has an equal sign “=” and can be expressed in
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0. the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Bentuk am persamaan kuadratik ialah ax2 + bx + c = 0, dengan Mempunyai tanda “=” dan boleh dinyatakan dalam bentuk
keadaan a, b, c ialah pemalar dan a ≠ 0. ax2 + bx + c = 0.
2 Characteristics of a quadratic equation: (c) The highest power of the variable is 2.
Ciri-ciri suatu persamaan kuadratik: Kuasa tertinggi bagi pemboleh ubah ialah 2.
(a) Involves only one variable.
Melibatkan hanya satu pemboleh ubah.

Exercise 1 Solve the following quadratic equations by using completing the square method. Give the
answers correct to three decimal places.
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua. Beri
jawapan betul kepada tiga tempat perpuluhan.

Example 1 1 x2 − 4x − 5 = 0 2 x2 − 6x − 16 = 0

x2 + 4x − 3 = 0 x2 − 4x − 5 = 0 x2 − 6x − 16 = 0
Solution x2 − 4x = 5 x2 − 6x = 16
2 2
x2 + 4x − 3 = 0
2
x2 − 4x + – 4 = 5 + – 4
2
x2 − 6x + – 6 = 16 + – 6
( ) ( )
x2 + 4x = 3
( )2 ( )
2 6 2
2 2
2
x2 + 4x + 4 = 3 + 4
()
2
() (x− 4
2)
2
=5+4 (x−
2 ) = 16 + 9
2 2
4 (x − 2)2 = 9 (x − 3)2 = 25
(x+
2
2
)
=3+4
x − 2 = ±  9 x − 3 = ± 25
(x + 2) = 7
2
x=2±3 x =3±5
x + 2 = ±  7 x = 2 − 3 or x = 2 + 3 x = 3 − 5 or x = 3 + 5
x = –2 ± 7 x = –1 or x = 5 x = –2 or x = 8
x = –2 − 7 or/atau x = –2 + 
7
x = –4.646 or x = 0.6458

3 x2 + 3x − 7 = 0 4 x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 5 x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
x2 + 3x − 7 = 0 x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
x2 + 3x = 7 x2 + 5x = –2 x2 − 7x = –3
3 2 3 2
x2 + 3x +
2 2
=7+
2 2 x2 + 5x +
5 2
2
2 2
= –2 +
5 2
2
x2 − 7x + – 2
7 2
2
= –3 + –
7 2
 2
2
3 2 9 5 2 25 7 2 49
x+2 =7+ 2 4 x+
22 = –2 +
4 x−
2 2 = –3 +
4
3 2 37 5 2 17 7 2 37
x+2 = 24 x+
22 =
4 x−
2 2 =
4
3 37 5 17 7 37
x+ =±� 4 x+ =±� 4 x− =±� 4
2 2 2
3  37 5 17 7  37
x+ = ± x+ =± x− =±
2 2 2 2 2 2
3  37 5  17 7  37
x=– ± x=– ± x= ±
2 2 2 2 2 2
3  37 3 37 5  17 5  17 7  37 7  37
x=– − or x = – + x=– − or x = – + x= − or x = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x = –4.541 or x = 1.541 x = –4.562 or x = –0.4384 x = 0.4586 or x = 6.541

17
Exercise 2 Solve the following quadratic equations by using completing the square method. Give the
answers correct to three decimal places.
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua. Beri
jawapan betul kepada tiga tempat perpuluhan.

Example 2 1 3x2 − 5x − 7 = 0 2 3x2 − x − 5 = 0

3x2 − 2x − 4 = 0 3x2 − 5x − 7 = 0 (÷3) 3x2 − x − 5 = 0 (÷3)

5 7 1 5
Solution x2 − x − = 0 x2 − x − = 0
3 3 3 3
3x2 − 2x − 4 = 0 (÷3) 5 7 1 5
x − x=
2 x − x=
2
2 4 3 3 3 3
x − x− =0
2
5 5 2 7 5 2 1 1 2 5 1 2
3
2
3
4
x − x+ –
2
3  26
= + –
3  2
6
x − x+ –
2
3  2
6
= + –
3  2
6
x2 − x = 1 2 5 1
3
2
3
2 2 4 2 2 x−
5 2 7 25
62 = +
3 36 x−
62 = +
3 36
x2 − x + –  2
= + –  2 1 2 61
3 6 3 6 5 109
x− 2
2

2 2 4 1 x−
62 =
36 6
=
36
x−
6 2
= +
3 9 5 109 1
x − = ± � 36
61
1 2 13 x− =±� 6
x−
3 2
=
9
6
5 
36
109 1 61
x− =± x− =±
1
x− =±
 13 6 6 6 6
3 3 5  109 1  61
x= ± x= ±
1  13 1  13 6 6 6 6
x= − or x = +
3 3 3 3 5 109 5 109 1  61 1  61
x= − or x = + x= − or +
x = –0.8685 or x = 1.535 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
x = –0.9067 or x = 2.573 x = –1.135 or x = 1.468
Smart Tip
If a ≠ 1, the coef昀椀cient of x2
must be changed to 1.
Jika a ≠ 1, pekali bagi x2 mestilah
ditukarkan kepada 1.
÷3
3x2 x2

3 3x2 + 2x − 6 = 0 4 5x2 − 3x − 4 = 0 5 7x2 − 5x − 9 = 0

3x2 + 2x − 6 = 0 (÷3) 5x2 − 3x − 4 = 0 (÷5) 7x2 − 5x − 9 = 0 (÷7)
2 3 4 5 9
x2 + 3 x − 2 = 0 x2 − 5 x − 5 = 0 x2 − x − = 0
7 7
2 3 4 5 9
x2 + x = 2 x2 − x = 5 x2 − x =
3 5 7 7
2 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 4 3 2
x2 + x +
3 3 2 =2+
3  2 x2 − x + –
5  210
= + –
5  2 10
5
x − x+ –
2
7 
5 2 9
14 2
= + –
7 
5 2
14 2
1 2 1
x+
3 2=2+
9 x−
3 2 4
102 = +
5 100
9
x−
5 2 9 25
2
= +
1 2 19 14 7 196
x+ 2=
x−
3
2
2
=
89 5 2 277
3 9
19
10 100 x−
14 2
=
196
1
x+ =±� 9 3
x− =±�
89 5 277
3 10 100 x− =±�
14 196
1  19 3 89
x+ =±
3 3 x− = ± x− =±
5  277
10 10 14 14
1  19 3  89
x =– ± x= ± 5 277
3 3 10 10 x= ±
14 14
1  19 1 
19 3  89 3  89
x =– − or x = – + x= − or x = + 5 277 5 277
3 3 3 3 10 10 10 10 x= − or x = +
14 14 14 14
x = –1.786 or x = 1.120 x = –0.6434 or x = 1.243 x = –0.8317 or x =1.546

18
Exercise 3 Solve the following quadratic equations by using formula. Give the answers correct to three
decimal places.
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan menggunakan rumus. Beri jawapan betul kepada tiga tempat
perpuluhan.

Example 3 1 x2 − 3x = 5 2 3x2 − 5x − 7 = 0
x2 − 3x = 5 3x2 − 5x − 7 = 0
3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0
x2 − 3x − 5 = 0 a = 3, b = –5, c = –7
Solution
a = 1, b = –3, c = –5 −(–5) ±  (–5)2 − 4(3)(–7)
x=
3x2 − 4x − 6 = 0 −(–3) ±  (–3)2 − 4(1)(–5) 2(3)
x=
a = 3, b = –4, c = –6 2(1) 5 ± 25 + 84
=
3 ± 9 + 20 6
−(–4) ±  (–4)2 − 4(3)(–6) x=
5 ± 109
x= 2
2(3) =
3 − 29 3 + 29 6
4 ± 16 + 72 x= or x = 5 − 109 5 + 109
= 2 2 x= or x =
6 6 6
x = –1.193 or x = 4.193
4 ± 88 x = –0.9067 or x = 2.573
=
6
4 − 88 4 + 88 3 x2 + 4x = 6 4 2x2 − 3x = 8
x= or/atau x =
6 6 x2 + 4x = 6 2x2 − 3x = 8
x = –0.8968 or/atau 2.230 x2 + 4x − 6 = 0 2x2 − 3x − 8 = 0
a = 1, b = 4, c = –6 a = 2, b = –3, c = –8
–4 ± 42 − 4(1)(–6) −(–3) ±  (–3)2 − 4(2)(–8)
x= x=
Smart Tip 2(1) 2(2)
–4 ± 16 + 24 3 ± 9 + 64
x= x=
If/Jika ax2 + bx + c = 0 4
2(1)
–b ± b2 – 4ac 3 ± 73
then/maka x = –4 ± 40 x=
2a x= 4
2
3 − 73 3 + 73
x = –2 + 10 or x = –2 − 10 x=
4
or x =
4
x = 1.162 or –5.162 x = –1.386 or x = 2.886

5 The diagram below shows a cuboid-shaped tissue 6 The diagram below shows a trapezium.
box. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah trapezium.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah kotak tisu berbentuk (x + 3) cm
kuboid.

(x + 4) cm (2x) cm

4 cm

(2x + 1) cm

x cm Find the value of x.

(2x + 1) cm
Cari nilai x.
x+3
It is given that the volume of the box is 92 cm3.
Find the value of x.
x+4 x+4 2x
Diberi bahawa isi padu kotak itu ialah 92 cm3. Cari nilai x.

Volume = 4x(2x + 1) = 92 x+3 x–2

2x2 + x = 23
2x + x − 23 = 0
2 Using Phythagoras’ theorem,
a = 2, b = 1, c = –23 (x + 4)2 + (x − 2)2 = (2x)2
–(1) ± (1)2 − 4(2)(–23) x2 + 8x + 16 + x2 − 4x + 4 = 4x2
x=
2(2) 2x2 − 4x − 20 = 0
x2 − 2x − 10 = 0
x = –3.650 or 3.150 a = 1, b = –2, c = –10
The negative value for length is not valid.
∴ x = 3.150 −(–2) ± (–2)2 − 4(1)(–10)
x= 2(1)
x = –2.317 or 4.317
∴ x = 4.317 since x > 0

19
Exercise 4 Find the quadratic equation from the given roots.
Cari persamaan kuadratik daripada punca-punca yang diberi.

Example 4 Smart Tip

1 A quadratic equation with roots given can be expressed as
Roots/Punca: 3, –
2 Suatu persamaan kuadratik dengan punca−punca yang diberi boleh diungkap sebagai

Solution x2 − (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0

1 5 where/dengan keadaan
Sum of roots = 3 + –
22 2
=
S.O.R = sum of roots P.O.R = product of roots
Hasil tambah punca hasil tambah punca hasil darab punca
1 3
Product of roots = (3)– 2 = –
Hasil darab punca
2 2
1 Roots: 3, 2 2 Roots: 5, –3
The quadratic equation: Punca Punca
Persamaan kuadratik:
5 3 Sum of roots = 3 + 2 = 5 Sum of roots = 5 + (–3) = 2
x2 −  2x + – 2 = 0 Product of roots = (3)(2) = 6 Product of roots = (5)(–3) = –15
2 2
The quadratic equation: The quadratic equation:
2x2 − 5x − 3 = 0
x2 − (5)x + (6) = 0 x2 − (2)x + (–15) = 0
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 x2 − 2x − 15 = 0

Alternative Method Alternative Method

Alternative Method x = 3, x = 2 x = 5, x = –3
x − 3 = 0, x − 2 = 0 x − 5 = 0, x + 3 = 0
x = 3, x = – 1 (x − 3)(x − 2) = 0 (x – 5)(x + 3) = 0
2
x2 − 2x − 3x + 6 = 0 x2 + 3x − 5x − 15 = 0
x − 3 = 0, 2x = –1
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 x2 − 2x − 15 = 0
x − 3 = 0, 2x + 1 = 0
(x – 3)(2x + 1) = 0
2x2 + x – 6x – 3 = 0
2x2 − 5x – 3 = 0

3 Root: 5 only/sahaja 4 Roots: 3, – 2 5 Roots: 3 , – 1

Punca 7 Punca 3 2 3
Punca
7
Sum of roots
5 5 10
Sum of roots = 3 + – 2 =
3 3  2 Sum of roots =
3
 2
+ –1 =
7
= 2 2
7
+
7
=
7 Product of roots
2 3 6
Product of roots
Product of roots
5 5 25  2
= (3) – 2 = –2
 2 2
= 3 –1 = –1
=  2 2
7 7
=
49
3 2 3 2
The quadratic equation: The quadratic equation:
The quadratic equation:
x2 −
10
 2
7
x+
25
 2
49
=0  2
x2 − 7 x + (–2) = 0
3  2  2
x2 − 7 x + – 1 = 0
6 2
70 25 3x2 − 7x − 6 = 0
x2 −  2
49
x+  2
49
=0 6x2 − 7x − 3 = 0
49x − 70x + 25 = 0
2
Alternative Method
Alternative Method
x = 3, x = – 2
Alternative Method 3 x = 3, x = – 1
x − 3 = 0, 3x + 2 = 0 2 3
x= 5 2x − 3 = 0, 3x + 1 = 0
(x − 3)(3x + 2) = 0
7 (2x − 3)(3x + 1) = 0
7x − 5 = 0 3x2 + 2x − 9x − 6 = 0
6x2 + 2x − 9x − 3 = 0
(7x − 5)2 = 0 3x2 − 7x − 6 = 0
6x2 − 7x − 3 = 0
(7x − 5)(7x − 5) = 0
49x2 − 35x − 35x + 25 = 0
49x2 − 70x + 25 = 0

20
Exercise 5 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.

Example 5
The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px + 6q = 12 are 3 and –5. Find the values of p and q.
Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 + px + 6q = 12 ialah 3 dan –5. Cari nilai p dan q.

Solution
Sum of roots Sum of roots Product of roots
Hasil tambah punca Hasil tambah punca Hasil darab punca
3 + (–5) = 3 − 5 = –2 p 3q − 6 = –15
– = –2
2 3q = –9
Product of roots ∴p=4 ∴q = –3
Hasil darab punca
(3)(–5) = –15 Smart Tip Alternative Method
2 x = 3, x = –5
2x + px + 6q = 12 To solve this question, the
2x2 + px + 6q − 12 = 0 (÷2) equation must be expressed as (x – 3)(x + 5) = 0
x2 – (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0. x2 + 5x − 3x − 15 = 0
p 6q − 12 x2 + 2x − 15 = 0 (32)
x2 + x + =0 Therefore, the coef昀椀cient of x2
2 2 must be changed to 1. 2x2 + 4x − 30 = 0
p Compare/Bandingkan
x2 + 2 x + 3q − 6 = 0 Untuk menyelesaikan soalan ini,
persamaan perlu diungkap sebagai 2x2 + px + 6q − 12 = 0
x2 – (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0. Maka, pekali p = 4, 6q − 12 = –30
Compare with/Bandingkan dengan 6q = –18
bagi x2 mestilah ditukarkan kepada 1.
x2 − (S.O.R) x + (P.O.R) = 0 q = –3

1 The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 − 8x + p = 5 2 The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px − 16 = 0
are 1 and 3. Find the value of p. are 2 and –4. Find the value of p.
Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 − 8x + p = 5 Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 + px − 16 = 0
ialah 1 dan 3. Cari nilai p. ialah 2 dan –4. Cari nilai p.

Given roots 1 and 3 Given roots 2 and –4

Sum of roots = 1 + 3 = 4 Sum of roots = 2 + (–4) = 2 − 4 = –2
Product of roots = (1)(3) = 3 Product of roots = (2)(–4) = –8

2x2 − 8x + p = 5 Product of roots 2x2 + px − 16 = 0 (÷2) Sum of roots

2x2 − 8x + p − 5 = 0 (÷2) p−5 p p
=3 x2 + 2 x − 8 = 0 – = –2
p−5 2 2
x2 − 4x + =0 p–5 =6 ∴p=4
2
p =5+6
Sum of roots = 4
= 11

3 The roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 + px + 6 = q 4 Given p and 5 are the roots of 2x2 + 4x + q = 0.
are –2 and 6. Find the values of p and q. Find the values of p and q.
Punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 3x2 + px + 6 = q Diberi p dan 5 ialah punca bagi 2x2 + 4x + q = 0. Cari nilai
ialah –2 dan 6. Cari nilai p dan q. p dan q.

Given roots –2 and 6 Given roots p and 5

Sum of roots = –2 + 6 = 4 Sum of roots = p + 5
Product of roots = (–2)(6) = –12 Product of roots = 5p
3x2 + px + 6 = q 2x2 + 4x + q = 0 (42)
3x2 + px + 6 − q = 0 (43) q
x2 + 2x + = 0
p 6−q 2
x2 + 3 x + =0 Product of roots
3 Sum of roots
p + 5 = –2 q
Sum of roots Product of roots 5p =
p = –2 − 5 2
p 6−q 5(–7) =
q
–3 = 4 = –12 p = –7 2
3
q
∴ p = –12 6 – q = –36 –35 =
2
q = 42
q = –70

21
 Exercise 6 Solve.
Selesaikan.

Example 6
(a) a and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 3
(b) Given that and β are the roots of
2x2 + 4x − 9 = 0. Form a new quadratic equation 4
with roots a + 2 and β + 2. 20x2 − 7x − 6 = 0, 昀椀nd the value of β.
 dan  ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 + 4x 3
− 9 = 0. Bentukkan satu persamaan kuadratik yang baharu Diberi bahawa
4 dan β ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan
dengan punca  + 2 dan  + 2. kuadratik 20x − 7x − 6 = 0, cari nilai β.
2

Solution Solution
2x2 + 4x − 9 = 0 20x2 − 7x − 6 = 0
PAK-21 a = 2, b = 4, c = –9 a = 20, b = –7, c = –6
Roots: a, β
website

3
Punca: a, β Roots: , β Sum of roots
4
b 4 3 b Hasil tambah punca-punca
a + β = – = – = –2 +β=–
a 2 4 a b
a+β=–
c 9 (–7) 3 a
aβ = = – β=– −
a 2 20 4
New roots: a + 2, β + 2 7 − 15
PAK-21 =
Punca baharu: a + 2, β + 2 20
–8
ACTIVITY

=
Sum of new roots 20
Hasil tambah punca-punca baharu 2
=–
a + 2 + β + 2 = (a + β) + 2 + 2 5
= (–2) + 4
=2
Alternative Method
Product of new roots 3 c Product of roots
Hasil darab punca-punca baharu 4 (β) = a Hasil darab punca-punca
(a + 2)(β + 2) –6 4 c
= aβ + 2a + 2β + 4 β = 20 3 3 aβ =
a
= aβ + 2(a + β) + 4 2
β=–
9 5
 2
= – + 2(–2) + 4
2 Or/Atau
9
=–
2 20x2 – 7x − 6 = 0
(4x − 3)(5x + 2) = 0
New quadratic equation 4x − 3 = 0 or/atau 5x + 2 = 0
Persamaan kuadratik yang baharu 4x = 3 5x = −2
x2 − (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0 3 2
9 x= 4 x =–
 2
x2 − (2)x + – = 0
2 3
5
Roots/Punca: 4 , β
9
x2 − 2x − = 0 2
2 ∴β=–
5
2x2 − 4x − 9 = 0

PAK-21 Trade a problem

Website
ACTIVITY

Steps/Langkah-langkah:
1 Students are required to provide a question of forming quadratic equations from given
roots. Visit https://
www.
Murid-murid dikehendaki menyediakan satu soalan mengenai pembentukan persamaan purplemath.
kuadratik daripada punca yang diberi. com/modules/
2 Students are divided into groups of four. Trade the question with other members. quadform.
Murid-murid dibahagi kepada kumpulan yang terdiri daripada empat orang. Tukar soalan htm for
dengan ahli yang lain. additional
notes on
3 Teacher holds a discussion with students. how to solve
Guru mengadakan perbincangan bersama-sama murid. quadratic
equations.

22
1 Given a and β are the roots of 2 Given a and β are the roots of 3 If a and β are the roots of
the quadratic equation the quadratic equation the quadratic equation
x2 − 7x + 14 = 0, form a new 3x2 − x − 15 = 0, form a new 4x2 + 3x + 12 = 0, form a new
quadratic equation with roots quadratic equation with roots quadratic equation with
a β 5 − a and 5 − β. 4 4
and . Diberi a dan β ialah punca-punca bagi roots and .
3 3 a β
Diberi a dan β ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 3x2 − x − 15 = 0, Jika a dan β ialah punca-punca bagi
persamaan kuadratik x2 − 7x + 14 = 0, bentukkan persamaan kuadratik yang persamaan kuadratik 4x2 + 3x + 12 = 0,
bentukkan persamaan kuadratik yang baharu dengan punca 5 − a dan 5 − β. bentukkan persamaan kuadratik yang
a β 4 4
baharu dengan punca dan .
baharu dengan punca dan .
3 3 3x2 − x − 15 = 0 a β
a = 3, b = –1, c = –15
x2 − 7x + 14 = 0 4x2 + 3x + 12 = 0
Roots: a, β
a = 1, b = –7, c = 14 a = 4, b = 3, c = 12
b (–1) 1
Roots: a, β a+β=– =– = Roots: a, β
a 3 3
b (–7) c –15 b 3
a+β=– =– =7 aβ = = = –5 a+β=– =–
a 1 a 3 a 4
c 14 c 12
aβ = = = 14 New roots: 5 − a, 5 − β aβ = = =3
a 1 a 4
a β 4 4
New roots: 3 , 3 Sum of the new roots New roots: a , β
(5 − a) + (5 − β)
Sum of the new roots = 10 − a – β Sum of the new roots
a β a+β = 10 − (a + β) 4 4 (4β + 4a)
3+3 = 3 1 a+β = aβ
=3
7 = 10 −
3  2 4(β + a)
29 =
= 3 aβ
Product of the new roots 3
a β aβ Product of the new roots
4–  2
4
 2 2
3 3
= 9
(5 − a)(5 − β) = 3
14 = 25 − 5β − 5a + aβ –3
= 9 = 3
= 25 − 5(β + a) + aβ
1 = –1
New quadratic equation
x2 − (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0
= 25 − 5
3  2
−5
55 Product of the new roots
7 14 = 3 4 4 16
x2 −  2
3
x+  2
9
=0  2 2
a β = aβ
New quadratic equation 16
9x2 − 21x + 14 = 0 = 3
x2 − (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0
29 55
x2 − 32x+32=0 New quadratic equation
x2 − (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0
3x2 − 29x + 55 = 0 16
 2
x2 − (–1)x + 3 = 0
3x2 + 3x + 16 = 0

4 Given a and –1 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 6x + k = 0, 昀椀nd the values of a and k.
Diberi a dan –1 ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 − 6x + k = 0, cari nilai a dan k.

c
2x2 − 6x + k = 0 a(–1) =
a
a = 2, b = –6, c = k
k
Roots: a, –1 –a = , (a = 4)
2
b k
a + (–1) = – –4 =
a 2
(–6) –8 =k
a−1=–
2 ∴k = –8
a−1=3
a=4

23
 5 One of the roots of the quadratic equation 6 One of the roots of the quadratic equation
2x2 − mx + m = 0 where m ≠ 0 is twice the other root. 3x2 − 5x + p = 0 is three times the other root. Find
Find the value of m and determine the values of the value of p.
the roots. HOTS Applying Satu daripada punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 3x2 − 5x + p
Satu daripada punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x − mx +2 = 0 ialah tiga kali punca yang satu lagi. Cari nilai p.
m = 0 dengan keadaan m ≠ 0, ialah dua kali punca yang satu
lagi. Cari nilai m dan tentukan nilai bagi punca-punca itu. 3x2 − 5x + p = 0
5 p
2x2 – mx + m = 0 Substitute 1 into 2 x2 − x + = 0
3 3
m2 m
a = 2, b = –m, c = m
 2
6
=
4
Roots: a and 3a
Assume the roots are m 2
m
= Sum of roots = a + 3a = 4a
a and 2a, 36 4 5
Sum of roots: m2 – 9m = 0 4a =
3
b m(m – 9) = 0 5
a + 2a = – m = 0 or m = 9, a=
a 12
(–m) m ≠ 0, so m = 9
3a = – Product of roots = a(3a) = 3a2
2 Substitute m = 9 into p
a=
m
1 2x2 − mx + m = 0 3
= 3a2
6 2x2 − 9x + 9 = 0 p = 9a2
Product of roots: (2x − 3)(x − 3) = 0
c 2x − 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 5
a(2a) = Substitute a = into p = 9a2
a 3 12
m x= x=3 5 2 25
2a2 = 2 p = 9
12 2 16
=
2 ∴ The values of the
m
a =
2 2 3
roots are and 3.
4 2

Exercise 7 Find the range of values of x.

Cari julat nilai x.

Smart Tip
(a) (x − m)(x − n) < 0 or/atau (x − m)(x − n) ≤ 0 (b) (x − m)(x − n) > 0 or/atau (x − m)(x − n) ≥ 0
m<x<n m≤x≤n x < m or/atau x > n x ≤ m, or/atau x ≥ n

x x
m n m n

Example 7 1 x2 < 6 + x 2 x2 + 2x > 15

x2 < 6 + x x2 + 2x > 15
x2 + 7x > 8 x2 − x − 6 < 0 x2 + 2x − 15 > 0
Solution (x + 2)(x − 3) < 0 (x + 5)(x − 3) > 0
x2 + 7x > 8 Roots: x = –2, 3 Roots: x = –5, 3
x
x2 + 7x − 8 > 0 –8 1
(x − 1)(x + 8) > 0 x x
–2 3 –5 3
Roots/Punca: x = –8, 1
x < –8 or/atau x > 1 –2 < x < 3 x < –5 or x>3

3 2x2 − 6x  8 4 –x2 + 2x + 8  0 5 2 > 3x − x2

2x2 − 6x  8 –x2 + 2x + 8  0 2 > 3x − x2
2x2 − 6x − 8  0 x2 − 2x − 8  0 x2 − 3x + 2 > 0
2(x2 − 3x − 4)  0 (x − 4)(x + 2)  0 (x − 1)(x − 2) > 0
2(x + 1)(x − 4)  0
Roots: x = –2, 4 Roots: x = 1, 2
Roots: x = –1, 4
x x
–2 4 1 2
x
–1 4
–2  x  4 x<1 or x>2
–1  x  4

24
Exercise 8 Solve.
Selesaikan. HOTS Applying

TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang fungsi kuadratik dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

1 The graph of a quadratic function g(x) = px2 – 6x + q, where p and q are constants, has a minimum point.
Graf bagi fungsi kuadratik g(x) = px2 – 6x + q, dengan keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar, mempunyai satu titik minimum.
(a) Given p is an integer such that –2 < p < 2, state the value of p.
Diberi p ialah satu integer dengan keadaan –2 < p < 2, nyatakan nilai bagi p.
(b) Using the answer in (a), 昀椀nd the value of q when the graph touches the x-axis at one point.
Dengan menggunakan jawapan di (a), cari nilai bagi q apabila graf itu menyentuh paksi-x pada satu titik.
(c) Sketch the graph of g(x).
Lakarkan graf bagi g(x).

(a) p = –1 dan 1 (c) g(x) = x2 − 6x + 9

g(x) has a minimum point, g(x) > 0 = (x − 3)2
∴p=1 g(x)
g(x) = x2 − 6x + q
(b) Since the graph touches the x-axis at
one point, then 9
b2 − 4ac = 0
(–6) − 4(1)(q) = 0
2
x
36 − 4q = 0 0 3

–4q = –36
q=9

2.2 Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations / Jenis-jenis Punca Persamaan Kuadratik

Smart Tip
1 Given a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0./Diberi persamaan kuadratik ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(a) If b2 – 4ac > 0, then the equation has two different real roots.
Jika b2 – 4ac > 0, maka persamaan mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.
x x
a>0 a<0
(b) If b2 – 4ac = 0, then the equation has two equal real roots. x
Jika b2 – 4ac = 0, maka persamaan mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama.
x
a>0 a<0

(c) If b2 – 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real roots. x

Jika b2 – 4ac < 0, maka persamaan tidak mempunyai punca nyata.

x
a>0 a<0
2
2 The term ‘discriminant’ refers to the expression b – 4ac./ Istilah ‘pembezalayan’ merujuk kepada ungkapan b – 4ac. 2

Exercise 9 Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations.
Tentukan jenis punca bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut.

Example 8 1 x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 2 4x2 − 4x + 1 = 0

3x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 a = 1, b = –2, c = –3 a = 4, b = –4, c = 1

Solution b2 – 4ac = (–2)2 – 4(1)(–3) b2 – 4ac = (–4)2 – 4(4)(1)
a = 3, b = –2, c = 5 = 4 + 12 = 16 – 16
b2 – 4ac = (–2)2 – 4(3)(5) = 16 =0
= 4 – 60 16 > 0 So, the quadratic equation
= –56 So, the quadratic equation 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 has two equal
–56 < 0 x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 has two different real roots.
So, the quadratic equation real roots.
3x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 has no real roots.
Maka, persamaan kuadratik
3x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 tidak mempunyai
punca nyata.

25
 3 2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 4 2x2 – x + 6 = 0 5 9x2 – 12x + 4 = 0

a = 2, b = 3, c = –5 a = 2, b = –1, c = 6 a = 9, b = –12, c = 4
b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – 4(2)(–5) b2 – 4ac = (–1)2 – 4(2)(6) b2 – 4ac = (–12)2 – 4(9)(4)
= 9 + 40 = 1 – 48 = 144 – 144
= 49 = –47 =0
49 > 0 –47 < 0 So, the quadratic equation
So, the quadratic equation So, the quadratic equation 9x2 – 12x + 4 = 0 has two equal
2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 has two 2x2 – x + 6 = 0 has no real real roots.
different real roots. roots.

Exercise 10 Find the range of values of k if the following quadratic equations have two different real roots.
Cari julat bagi nilai k jika persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.

Example 9 1 x2 – 5x + 3 = k 2 3x2 + 2x + k = 5

2x2 + 6x + 5 = k x2 − 5x + 3 = k 3x2 + 2x + k = 5
x2 − 5x + 3− k = 0 3x2 + 2x + k – 5 = 0
Solution
∴ a = 1, b = –5, c = 3 – k ∴ a = 3, b = 2, c = k – 5
Given/Diberi
2x2 + 6x + 5 = k
2x2 + 6x + 5 − k = 0 Has two different real roots, Has two different real roots,
∴ a = 2, b = 6, c = 5 – k b2 − 4ac > 0 b2 − 4ac > 0
(–5)2 − 4(1)(3 − k) > 0 (2)2 − 4(3)(k − 5) > 0
Has two different real roots, 25 – 12 + 4k > 0 4 − 12k + 60 > 0
Mempunyai dua punca nyata yang 13 + 4k > 0 –12k + 64 > 0
berbeza, 4k > –13 –12k > –64
b2 − 4ac > 0 12k < 64
13
(6)2 − 4(2)(5 − k) > 0 k>– 64
36 − 40 + 8k > 0 4 k<
12
–4 + 8k > 0 16
8k > 4 k<
3
1
k>
2

3 kx2 + 6x = –1 4 kx2 + 2x = 1 – x2 5 2x2 + 4x + k = 1

kx2 + 6x = –1 kx2 + 2x = 1 − x2 2x2 + 4x + k = 1

kx2 + 6x + 1 = 0 kx2 + x2 + 2x − 1 = 0 2x2 + 4x + k − 1 = 0
∴ a = k, b = 6, c = 1 (k + 1)x2 + 2x − 1 = 0 ∴a = 2, b = 4, c = k – 1
∴ a = k + 1, b = 2, c = –1
Has two different real roots,
Has two different real roots,
Has two different real roots, b2 − 4ac > 0
b2 − 4ac > 0
b2 − 4ac > 0 (4)2 − 4(2)(k − 1) > 0
(6)2 − 4(k)(1) > 0
(2)2 − 4(k + 1)(–1) > 0 16 − 8k + 8 > 0
–4k > –36
4 + 4k + 4 > 0 24 − 8k > 0
4k < 36
8 + 4k > 0 –8k > –24
k <9
4k > –8 8k < 24
k > –2 k <3

26
Exercise 11 Find the value of k if the following quadratic equations have two equal real roots.
Cari nilai bagi k jika persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama.

Example 10 1 x2 − 6x + 1 = k 2 3x2 + 4x + k = 2

2x2 + 3x + 6 = k x2 − 6x + 1 = k 3x2 + 4x + k = 2
Solution x2 − 6x + 1 − k = 0 3x2 + 4x + k − 2 = 0
Given/Diberi ∴ a = 1, b = –6, c = 1 − k ∴ a = 3, b = 4, c = k − 2
2x2 + 3x + 6 = k
2x2 + 3x + 6 − k = 0 Has two equal real roots, Has two equal real roots,
∴ a = 2, b = 3, c = 6 − k b2 − 4ac = 0 b2 − 4ac = 0
Has two equal real roots, (–6)2 − 4(1)(1 − k) = 0 (4)2 − 4(3)(k − 2) = 0
Mempunyai dua punca nyata yang 36 − 4 + 4k = 0 16 − 12k + 24 = 0
sama, 32 + 4k = 0 40 − 12k = 0
b2 − 4ac = 0 4k = –32 –12k = –40
(3)2 − 4(2)(6 − k) = 0 k = –8 k=
10
9 − 48 + 8k = 0 3
–39 + 8k = 0
8k = 39
39
k=
8

3 kx2 − 2x = 6 4 x2 + kx + 1 = –x 5 x2 + 2x = kx2 + 3

kx2 − 2x = 6 x2 + kx + 1 = –x x2 + 2x = kx2 + 3
kx2 − 2x − 6 = 0 x2 + kx + x + 1 = 0 x2 − kx2 + 2x – 3 = 0
∴ a = k, b = –2, c = –6 x2 + (k + 1)x + 1 = 0 (1 − k)x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
∴ a = 1, b = k + 1, c = 1 ∴ a = 1 − k, b = 2, c = –3
Has two equal real roots,
Has two equal real roots, Has two equal real roots,
b2 − 4ac = 0
b2 − 4ac = 0 b2 − 4ac = 0
(–2)2 – 4(k)(–6) = 0
(k + 1)2 − 4(1)(1) = 0 (2)2 − 4(1 − k)(–3) = 0
4 + 24k = 0
(k + 1)2 − 4 = 0 4 + 12 − 12k = 0
24k = –4
(k + 1 + 2)(k + 1 − 2) = 0 16 − 12k = 0
1
k=– (k + 3)(k − 1) = 0 –12k = –16
6
k + 3 = 0 or k − 1 = 0 4
k=
k = –3 k=1 3

Exercise 12 Find the range of values of k if the following quadratic equations have no real roots.
Cari julat bagi bagi nilai k jika persamaan kuadratik berikut tidak mempunyai punca nyata.

Example 11 1 x2 – 5x + 3 = k 2 2x2 + 4x + k = 1

3x2 + 2x + 1 = k x2 − 5x + 3 = k 2x2 + 4x + k = 1
x2 − 5x + 3 − k = 0 2x2 + 4x + k − 1 = 0
Solution ∴ a = 1, b = –5, c = 3 − k ∴ a = 2, b = 4, c = k − 1
Given/Diberi
3x2 + 2x + 1 = k Has no real roots, Has no real roots,
3x2 + 2x + 1 − k = 0 b2 − 4ac < 0 b2 − 4ac < 0
∴ a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 − k (–5)2 − 4(1)(3 − k) < 0 (4)2 − 4(2)(k − 1) < 0
25 − 12 + 4k < 0 16 – 8k + 8 < 0
Has no real roots 13 + 4k < 0 –8k < –24
Tidak mempunyai punca nyata, 4k < –13 8k > 24
b2 − 4ac < 0 13 k >3
(2)2 − 4(3)(1 − k) < 0 k <–
4
4 − 12 + 12k < 0
–8 + 12k < 0
12k < 8
2
k<
3

27
 3 kx2 + 3x = 7 4 kx2 + x = x2 – 2 5 2kx2 + 3x = x2 + 2

kx2 + 3x = 7 kx2 + x = x2 – 2 2kx2 + 3x = x2 + 2

kx2 + 3x − 7 = 0 kx2 − x2 + x + 2 = 0 2kx2 − x2 + 3x − 2 = 0
∴ a = k, b = 3, c = –7 (k − 1)x2 + x + 2 = 0 (2k − 1)x2 + 3x − 2 = 0
∴ a = k – 1, b = 1, c = 2 ∴ a = 2k − 1, b = 3, c = –2
Has no real roots,
b2 − 4ac < 0 Has no real roots, Has no real roots,
(3)2 − 4(k)(–7) < 0 b2 − 4ac < 0 b2 − 4ac < 0
9 + 28k < 0 (1)2 − 4(k − 1)(2) < 0 (3)2 − 4(2k − 1)(–2) < 0
28k < –9 1 − 8k + 8 < 0 9 + 16k − 8 < 0
9 –8k < –9 1 + 16k < 0
k <–
28 8k > 9 16k < –1
9 1
k> k <–
8 16

2.3 Quadratic Functions / Fungsi Kuadratik

Smart Tip
Given a quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,/Diberi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
(a) If a is positive (a > 0), the graph of the function has a minimum point,
Jika a ialah positif (a > 0), graf fungsi itu mempunyai satu titik minimum,
(b) If a is negative (a < 0), the graph of the function has a maximum point.
Jika a ialah negatif (a < 0), graf fungsi itu mempunyai satu titik maksimum.

Exercise 13 Determine whether the graph of each of the following quadratic functions has a maximum
point or minimum point.
Tentukan sama ada graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut mempunyai titik maksimum atau titik minimum.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik.

Example 12 1 f(x) = 5x − 6 + 2x2

f(x) = 2x – 4x2 – 3 Since a = 2 > 0, the graph of

Solution the function is a parabola with
Since a = –4 < 0, the graph of the function is a parabola with a a minimum point.
maximum point.
Oleh sebab a = –4 < 0, graf fungsi ialah satu parabola dengan satu titik maksimum.

Common Error
f(x) = 2x – 4x2 – 3, a = 2
Incorrect because 2 is the value for b. Students must be aware of the
arrangement of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c in the function given.
Salah kerana 2 ialah nilai bagi b. Murid perlu berhati-hati dengan susunan
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c dalam fungsi yang diberi.

2 f(x) = –3x2 − 2x − 6 3 f(x) = –5x2 − 6x + 2 4 f(x) = 6x + 3x2 − 4

Since a = –3 < 0, the graph of Since a = –5 < 0, the graph of Since a = 3 > 0, the graph of
the function is a parabola with the function is a parabola with the function is a parabola with
a maximum point. a maximum point. a minimum point.

28
Exercise 14 Sketch the graph for each of the following quadratic functions.
Lakarkan graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 13 1 Given/Diberi 2 Given/Diberi

f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3 f(x) = x2 – 2x + 3
Given/Diberi
f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3
Solution f(x) f(x)

f(x)

x
0
3
3

–3
x x
0 0

3 Given/Diberi 4 Given/Diberi 5 Given/Diberi

f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 f(x) = –x2 + 2x + 3 f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 3

f(x)
f(x)
f(x)

x
3 0
x
0

–3
x
0
–3

Smart Tip
1 (a) If b2 − 4ac > 0, then the function has two different real roots.
Jika b2 − 4ac > 0, maka fungsi mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.
(b) Graph f(x) intersects the x-axis at two different points. x x
Graf f(x) menyilang paksi-x pada dua titik yang berlainan. a>0 a<0

2 (a) If b2 − 4ac = 0, then the function has two equal real roots.
Jika b2 − 4ac = 0, maka fungsi mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama. x
(b) Graph f(x) intersects the x-axis at one point only, where x-axis is the
tangent to the curve.
x
Graf f(x) menyilang paksi-x pada satu titik sahaja, dengan keadaan paksi-x ialah tangen a>0 a<0
kepada lengkung itu.

3 (a) If b2 − 4ac < 0, then the function has no real roots. x

Jika b2 − 4ac < 0, maka fungsi tidak mempunyai punca nyata.
(b) Graph f(x) does not intersect the x-axis.
Graf f(x) tidak menyilang paksi-x. x
a>0 a<0

29
Exercise 15 Find the range of values of k if the curve of the following quadratic functions intersect the
x-axis at two different points.
Cari julat nilai k jika lengkung bagi fungsi kuadratik berikut menyilang paksi-x pada dua titik yang berlainan.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 14 1 f(x) = x2 + 6x + k
f(x) = 3x2 − 2x + k − 5 a = 1, b = 6, c = k
Solution
a = 3, b = –2, c = k − 5 b2 – 4ac > 0
If the curve intersects the x–axis at two different points, then f(x) has (6)2 − 4(1)(k) > 0
two different real roots. 36 − 4k > 0
Jika lengkung menyilang paksi-x pada dua titik yang berlainan, maka f(x) –4k > –36
mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza. 4k < 36
b2 − 4ac > 0 k<9
(–2) – 4(3)(k − 5) > 0
2
Common Error
4 – 12k + 60 > 0 –12k > –64 When multiplying or dividing an
–12k + 64 > 0 –64 inequality by a negative number, reverse
–12k > –64 k > –12 the direction of the inequality notation.
16 16 Apabila mendarab atau membahagi suatu
k< k > 3 ketaksamaan dengan suatu nombor negatif,
3
songsangkan arah tatatanda ketaksamaan itu.

2 f(x) = –x2 + 2x – k + 4 3 f(x) = 4x2 + kx + 4 4 f(x) = (k − 3)x2 – 2x – 4

a = –1, b = 2, c = –k + 4 a = 4, b = k, c = 4 a = k – 3, b = –2, c = –4
2
b – 4ac > 0 b − 4ac > 0
2
b2 − 4ac > 0
(2)2 − 4(–1)(–k + 4) > 0 k2 − 4(4)(4) > 0 (–2)2 − 4(k − 3)(–4) > 0
4 + 4(–k + 4) > 0 k2 − 64 > 0 4 + 16k − 48 > 0
4 − 4k + 16 > 0 (k + 8)(k − 8) > 0 16k > 44
–4k + 20 > 0 k < –8 or k > 8 11
k>
–4k > –20 4
4k < 20
k<5

Exercise 16 Find the value (or values) of m if the curve of the following quadratic functions intersect the
x-axis at one point only.
Cari nilai (atau nilai-nilai) bagi m jika lengkung bagi fungsi kuadratik berikut menyilang paksi-x pada satu
titik sahaja.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 15 1 f(x) = –2x2 + x + m

f(x) = mx2 + 3x + 6 a = –2, b = 1, c = m

Intersects x-axis at one point
Solution b2 − 4ac = 0 only,
a = m, b = 3, c = 6 (3)2 − 4(m)(6) = 0 b2 – 4ac = 0
If the curve intersects the x–axis at one 9 − 24m = 0 (1)2 – 4(–2)(m) = 0
point only, then f(x) has two equal roots. –24m = –9 1 + 8m = 0
Jika lengkung menyilang paksi-x pada satu titik 3 8m = –1
sahaja, maka f(x) mempunyai dua punca yang sama. m= 1
8 m=–
8
2 f(x) = 4x2 − 6x − m − 2 3 f(x) = 1 − 8x − mx2 4 f(x) = x2 − mx + m + 8
a = 4, b = –6, c = –m − 2 a = –m, b = –8, c = 1 a = 1, b = –m, c = m + 8
Intersects x-axis at one Intersects x-axis at one point Intersects x-axis at one point
point only, only, only,
b2 − 4ac = 0 b2 − 4ac = 0 b2 – 4ac = 0
(–6)2 − 4(4)(–m − 2) = 0 (–8)2 − 4(–m)(1) = 0 (–m)2 − 4(1)(m + 8) = 0
36 + 16m + 32 = 0 64 + 4m = 0 m2 − 4m − 32 = 0
16m = –68 4m = –64 (m + 4)(m − 8) = 0
17 m = –16 m + 4 = 0 or m − 8 = 0
m=–
4 m = –4 m =8

30
Exercise 17 Find the range of values of n if the curve of the following quadratic functions do not intersect
the x-axis.
Cari julat nilai n jika lengkung bagi fungsi kuadratik berikut tidak menyilang paksi-x.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 16 1 f(x) = –2x2 – 4x − n + 1

f(x) = 2x2 − 6x + 1 − n a = –2, b = –4, c = –n + 1

Does not intersect x-axis,
Solution
b2 − 4ac < 0
a = 2, b = –6, c = 1 − n b2 − 4ac < 0
(–4)2 − 4(–2)(–n + 1) < 0
If the curve does not intersect the x–axis, (–6)2 − 4(2)(1 − n) < 0
16 – 8n + 8 < 0
then f(x) does not have real roots. 36 − 8 + 8n < 0
–8n < –24
Jika lengkung itu tidak menyilang paksi-x, maka 8n < –28
8n > 24
f(x) tidak mempunyai punca yang nyata. 7
n <– n>3
2

2 f(x) = nx2 – 2x – 8 3 f(x) = nx2 − 12x + 6 4 f(x) = 6 − 2x + (n − 1)x2

a = n, b = –2, c = –8 a = n, b = –12, c = 6 a = n – 1, b = –2, c = 6

Does not intersect x-axis, Does not intersect x-axis, Does not intersect x-axis,
b2 − 4ac < 0 b2 − 4ac < 0 b2 − 4ac < 0
(–2)2 − 4(n)(–8) < 0 (–12)2 − 4(n)(6) < 0 (–2)2 − 4(n − 1)(6) < 0
4 + 32n < 0 144 − 24n < 0 4 − 24n + 24 < 0
32n < –4 –24n < –144 –24n < –28
1 24n > 144 24n > 28
n<–
8 n>6 7
n>
6

Exercise 18 By using completing the square method, express the following quadratic functions in the
form of f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. Hence, state the coordinates of the vertex of the function.
Dengan menggunakan kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua, ungkapkan fungsi kuadratik berikut dalam bentuk
f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. Seterusnya, nyatakan koordinat verteks bagi fungsi itu.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 17 1 f(x) = x2 – 6x – 8 2 f(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 15

f(x) = x2 – 6x – 8 f(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 15
f(x) = 2x2 – 7x – 4
6 2 = 3[x2 – 4x + 5]
= x2 – 6x + –  22 –
4 2
Solution
6 2 3
= 3 x2 – 4x + –  22 –
f(x) = 2x2 – 7x – 4
 2
– –8
– 2 2
2
2 4
3
7
= 2 x2 – x – 2
2 4 = (x – 3)2 – 9 – 8
+5 4
= (x – 3)2 – 17 2
= 3[(x – 2) – 4 + 5]
7 7 2
3
= 2 x2 – x + –
2 4
–  2 a = 1 > 0, f(x) has a minimum = 3[(x – 2)2 + 1]
value. = 3(x – 2)2 + 3
7 2
–
4 2
–2 4 Minimum vertex = (3 , –17) a = 3 > 0, f(x) has a minimum
value.
7 2 49 Minimum vertex = (2 , 3)
=2 x– 3 4
– 2
16
–2 4
7 2 81 3 f(x) = –x2 – 8x + 13 4 f(x) = –3x2 – 24x + 27
=2 x– 3 4
– 2
16 4 f(x) = –x2 – 8x + 13 f(x) = –3x2 – 24x + 27
7 2 81 = –[x2 + 8x – 13] = –3[x2 + 8x – 9]
=2 x–  4
– 2 8 8 2 8 2
3
= – x2 + 8x +
2  2
– 3
= –3 x2 + 8x +
2
– 2
a = 2 > 0, f(x) has a minimum
8 2 8 2
value.  2
2
– 13 4  2
2
–9 4
a = 2 > 0, f(x) mempunyai nilai
minimum.
= –[(x + 4)2 – 16 – 13] = –3[(x + 4)2 – 16 – 9]
7 81 = –[(x + 4)2 – 29] = –3[(x + 4)2 – 25]
Minimum vertex = 4 ,–
8 2 = –(x + 4)2 + 29 = –3(x + 4)2 + 75
Verteks minimum a = –1 < 0, f(x) has a maximum a = –3 < 0, f(x) has a maximum
value. value.
Maximum vertex = (–4 , 29) Maximum vertex = (–4, 75)

31
Exercise 19 Make generalisation about the shape and the position of the graph f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k when
the values of a, h and k are changed.
Buat generalisasi terhadap bentuk dan kedudukan graf f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k apabila nilai-nilai a, h dan k berubah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

The diagram shows a graph Example 18

f(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2, where a = 1,
h = –1 and k = 2. f(x) = 9(x + 1)2 + 2
Rajah menunjukkan graf Solution
f(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2, dengan keadaan
When the value of a changes from 1 to 9, the width f(x)
a = 1, h = –1 dan k = 2.
of the graph decreases. The axis of symmetry and
f(x) 11
the minimum value of the graph remain unchanged.
When x = 0,
f(x) = 9(0 + 1)2 + 2 = 11
Apabila nilai a berubah daripada 1 kepada 9, kelebaran graf
3 berkurang. Paksi simetri dan nilai minimum graf tidak berubah. (–1, 2) 2
Apabila x = 0, x
(–1, 2) –1 0
f(x) = 9(0 + 1)2 + 2 = 11
x
0

1 f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 2 2 f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 2

When the value of h changes from –1 to 1, the When the value of k changes from 2 to –2, the graph
graph with the same shape moves 2 units to with the same shape moves 4 units downward.
the right. The axis of symmetry is x = 1 and the The minimum value becomes –2 and the axis of
minimum value remains unchanged, that is 2. symmetry remains unchanged, that is x = –1.
When x = 0, When x = 0,
f(x) = (0 – 1)2 + 2 = 3 f(x) = (0 + 1)2 – 2 = –1
f(x) f(x)

3
x
2 –1 0
(1, 2)
–1

x –2
0 1 (–1, –2)

Exercise 20 Sketch the graph for each of the following quadratic functions. HOTS Analysing
Lakarkan graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang fungsi kuadratik untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 19

f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12 The maximum point = (2, 16)

Titik maksimum = (2, 16)
Solution
a = –1 < 0, graph has the shape of ∩ To 昀椀nd the x-intercept, substitute f(x) = 0.
a = –1 < 0, graf mempunyai bentuk ∩ Untuk mencari pintasan-x, gantikan f(x) = 0.
f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12 –x2 + 4x + 12 = 0
= –(x2 − 4x − 12) (–x − 2)(x − 6) = 0 Common Error
42 42 –x − 2 = 0 or/atau x − 6 = 0
3
= – x2 − 4x + –
2  2  2
− –
2
− 12 4 x = –2 x =6
f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12
= x2 – 4x – 12
= –[x − 4x + (–2) − (–2) − 12]
2 2 2

= –[(x − 2)2 – 16] = –(x − 2)2 + 16 To 昀椀nd the f(x)-intercept, substitute x = 0.

Untuk mencari pintasan-f(x), gantikan x = 0.
Alternative Method f(x) = –(0)2 + 4(0) + 12 = 12 f(x)
(2, 16)
The maximum point can also be obtained by 16
昀椀nding the image of 2, for example: 12
Titik maksimum juga boleh diperoleh dengan mencari
imej bagi 2, contohnya:
f(2) = –(2)2 + 4(2) + 12 = 16
∴ Maximum point/Titik maksimum
= (2, 16) x
–2 O 2 6

32
1 f(x) = –x2 + 6x + 16 2 f(x) = x2 − 4x − 5
a = –1 < 0, graph has the shape of ∩ a = 1 > 0, graph has the shape of ∪
f(x) = –x2 + 6x + 16 f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5
= –(x2 – 6x – 16) 42 42
62 62  2  2
= x2 − 4x + – – – − 5
2 2
[  2  2
= – x2 – 6x + –
2
– –
2
– 16 4 = x2 – 4x + (–2)2 – (–2)2 − 5
= –[x2 – 6x + (–3)2 – (–3)2 – 16] = (x – 2)2 – 9
= –[(x – 3)2 − 25] The minimum point = (2, –9)
= –(x – 3)2 + 25
When f(x) = 0,
The maximum point = (3, 25)
x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
f(x)
When f(x) = 0, (x + 1)(x – 5) = 0
–x2 + 6x + 16 = 0 x + 1 = 0 or x – 5 = 0
(–x – 2)(x – 8) = 0 x = –1 x =5 x
f(x) –1 0 2 5
–x – 2 = 0 or x − 8 = 0
25 (3, 25) When x = 0,
x = –2 x =8
f(x) = (0)2 – 4(0) − 5 –5
16
When x = 0, = –5
–9
f(x) = –(0)2 + 6(0) + 16 (2, –9)
= 16
x
–2 0 3 8

3 f(x) = –x2 − 7x + 8 4 f(x) = 2x2 − 4x − 16

a = –1 < 0, graph has the shape of ∩
a = 2 > 0, graph has the shape of ∪
f(x) = –x2 − 7x + 8
f(x) = 2x2 – 4x – 16
= –(x2 + 7x − 8)
= 2[x2 – 2x – 8]
72 72
3
= – x2 + 7x +2 2
2
–
2
–84 3
22
 2  2 4
22
= 2 x2 – 2x + – – – – 8
2 2
7 2 81
3
=– x+
22 −4 4 = 2[x – 2x + (–1) − (–1)2 – 8]
2 2

7 2 81 = 2[(x – 1)2 – 9]

=– x+
22 +
4 = 2(x – 1)2 – 18
7 81 The minimum point = (1, –18)
The maximum point = – , 2 4 2 When f(x) = 0,
When f(x) = 0, 2x2 – 4x – 16 = 0
–x2 – 7x + 8 = 0 f(x) 2(x2 – 2x – 8) = 0 f(x)
7 —81
(–x + 1)(x + 8) = 0 (–—,
2 4
) 7 —
81
2(x + 2)(x – 4) = 0
–x + 1 = 0 or x+8=0 2 4 x + 2 = 0 or x – 4 = 0
8 x
x =1 x = –8 x = –2 x=4 –2 0 1 4
When x = 0, When x = 0,
f(x) = –(0)2 – 7(0) + 8 x f(x) = 2(0)2 + 4(0) – 16 –16
=8 –8 7 0 1
–—
2
= –16 –18
(1, –18)

5 f(x) = –3x2 + 12x + 15

a = –3 < 0, graph has the shape of ∩ When f(x) = 0,
f(x) = –3x2 + 12x + 15 –3x2 + 12x + 15 = 0 f(x)
= –3(x2 − 4x − 5) –3(x2 – 4x – 5) = 0 27 (2, 27)
42 42 –3(x + 1)(x – 5) = 0
3  2  2 4
= –3 x2 – 4x + –
2
– –
2
–5 x+1=0 or x – 5 = 0
15

= –3[x2 – 4x + (–2)2 – (–2)2 – 5] x = –1 x=5

= –3[(x – 2)2 − 9] x
= –3(x – 2)2 + 27 When x = 0, –1 0 2 5
The maximum point = (2, 27) f(x) = –3(0)2 + 12(0) + 15
= 15

33
Exercise 21 Solve.
Selesaikan.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang fungsi kuadratik dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.
TP 5 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang fungsi kuadratik dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang kompleks.

Example 20

An object is thrown vertically upwards from a Solution

position. The height, h in metre, of the object at (a) h(t) = –4t2 + 8t + 12
time t seconds is given by the function 1
When/Apabila t = ,
h(t) = –4t2 + 8t + 12. 2
1 2 1
 2  2
Suatu objek dilambung ke atas dari suatu kedudukan. Tinggi, h
h(t) = –4 +8 + 12
dalam meter, objek itu pada masa t saat diberi oleh fungsi 2 2
h(t) = –4t2 + 8t + 12. = –1 + 4 + 12 = 15 m
1 (b) h(t) = –4t2 + 8t + 12
(a) Find the height of the object when t = second.
2 = –4[t2 – 2t – 3]
1
Cari tinggi objek itu apabila t =
2
saat. = –4[t2 – 2t + (–1)2 – (–1)2 – 3]
(b) In how many seconds will the object reach the = –4[(t – 1)2 – 4]
maximum height? = –4(t – 1)2 + 16
Dalam masa berapa saatkah objek itu akan mencapai tinggi The object reaches the maximum height in
maksimum? 1 second.
(c) What is the maximum height of the object? Objek itu mencapai tinggi maksimum dalam masa 1 saat.
Berapakah tinggi maksimum objek itu? (c) Maximum point/Titik maksimum = (1, 16)
The maximum height is 16 m.
Tinggi maksimum ialah 16 m.

1 The number of students who graduated from a college is given by the function f(x) = x2 – 6x + 84. In which
year at least 100 students graduated from the college?
Bilangan pelajar yang tamat pengajian di sebuah kolej diberi oleh fungsi f(x) = x2 – 6x + 84. Pada tahun ke berapakah bilangan
pelajar yang tamat pengajian sekurang-kurangnya 100 orang?

f(x) ≥ 100
x2 – 6x + 84 ≥ 100
x2 – 6x – 16 ≥ 0 –2 8
x
(x + 2)(x – 8) ≥ 0

From the graph, x ≤ –2, x ≥ 8

So, at least 100 students graduated from the
college in the 8th year.

2 A ball is thrown vertically upwards from a position. The height, h in metre, of the ball at time t seconds is
given by the function h(t) = –6t2 + 24t + 30.
Sebiji bola dilambung ke atas dari suatu kedudukan. Tinggi, h dalam meter, bola itu pada masa t saat diberi oleh fungsi
h(t) = –6t2 + 24t + 30.
(a) What is the height of the ball when t = 1 second?
Berapakah tinggi bola itu apabila t = 1 saat?
(b) In how many seconds will the object reach the maximum height?
Dalam masa berapa saatkah objek itu akan mencapai tinggi maksimum?
(c) What is the maximum height of the object?
Berapakah tinggi maksimum objek itu?

(a) When t = 1, (c) Maximum point = (2, 54)

h(t) = –6t2 + 24t + 30 The maximum height is 54 m.
= –6(1)2 + 24(1) + 30
= –6 + 24 + 30
= 48 m
(b) h(t) = –6t2 + 24t + 30
= –6[t2 – 4t – 5]
= –6[t2 – 4t + (–2)2 – (–2)2 – 5]
= –6[(t – 2)2 – 9]
= –6(t – 2)2 + 54
The ball reaches the maximum height in 2 seconds.

34
 1 2 T
3 The diagram shows a parabolic gateway that is represented by the graph y = – x + 8.
50
The distance between the two ends of the curve, PQ is 70 m and the height of PQ from
the horizontal ground, EF is 12 m. Find the maximum height, in m, of the gateway
from the horizontal ground.
1 2 P Q
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah pintu gerbang berbentuk parabola yang diwakili oleh graf y = – x + 8.
50
Jarak di antara dua hujung lengkung, PQ ialah 70 m dan tinggi PQ dari permukaan tanah mengufuk,
EF ialah 12 m. Cari tinggi maksimum, dalam m, pintu gerbang itu dari permukaan tanah mengufuk.
E F

y = – 1 x2 + 8
50
When x = 0, y = – 1 (0)2 + 8 = 8
50
70 1
When x = = 35, y = – (35)2 + 8 = –16.5
2 50

8m
x
0
16.5 m
P Q
(35, –16.5)
12 m

E F
70 m

The maximum height = 8 m + 16.5 m + 12 m = 36.5 m

4 In an experiment, an object is launched at an acute angle from a horizontal plane. The height of the object,
y, is represented by the graph y = – 1 x2 + 2x, where x is the horizontal distance from the point of the
36
launching.
Dalam satu eksperimen, sebuah objek dilancarkan pada suatu sudut tirus dari satah mengufuk. Tinggi objek itu, y, diwakili oleh
1
graf y = – x2 + 2x, dengan keadaan x ialah jarak mengufuk dari titik pelancaran.
36
(a) What is the horizontal distance of the object from the point of launching when it reaches the
maximum point?
Berapakah jarak mengufuk objek itu dari titik pelancaran apabila ia mencapai titik maksimum?
(b) Determine the maximum height of the object.
Tentukan tinggi maksimum objek itu.
(c) How far has the object travelled horizontally before it falls to the horizontal plane again?
Berapa jauhkah objek itu telah bergerak secara mengufuk sebelum objek itu jatuh ke satah mengufuk semula?

1 2
(a) y = – x + 2x (b) 36 m
36 (c) When y = 0
1
= – [x2 – 72x] 1
36 – x2 + 2x = 0
36
1 2 72 2 72 2
=–
36 3
x – 72x + –
2 – –2 
2 24 
x – 1 x+2 =0 2
36
1 2
=–
36 3
x – 72x + (–36)2 – 362 4 x = 0 or – 1 x + 2 = 0
36
1
= – [(x – 36)2 – 362] – 1 x = –2
36 36
1 x = 72
= – (x – 36)2 + 36
36 The object travelled 72 m horizontally before
Maximum point = (36, 36) it falls to the horizontal plane again.
When the object reaches the maximum
point, the horizontal distance is 36 m.

35
 Review 2
Paper 1
Section A
1 (a) Express 3x(x − 1) = (3 − x)(x + 1) in general form. 4 Given the graph of a quadratic function
Ungkapkan 3x(x − 1) = (3 − x)(x + 1) dalam bentuk am. h(x) = –5[(x – 4)2 – 2p], where p is a constant has a
[2 marks/markah] maximum turning point (4, 6p – 12).
(b) Hence, solve the quadratic equation. Give the Diberi graf bagi fungsi kuadratik h(x) = –5[(x – 4)2 – 2p],
answers correct to three decimal places. dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar mempunyai satu titik
Seterusnya, selesaikan persamaan kuadratik. Berikan pusingan maksimum (4, 6p – 12).
jawapan betul kepada tiga tempat perpuluhan. (a) State the value of p.
[2 marks/markah] Nyatakan nilai p.
(b) State the type of roots for h(x) = 0. Give your
2 (a) Given –4 is one of the roots of the quadratic reason.
equation 3(x + h)2 = 75, where h is a constant. Nyatakan jenis punca bagi h(x) = 0. Berikan sebab anda.
Find the values of h. [4 marks/markah]
Diberi –4 ialah salah satu punca bagi persamaan
kuadratik 3(x + h)2 = 75, dengan keadaan h ialah pemalar. 5 Diagram 1 shows the graph of a quadratic
Cari nilai-nilai h. 1
[2 marks/markah] function g(x) = kx + m − n , such that k, m, n and p
x
(b) If a and β are the roots of the quadratic are constants.
equation x2 − 3x – 5 = 0, form a quadratic Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi kuadratik
1 1 1
equation with the roots and . g(x) = kx + m − n , dengan keadaan k, m, n dan p ialah pemalar.
a β x
Jika a dan β ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan y
kuadratik x2 − 3x – 5 = 0, bentukkan persamaan dengan 1
g(x) = kx + m –
1 1 xn
punca-punca dan .
a β
[3 marks/markah]

3 (a) It is given that the quadratic equation

hx2 + 6x + k = 4 has two equal real roots, such
that h and k are constants. Express h in terms x
O p p+4
of k.
Diberi persamaan kuadratik hx2 + 6x + k = 4
mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama, dengan
keadaan h dan k ialah pemalar. Ungkapkan h dalam
sebutan k. Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
[2 marks/markah] (a) State the the value of n.
(b) The quadratic equation x2 + x = 3kx – k2 has Nyatakan nilai n.
two different real roots. Find the range of (b) If g(x) = 0 and the product of roots is 12, 昀椀nd
values of k. the value of k and of m.
Persamaan kuadratik x2 + x = 3kx – k2 mempunyai dua Jika g(x) = 0 dan hasil darab punca ialah 12, cari nilai k
punca nyata yang berbeza. Cari julat nilai k. dan nilai m.
[3 marks/markah] [4 marks/markah]

Section B
6 (a) Solve |2x – 6| = 8. Hence, sketch the graph m, of the fence that Daud has to buy when the
of f(x) = |2x – 6| for 0  f(x)  8. area of the land is maximum.
Selesaikan |2x – 6| = 8. Seterusnya, lakarkan graf bagi Daud menanam pokok buah-buahan pada tanah
f(x) = |2x – 6|untuk 0  f(x)  8. berbentuk segi empat tepat. Dia merancang untuk
[4 marks/markah] memasang pagar di sekeliling tanah yang berdimensi
(b) Daud has planted some fruit trees on a 8p meter dan (60 – p) meter. Tunjukkan bahawa luas
rectangular shape of land. He plans to fence tanah itu, A, ialah A = a(p + m)2 + n, dengan keadaan
the land which has a dimension of 8p metres a, m dan n ialah pemalar. Seterusnya, cari jumlah
panjang, dalam m, bagi pagar yang Daud perlu beli
and (60 – p) metres. Show that the area of the
apabila luas tanah itu adalah maksimum.
land, A, is A = a(p + m)2 + n, where a, m and n
[4 marks/markah]
are constants. Hence, 昀椀nd the total length, in

36
Paper 2
Section A
1 (a) The quadratic equation x2 – 8x + 12 = 0 has roots p and q, where p > q. Find
Persamaan kuadratik x2 – 8x + 12 = 0 mempunyai punca-punca p dan q, dengan keadaan p > q. Cari
(i) the value of p and of q,
nilai p dan nilai q,
(ii) the range of values of x if x2 – 8x + 12 > 0.
julat nilai x jika x2 – 8x + 12 > 0.
[4 marks/markah]
(b) Using the values of p and q from (a)(i), form a quadratic equation with roots p + 3 and 2q + 3.
Menggunakan nilai p dan q dari (a)(i), bentukkan suatu persamaan kuadratik dengan punca-punca p + 3 dan 2q + 3.
[3 marks/markah]

2 (a) If a and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 5x – 1 = 0, form a quadratic equation with roots
7a − 2 and 7β − 2.
Jika a dan β ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 + 5x – 1 = 0, bentukkan persamaan dengan punca-punca 7a − 2
dan 7β − 2.
[4 marks/markah]
(b) Find the range of x such that (3x + 2)(x – 1) > (x + 2)(x + 3).
Cari julat x dengan keadaan (3x + 2)(x – 1) > (x + 2)(x + 3).
[3 marks/markah]

Section B
3 The curve of a quadratic function f(x) = 3x2 – 12x – 36 intersects the x-axis at point P and point Q. It is given
that f(x) can be written as f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k, where a, h and k are constants.
Lengkung bagi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = 3x2 – 12x – 36 bersilang dengan paksi-x pada titik P dan titik Q. Diberi bahawa f(x) boleh
ditulis sebagai f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k, dengan keadaan a, h dan k ialah pemalar.
(a) Find/Cari
(i) the coordinates of point P and point Q,
koordinat titik P dan titik Q,
(ii) the values of a, h and k,
nilai-nilai a, h dan k,
(iii) the coordinates of turning point.
koordinat titik pusingan.
[6 marks/markah]
(b) (i) Sketch the graph of f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k for – 2 < x < 6.
Lakarkan graf bagi f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k untuk – 2 < x < 6.
(ii) Given r(x) = a1(x + h1)2 + k1 represents the re昀氀ection of f(x), state the values of a1, h1 and k1.
Diberi r(x) = a1(x + h1)2 + k1 mewakili pantulan bagi f(x), nyatakan nilai-nilai a1, h1 dan k1.
[4 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 Azmi cuts the square shapes with sides measuring 5 cm from each corner of a square cardboard as shown in
Diagram 1(a). He then folds the cardboard to be a box as shown in Diagram 1(b).
Azmi memotong bentuk segi empat sama bersisi 5 cm daripada setiap bucu sekeping kadbod yang berbentuk segi empat sama seperti
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1(a). Dia kemudian melipat kadbod tersebut menjadi sebuah kotak seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1(b).

5 cm
5 cm

5 cm
Diagram 1(a)/ Rajah 1(a) Diagram 1(b)/ Rajah 1(b)

(a) If the volume of the box is 1 280 cm3, form a quadratic equation to represent the volume. HOTS Creating
Jika isi padu kotak itu ialah 1 280 cm3, bentukkan satu persamaan kuadratik untuk mewakili isi padu tersebut.
(b) Hence, 昀椀nd the original length, in cm, of the sides of the cardboard. HOTS Applying
Seterusnya, cari panjang asal, dalam cm, sisi kadbod itu.

37
Chapter Learning Area: Algebra

3 Systems of Equations
Sistem Persamaan

3.1 Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables / Sistem Persamaan Linear dalam Tiga Pemboleh Ubah

Smart Tip
The general form of a linear equation in three variables is
Bentuk am bagi suatu sistem persamaan linear dalam tiga pemboleh ubah ialah
ax + by + cz = d, where/dengan keadaan a, b and/dan c ≠ 0

Exercise 1 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang sistem persamaan.

Example 1 1 Based on a certain arrangement, three workers

are required to work for 120 hours in a week. The
A collection of 220 coins consists of 10 cents, 昀椀rst worker should work 6 hours more than the
20 cents and 50 cents coins. The total number second worker and the second worker should
of 10 cents coins and 20 cents coins exceeds the work 12 hours more than the third worker. Write
number of 50 cents coins by 100. If the total value down three linear equations that satisfy the
of the collection is RM64.00, write down three above conditions.
linear equations that satisfy the above conditions. Berdasarkan suatu penetapan, tiga orang pekerja
Suatu koleksi 220 keping duit syiling terdiri daripada duit dikehendaki bekerja selama 120 jam dalam seminggu.
syiling 10 sen, 20 sen dan 50 sen. Jumlah bilangan duit Pekerja pertama mesti bekerja 6 jam lebih daripada pekerja
syiling 10 sen dan 20 sen melebihi bilangan duit syiling kedua dan pekerja kedua mesti bekerja 12 jam lebih daripada
50 sen sebanyak 100 keping. Jika koleksi duit syiling itu pekerja ketiga. Tuliskan tiga persamaan linear yang
bernilai RM64.00, tuliskan tiga persamaan linear yang memuaskan syarat-syarat di atas.
memuaskan syarat-syarat di atas.
Solution Let x = number of working hours of the 昀椀rst
Let/Katakan worker
x = number of 10 cents coins y = number of working hours of the second
x = bilangan duit syiling bernilai 10 sen worker
y = number of 20 cents coins z = number of working hours of the third
y = bilangan duit syiling bernilai 20 sen worker
z = number of 50 cents coins Hence,
z = bilangan duit syiling bernilai 50 sen x + y + z = 120
Hence/Oleh itu, x–y=6
x + y + z = 220 y – z = 12
x + y – z = 100
0.1x + 0.2y + 0.5z = 64

2 Johan buys 4 kg durians, 3 kg jackfruits and 2 kg watermelons for RM95. Isyak buys 3 kg durians, 2 kg
jackfruits and 4 kg watermelons for RM75. The price of 1 kg durians is RM5 more than the price of 1 kg
jackfruits. Write down three linear equations that satisfy the above conditions.
Johan membeli 4 kg durian, 3 kg nangka dan 2 kg tembikai dengan harga RM95. Isyak membeli 3 kg durian, 2 kg nangka dan
4 kg tembikai dengan harga RM75. Harga 1 kg durian ialah RM5 lebih daripada harga 1 kg nangka. Tuliskan tiga persamaan
linear yang memuaskan syarat-syarat di atas.

Let x = the price of 1 kg durians

y = the price of 1 kg jackfruits
z = the price of 1 kg watermelons
Hence,
4x + 3y + 2z = 95
3x + 2y + 4z = 75
x–y=5

38
3 A quiz competition consists of section A, section B and section C. The marks of the questions in section A,
section B and section C are different. The table below shows the results of three participants, the number
of questions answered correctly in each section and the total marks obtained. Write down three linear
equations that satisfy the conditions in the given table.
Suatu pertandingan kuiz terdiri daripada bahagian A, bahagian B dan bahagian C. Markah bagi soalan dalam bahagian A,
bahagian B dan bahagian C adalah tidak sama. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan bagi tiga orang peserta, bilangan soalan
yang dijawab betul dalam setiap bahagian dan jumlah markah yang diperoleh. Tuliskan tiga persamaan linear yang memuaskan
syarat-syarat dalam jadual yang diberi.

Participant Section A Section B Section C Total marks

Peserta Bahagian A Bahagian B Bahagian C Jumlah markah

Jamil 12 7 10 59
Saiful 10 11 6 56
Hasan 16 9 4 64

Let x = the marks for each question in section A

y = the marks for each question in section B
z = the marks for each question in section C
Hence,
12x + 7y + 10z = 59
10x + 11y + 6z = 56
16x + 9y + 4z = 64

4 A stationery shop offers three sale packages for pencils, pens and erasers.
Sebuah kedai alat tulis menawarkan tiga pakej jualan untuk pensel, pen dan pemadam.

RM7.20 RM6.30 RM6.90

Write down three linear equations that satisfy the sale packages.
Tuliskan tiga persamaan linear yang memuaskan pakej jualan itu.

Let x = the price of a pencil

y = the price of a pen
z = the price of an eraser
Hence,
x + 3y + 2z = 7.20
4x + 2y + z = 6.30
2x + y + 3z = 6.90

39
Exercise 2 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang sistem persamaan untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 2 1 x + 2y + z = 5
x + y + 2z = 8
x + 2y + z = 3 2x + y + z = 11
2x – y + 3z = 13
2x + 3y + 4z = 11 x + 2y + z = 5 ——— 1
x + y + 2z = 8 ——— 2
Solution
2x + y + z = 11 ——— 3
x + 2y + z = 3 ——— 1
2x – y + 3z = 13 ——— 2
Eliminate x from 1 and 2 ,
2x + 3y + 4z = 11 ——— 3
1 : x + 2y + z = 5
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 , 2 : x + y + 2z = 8 (–)
Hapuskan z daripada 1 dan 2 , y – z = –3 ——— 4
3 × 1 : 3x + 6y + 3z = 9
2 : 2x – y + 3z = 13 (–) Eliminate x from 2 and 3 ,
x + 7y = –4 ——— 4 2 × 2 : 2x + 2y + 4z = 16
3 : 2x + y + z = 11 (–)
Eliminate z from 1 and 3 , y + 3z = 5 ——— 5
Hapuskan z daripada 1 dan 3 ,
4 × 1 : 4x + 8y + 4z = 12 Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of y and z,
3 : 2x + 3y + 4z = 11 (–) 4 : y – z = –3
2x + 5y = 1 ——— 5 5 : y + 3z = 5 (–)
–4z = –8
Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of x and y, z=2
Selesaikan 4 dan 5 untuk mencari nilai x dan y,
2× 4 : 2x + 14y = –8 From 5 , y + 3(2) = 5
5 : 2x + 5y = 1 (–) y = –1
9y = –9
y = –1 From 1 , x + 2(–1) + (2) = 5
x–2+2=5
From/Dari 5 , 2x + 5(–1) = 1 x=5
2x – 5 = 1
2x = 6 Hence, x = 5, y = –1, z = 2
x=3

From/Dari 1 , (3) + 2(–1) + z = 3

3–2+z=3
z=2
Hence/Oleh itu, x = 3, y = –1, z = 2

Calculator Corner
Determine the solution of Example 2 by using scienti昀椀c calculator Casio fx-570EX.
Menentukan penyelesaian bagi Contoh 2 dengan menggunakan kalkulator sainti昀椀k Casio fx-570EX.

Step 1: Choose ‘Equation/Function’ in Menu. Choose Simul Equation and select 3 unknowns.
Langkah 1: Pilih ‘Equation/Function’ pada Menu. Pilih Simul Equation dan pilih 3 pemboleh ubah.

MENU ALPHA (−) 1 3

Step 2: Key in all the coef昀椀cients of the variables and press ‘=’ to get the values of x, y and z.
Langkah 2: Masukkan semua nilai pekali bagi pemboleh ubah dan tekan ‘=’ untuk mendapatkan nilai-nilai x, y dan z.

1 = 2 = 1 = 3 = 2 = (−) 1 = 3

= 1 3 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 1 1 = =

40
2 x + 4y + 2z = 1 3 x + y + 2z = 5
x – y – 3z = 6 x–y+z=3
x + 2y + z = 4 2x – y – z = 14
x + 4y + 2z = 1 ——— 1 x + y + 2z = 5 ——— 1
x – y – 3z = 6 ——— 2 x–y+z=3 ——— 2
x + 2y + z = 4 ——— 3 2x – y – z = 14 ——— 3
Eliminate x from 1 and 2 , Eliminate y from 1 and 2 ,
1 : x + 4y + 2z = 1 1 : x + y + 2z = 5
2 : x – y – 3z = 6 (–) 2 : x – y + z = 3 (+)
5y + 5z = –5 2x + 3z = 8 ——— 4
y + z = –1 ——— 4
Eliminate y from 2 and 3 ,
Eliminate x from 2 and 3 , 2 : x–y+z =3
2 : x – y – 3z = 6 3 : 2x – y – z = 14 (–)
3 : x + 2y + z = 4 (–) –x + 2z = –11 ——— 5
–3y – 4z = 2 ——— 5
Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of x and z,
Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of y and z, 4 : 2x + 3z = 8
4 × 4 : 4y + 4z = –4 2 × 5 : –2x + 4z = –22 (+)
5 : –3y – 4z = 2 (+) 7z = –14
y = –2 z = –2
From 4 , (–2) + z = –1 From 4 , 2x + 3(–2) = 8
z=1 2x – 6 = 8
2x = 14
From 1 , x + 4(–2) + 2(1) = 1 x=7
x–8+2=1
x=7 From 1 , (7) + y + 2(–2) = 5
y=2
Hence, x = 7, y = –2, z = 1
Hence, x =7, y = 2, z = –2

4 2x + y + z = 9 5 3x – y + 4z = 14
x–y+z=1 x + 6y – z = 2
–x – 3y + 2z = 3 2x – y + 3z = 10
2x + y + z = 9 ——— 1 3x – y + 4z = 14 ——— 1
x–y+z=1 ——— 2 x + 6y – z = 2 ——— 2
–x – 3y + 2z = 3 ——— 3 2x – y + 3z = 10 ——— 3
Eliminate x from 1 and 2 , Eliminate x from 1 and 2 ,
1 : 2x + y + z = 9 1 : 3x – y + 4z = 14
2 × 2 : 2x – 2y + 2z = 2 (–) 3 × 2 : 3x + 18y – 3z = 6 (–)
3y – z = 7 ——— 4 –19y + 7z = 8 ——— 4
Eliminate x from 2 and 3 , Eliminate x from 2 and 3 ,
2 : x–y+z=1 2 × 2 : 2x + 12y – 2z = 4
3 : –x – 3y + 2z = 3 (+) 3 : 2x – y + 3z = 10 (–)
–4y + 3z = 4 ——— 5 13y – 5z = –6 ——— 5
Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of y and z, Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of y and z,
3 × 4 : 9y – 3z = 21 5 × 4 : –95y + 35z = 40
5 : –4y + 3z = 4 (+) 7 × 5 : 91y – 35z = -42 (+)
5y = 25 –4y = –2
y=5 y = 0.5
From 4 , 3(5) – z = 7 From 5 , 13(0.5) – 5z = –6
z=8 5z = 12.5
z = 2.5
From 1 , 2x + (5) + (8) = 9
2x = –4 From 1 , 3x – (0.5) + 4(2.5) = 14
x = –2 3x = 4.5
x = 1.5
Hence, x = –2, y = 5, z = 8
Hence, x = 1.5, y = 0.5, z = 2.5

41
 Smart Tip
System of linear equations in three variables are used to solve problems in daily life. The given problem is expressed
as a system of linear equations and then solved to determine the value of each variable. Sometimes, the system of
equations consists of three linear equations but not every linear equation involves three variables.
Sistem persamaan linear dalam tiga pemboleh ubah digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah dalam kehidupan seharian. Masalah yang diberi
diungkapkan sebagai satu sistem persamaan linear dan kemudian diselesaikan untuk menentukan nilai bagi setiap pemboleh ubah. Kadang-kadang,
sistem persamaan itu terdiri daripada tiga persamaan linear tetapi tidak semestinya setiap persamaan linear melibatkan tiga pemboleh ubah.

Exercise 3 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang sistem persamaan dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 3
Siti buys 2 kg carrots, 1 kg cabbages and 3 kg potatoes for RM21.50, while Salmah buys 4 kg carrots, 1 kg
cabbages and 2 kg potatoes for RM27.50. Given the total price of 1 kg carrots and 1 kg cabbages exceeds the
price of 1 kg potatoes by RM5. Find the price for a kilogram of each type of vegetable, in RM.
Siti membeli 2 kg lobak merah, 1 kg kubis dan 3 kg ubi kentang dengan harga RM21.50, manakala Salmah membeli 4 kg lobak
merah, 1 kg kubis dan 2 kg ubi kentang dengan harga RM27.50. Diberi jumlah harga 1 kg lobak merah dan 1 kg kubis adalah
melebihi harga 1 kg ubi kentang sebanyak RM5. Cari harga untuk setiap kilogram bagi setiap jenis sayur, dalam RM.
Let the price of 1 kg carrots = x
Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of x and z,
the price of 1 kg cabbages = y
Selesaikan 4 dan 5 untuk mencari nilai x dan z,
the price of 1 kg potatoes = z
Katakan harga 1 kg lobak merah = x 4 : –2x + z = –6
harga 1 kg kubis = y 5 : x + z = 7.5 (–)
harga 1 kg ubi kentang = z –3x = –13.5
2x + y + 3z = 21.5 ——— 1 x = 4.5
4x + y + 2z = 27.5 ——— 2
x+y–z =5 ——— 3 From/Daripada 5 , (4.5) + z = 7.5
Eliminate y from 1 and 2 , z=3
Hapuskan y daripada 1 dan 2 ,
1 : 2x + y + 3z = 21.5 From/Daripada 1 , 2(4.5) + y + 3(3) = 21.5
2 : 4x + y + 2z = 27.5 (–) y = 3.5
–2x + z = –6 ——— 4
Eliminate y from 2 and 3 , Hence, the price of 1 kg carrots = RM4.50, the
Hapuskan y daripada 2 dan 3 , price of 1 kg cabbages = RM3.50 and the price of
2 : 4x + y + 2z = 27.5 1 kg potatoes = RM3.
Maka, harga bagi 1 kg lobak merah = RM4.50, harga bagi
3 : x+y–z=5 (–)
1 kg kubis = RM3.50 dan harga bagi 1 kg ubi kentang = RM3.
3x + 3z = 22.5
x + z = 7.5 ——— 5

1 Jamil, Minah and Chandran went to a shop to purchase some items to decorate their classroom. Jamil
bought two manila cards, three boxes of marker pens and four glue sticks for RM16.00. Minah bought six
manila cards, four boxes of marker pens and two glue sticks for RM23.00. Chandran bought two manila
cards, 昀椀ve boxes of marker pens and three glue sticks for RM21.00. Find the unit price of each item, in RM.
Jamil, Minah dan Chandran pergi ke sebuah kedai untuk membeli beberapa barang untuk menghias kelas mereka. Jamil membeli
dua keping kad manila, tiga kotak pen penanda dan empat botol gam dengan harga RM16.00. Minah membeli enam keping kad
manila, empat kotak pen penanda dan dua botol gam dengan harga RM23.00. Chandran membeli dua keping kad manila, lima
kotak pen penanda dan tiga botol gam dengan harga RM21.00. Cari harga seunit bagi setiap jenis barang tersebut, dalam RM.
Let the price of a manila card = x Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of x and y,
the price of a box of marker pens = y 4 : 10x + 5y = 30
the price of a glue stick = z 5 × 5 : 10x + 55y = 180 (–)
2x + 3y + 4z = 16 ——— 1 –50y = –150
6x + 4y + 2z = 23 ——— 2 y =3
2x + 5y + 3z = 21 ——— 3 From 4 , 10x + 5(3) = 30
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 , 10x = 15
1 : 2x + 3y + 4z = 16 x = 1.5
2 × 2 : 12x + 8y + 4z = 46 (–) From 1 , 2(1.5) + 3(3) + 4z = 16
10x + 5y = 30 ——— 4 4z = 4
Eliminate z from 1 and 3 , z=1
1 × 3 : 6x + 9y + 12z = 48 Hence, the price of a manila card = RM1.50, the
3 × 4 : 8x + 20y + 12z = 84 (–) price of a box of marker pens = RM3 and the price
2x + 11y = 36 ——— 5 of a glue stick = RM1.

42
2 The table below shows the number of stamps bought by three students.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan setem yang dibeli oleh tiga orang murid.
Number of stamps
Bilangan setem Total price
Student Jumlah harga
Murid Type P Type Q Type R (RM)
Jenis P Jenis Q Jenis R
Ali 8 10 20 23.60
Bala 30 15 25 35.00
Chan 20 10 50 50.00
Find the unit price of each type of stamp, in RM.
Cari harga seunit bagi setiap jenis setem, dalam RM.
Let the price of a stamp type P = x Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of x and y,
the price of a stamp type Q = y 2 × 4 : 160x + 20y = 44
the price of a stamp type R = z 5 : 40x + 20y = 20 (–)
120x = 24
8x + 10y + 20z = 23.6 ——— 1
x = 0.2
30x + 15y + 25z = 35 ——— 2
20x + 10y + 50z = 50 ——— 3 From 4 , 80(0.2) + 10y = 22
16 + 10y = 22
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 ,
10y =6
5 × 1 : 40x + 50y + 100z = 118
y = 0.6
4 × 2 : 120x + 60y + 100z = 140 (–)
–80x – 10y = –22 From 1 , 8(0.2) + 10(0.6) + 20z = 23.6
80x + 10y = 22 ——— 4 20z = 16
z = 0.8
Eliminate z from 2 and 3 ,
2 × 2 : 60x + 30y + 50z = 70 Hence, the price of a stamp type P = RM0.20, the
3 : 20x + 10y + 50z = 50 (–) price of a stamp type Q = RM0.60 and the price of
40x + 20y = 20 ——— 5 a stamp type R = RM0.80.

3 The table below shows the number of sales for three types of handphones by three stores in a week.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan jualan bagi tiga jenis telefon bimbit oleh tiga buah kedai dalam seminggu.
Number of sales
Store Bilangan jualan Total (RM)
Kedai Handphone A Handphone B Handphone C Jumlah (RM)
Telefon bimbit A Telefon bimbit B Telefon bimbit C
P 8 5 4 18 400
Q 2 6 9 22 300
R 4 6 8 22 400
Calculate the unit price of each type of handphone, in RM.
Hitung harga seunit bagi setiap jenis telefon bimbit, dalam RM.

Let the price of 1 unit handphone A = x Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of y and z,
the price of 1 unit handphone B = y 4 : –19y – 32z = –70 800
the price of 1 unit handphone C = z 3.2 × 5 : 19.2y + 32z = 71 040 (+)
0.2y = 240
8x + 5y + 4z = 18 400 ——— 1 y = 1 200
2x + 6y + 9z = 22 300 ——— 2
4x + 6y + 8z = 22 400 ——— 3 From 5 , 6(1 200) + 10z = 22 200
10z = 15 000
Eliminate x from 1 and 2 , z = 1 500
1 : 8x + 5y + 4z = 18 400
4 × 2 : 8x + 24y + 36z = 89 200 (–) From 1 , 8x + 5(1 200) + 4(1 500) = 18 400
–19y – 32z = –70 800 ——— 4 8x = 6 400
x = 800
Eliminate x from 2 and 3 ,
2 × 2 : 4x + 12y + 18z = 44 600 Hence the price of 1 unit handphone A = RM800,
3 : 4x + 6y + 8z = 22 400 (–) the price of 1 unit handphone B = RM1 200 and the
6y + 10z = 22 200 ——— 5 price of 1 unit handphone C = RM1 500.

43
 4 A souvenir shop offers three souvenir packages to customers as shown in the table below.
Sebuah kedai cenderamata menawarkan tiga pakej cenderamata kepada pelanggan seperti ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.

RM92 RM101 RM111

Calculate the unit price of each of the item, in RM.

Hitung harga seunit bagi setiap barang tersebut, dalam RM.

Let the price of a cap = x Solve 4 and 5 to 昀椀nd the values of x and y,
the price of a pair of slippers = y 4 : x – y = –9
the price of a shirt = z 5 : x + 3y = 91 (−)
–4y = –100
2x + y + z = 92 ——— 1 y = 25
x + 2y + z = 101 ——— 2
x + y + 2z = 111 ——— 3 From 5 , x + 3(25) = 91
x = 16
Eliminate z from 1 and 2 ,
1 : 2x + y + z = 92 From 1 , 2(16) + (25) + z = 92
2 : x + 2y + z = 101 (−) z = 35
x – y = – 9 ——— 4
Hence, the price of a cap = RM16, the price of a
Eliminate z from 2 and 3 , pair of slippers = RM25 and the price of a shirt
2 × 2 : 2x + 4y + 2z = 202 = RM35.
3 : x + y + 2z = 111 (−)
x + 3y = 91 ——— 5

3.2 Simultaneous Equations Involving One Linear Equation and One Non-Linear Equation
Persamaan Serentak yang Melibatkan Satu Persamaan Linear dan Satu Persamaan Tak Linear

Exercise 4 State whether each of the following equations is a linear or a non-linear equation.
Nyatakan sama ada setiap persamaan yang berikut ialah persamaan linear atau persamaan tak linear.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang sistem persamaan.

Example 4 1 x2 − 6 = y 2 x + y = 16

2x + 3y = 5 Non-linear Linear
Solution
Linear

2 4 y2 − 17 = x 5 30 − 5x = –7y
3 + 2y = x
x
2 + 2xy = x2 Non-linear Linear
Non-linear

44
Exercise 5 Solve each of the following simultaneous equations.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan serentak yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang sistem persamaan untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Smart Tip
The steps to solve simultaneous equations: /Langkah-langkah untuk menyelesaikan persamaan serentak:
i-THINK Flow Map

(3) Substitute the variable into the non-

(2) Make one of the variables
(1) Identify the linear linear equation, giving a quadratic
as the subject of the
equation. equation in one variable.
Kenal pasti persamaan equation. Gantikan pemboleh ubah itu ke dalam persamaan
Jadikan salah satu pemboleh tak linear, menjadikan satu persamaan kuadratik
linear. PAK-21
ubah sebagai subjek persamaan. dengan satu pemboleh ubah.

website
(4) Solve the quadratic equation by using factorisation (5) Substitute the solution from (4) one by
–b ± b2 − 4ac one into the linear equation to obtain the
or formula x/y = .
2a value of the variables.
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik itu dengan menggunakan Gantikan penyelesaian daripada (4) satu demi satu
–b ± b2 − 4ac ke dalam persamaan linear untuk mendapatkan
pemfaktoran atau formula x/y = 2a . nilai-nilai pemboleh ubah.

Example 5
x + 3y = 5 Step 4/Langkah 4
x2 + 2y2 = 6 (11y − 19)(y − 1) = 0
11y − 19 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
Solution
19
Step 1/Langkah 1 y= y =1
11
x + 3y = 5 ——— 1

Website
Step 5/Langkah 5
x2 + 2y2 = 6 ——— 2 19
When/Apabila y = ,
11
Step 2/Langkah 2 Visit https://
From/Daripada 1 , goo.gl/
 19 2
11 2
x = 5 − 3y x=5−3 =– m6Se9S for
11 additional
notes on the
Step 3/Langkah 3 When/Apabila y = 1, methods
Substitute into 2 , x = 5 − 3(1) = 2 of solving
non-linear
Gantikan ke dalam 2 , equations.
Hence,/Oleh itu,
(5 − 3y)2 + 2y2 = 6
2 19
25 − 30y + 9y2 + 2y = 6 x=– ,y=
11 11
11y2 − 30y + 19 = 0 ——— 3
or/atau
x = 2, y = 1

Smart Tip
Always substitute the answers back into the non-linear 2 19
equation for checking. When/Apabila x = – ,y=
11 11
Sentiasa mengganti semula jawapan ke dalam persamaan tak linear 2 2 19 2
untuk menyemak. – 112 + 2
112
=6

x2 + 2y2 = 6 (non-linear/tak linear) When/Apabila x = 2, y = 1

(2)2 + 2(1)2 = 6

The answers are correct.

Jawapan adalah betul.

45
1 2x + y = 5 2 x–y=3 3 x+y=5
xy 1 xy = 4 xy – 2y = 2
=
4 2 x – y = 3 ——— 1 x + y = 5 ——— 1
2x + y = 5 ——— 1 xy = 4 ——— 2 xy – 2y = 2 ——— 2
xy 1 From 1 , From 1 ,
= ——— 2
4 2 x=3+y x=5–y
From 1 , Substitute into 2 , Substitute into 2 ,
y = 5 − 2x (3 + y)y = 4 (5 – y)y – 2y = 2
Substitute into 2 , 3y + y2 = 4 5y – y2 – 2y = 2
x(5 − 2x) 1 y2 + 3y – 4 = 0 –y2 + 3y – 2 = 0
= (y – 1)(y + 4) = 0 y2 − 3y + 2 = 0
4 2
5x – 2x2 = 2 y – 1 = 0 or y + 4 = 0 (y – 1)(y – 2) = 0
2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 y=1 y = –4 y – 1 = 0 or y – 2 = 0
(2x – 1)(x – 2) = 0 y=1 y=2
When y = 1, x = 3 + (1) = 4
2x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 When y = –4, x = 3 + (–4) = –1 When y = 1, x = 5 – (1) = 4
1 When y = 2, x = 5 – (2) = 3
x= x =2 Hence,
2
1 1 x = 4, y = 1 or x = –1, y = –4 Hence,
When x = , y = 5 – 2
2  2
2
=4 x = 4, y = 1 or x = 3, y = 2
When x = 2, y = 5 – 2(2) = 1
Hence,
1
x = , y = 4 or x = 2, y = 1
2

4 x−y=2 5 3x + y = 5 6 2x – y = 3
x2 + xy + y = 13 x2 – y2 = –3 x2 – 3xy + y2 = 5
x – y = 2 ——— 1 3x + y = 5 ——— 1 2x – y = 3 ——— 1
x2 + xy + y = 13 ——— 2 x2 – y2 = –3 ——— 2 x2 – 3xy + y2 = 5 ——— 2
From 1 , From 1 , From 1 ,
x=2+y y = 5 − 3x y = 2x − 3
Substitute into 2 , Substitute into 2 , Substitute into 2 ,
(2 + y)2 + (2 + y)y + y = 13 x2 – (5 − 3x)2 = –3 x2 – 3x(2x – 3) + (2x – 3)2 = 5
4 + 4y + y2 + 2y + y2 + y = 13 x2 – (25 − 30x + 9x2) = –3 x2 – 6x2 + 9x + 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 5
2y2 + 7y − 9 = 0 x2 – 25 + 30x – 9x2 = –3 –x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 [× (–1)]
(2y + 9)(y − 1) = 0 –8x2 + 30x − 22 = 0 [÷ (–2)] x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
2y + 9 = 0 or y − 1 = 0 2
4x – 15x + 11 = 0 (x – 1)(x + 4) = 0
(4x – 11)(x − 1) = 0 x – 1 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
y=–9 y =1
2 4x – 11 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 x=1 x = –4
When y = – 9 , 11 When x = 1, y = 2(1) − 3 = –1
x = x =1
2 4 When x = –4, y = 2(–4) – 3 = –11
x=2+ – =–5 9 11
 22 2
When x = ,
4 Hence,
11 13
When y = 1, x = 2 + (1) = 3 y=5–3
4 2
=–
4
x = 1, y = –1 or x = –4, y = –11

Hence, When x = 1, y = 5 − 3(1) = 2

x = – 5 , y = – 9 or x = 3, y = 1 Hence,
2 2
11 13
x = , y = – or x = 1, y = 2
4 4

46
Exercise 6 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang sistem persamaan untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6 1 x−y=2 2 x+y=1

3 3
2x − y = 3 x
+ 2y = 3 x+ =3
y
4 3
+ =5
x y x − y = 2 ——— 1 x + y = 1 ——— 1
3 3
Solution + 2y = 3 ——— 2 x + = 3 ——— 2
x y
2x − y = 3 ——— 1
4 3 From 2 , From 2 ,
+ = 5 ——— 2 3 + 2xy = 3x ——— 3 xy + 3 = 3y ——— 3
x y
From 1 , From 1 ,
2 × (xy),
y=x−2 x=1−y
4y + 3x = 5xy ——— 3
Substitute into 3 , Substitute into 3 ,
From/Daripada 1 , 3 + 2x(x − 2) = 3x (1 − y)y + 3 = 3y
y = 2x − 3 3 + 2x2 − 4x − 3x = 0 y − y2 + 3 − 3y = 0
Substitute into 3 , 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0 –y2 − 2y + 3 = 0
Gantikan ke dalam 3 , (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 0 y2 + 2y − 3 = 0
4(2x − 3) + 3x = 5x(2x – 3) 2x − 1 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 (y − 1)(y + 3) = 0
8x − 12 + 3x = 10x2 − 15x 1 y − 1 = 0 or y + 3 = 0
x= x=3
0 = 10x2 − 15x − 8x + 12 − 3x 2 y=1 y = –3
10x2 − 26x + 12 = 0 1 1 3
(÷2) When x = , y =  2 − 2 = – When y = 1, x = 1 − (1) = 0
5x2 − 13x + 6 = 0 2 2 2 When x = –3, x = 1 − (–3) = 4
(5x − 3)(x − 2) = 0 When x = 3, y = (3) − 2 = 1 Hence,
5x − 3 = 0 or/atau x − 2 = 0 x = 0, y = 1
Hence,
3 or
x = x=2 1 3
5 x= ,y=– x = 4, y = –3
2 2
3
When/Apabila x = , or
5
3 9 x = 3, y = 1
y = 2 2 − 3 = –
5 5

When/Apabila x = 2,
y = 2(2) − 3 = 1
Hence/Oleh itu,
3 9
x= ,y=–
5 5
or/atau
x = 2, y = 1

3 x + 3y = 5
2 1
+ =2
x y

5 5 5
x + 3y = 5 ——— 1
2 1
From 1 ,
x = 5 − 3y
When y = , x = 5 − 3
6  2
6
=
2
+ = 2 ——— 2 Substitute into 3 , When y = 1, x = 5 − 3(1) = 2
x y
2y + (5 − 3y) = 2(5 − 3y)y Hence,
2 × (xy), 2y + 5 − 3y = 10y − 6y2 5 5
2y + x = 2xy ——— 3 6y2 − 11y + 5 = 0 x= ,y=
2 6
(6y − 5)(y − 1) = 0 or
6y − 5 = 0 or y − 1 = 0 x = 2, y = 1
5
y= y=1
6

47
 4 x + 2y = 7 5 2x + y = 2 6 x + 3y = 1
2 3
− =1
3 2
− =1 x(x − y)
x y 2x y 8 =0

x + 2y = 7 ——— 1 2x + y = 2 ——— 1 x + 3y = 1 ——— 1

2 3 3 2 x(x − y)
− = 1 ——— 2 − = 1 ——— 2 =0
x y 2x y 8
2 × (xy), 2 × (2xy), x2 − xy = 0 ——— 2
2y − 3x = xy ——— 3 3y − 4x = 2xy ——— 3
From 1 ,
From 1 , From 1 , x = 1 − 3y
x = 7 − 2y y = 2 − 2x Substitute into 2 ,
Substitute into 3 , Substitute into 3 , (1 − 3y)2 − (1 − 3y)y = 0
2y − 3(7 − 2y) = (7 − 2y)y 3(2 − 2x) − 4x = 2x(2 − 2x) 1 − 6y + 9y2 − y + 3y2 = 0
2y − 21 + 6y = 7y − 2y2 6 − 6x − 4x = 4x − 4x2 12y2 − 7y + 1 = 0
2y − 21 + 6y − 7y + 2y2 = 0 6 − 6x − 4x − 4x + 4x2 = 0 (3y − 1)(4y − 1) = 0
2y2 + y − 21 = 0 4x2 − 14x + 6 = 0 3y − 1 = 0 or 4y − 1 = 0
(2y + 7)(y − 3) = 0 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0 1 1
y = y=
2y + 7 = 0 or y – 3 = 0 (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 0 3 4
1 1
y=–
7
y=3
2x − 1 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 When y = , x = 1 − 3
3  2
3
=0
2 1
x= x =3 1 1 1
PAK-21
When y = – ,
7 2 When y = , x = 1 − 3
4  2
4
=
4
ACTIVITY

2 1 1
7 When x = , y = 2 − 2  2 =1
 2
x = 7 − 2 – = 14
2
2 2
When x = 3, y = 2 − 2(3) = –4
Therefore,
1
x = 0, y =
When y = 3, x = 7 − 2(3) = 1 Hence, 3
Hence, 1 or
7 x= ,y=1
x = 14, y = – 2 1 1
2 x= ,y=
or or 4 4
x = 1, y = 3 x = 3, y = –4

PAK-21 Gallery Walk

ACTIVITY

Steps/Langkah-langkah:
1 Teacher provides a set of questions about systems of equations on the coloured cards.
Guru menyediakan beberapa set soalan mengenai sistem persamaan pada kad berwarna.
2 Students perform this activity in groups of three students. A coloured card is randomly selected for each
group.
Murid melakukan aktiviti ini secara berkumpulan yang terdiri daripada tiga orang murid. Satu kad berwarna
dipilih secara rawak bagi setiap kumpulan.
3 Each group is required to answer all questions on the selected card. Write each answer on a mahjung paper.
Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki menjawab semua soalan yang terdapat pada kad yang dipilih. Tulis setiap
jawapan pada kertas mahjung.
4 The group work of each group is posted on the class’s notice board. Students are required to stand next to
their group work.
Hasil kerja setiap kumpulan ditampal pada papan kenyataan kelas. Murid-murid dikehendaki berdiri di
sebelah hasil kerja masing-masing.
5 A group is required to move to each group to evaluate the work of other groups. Once completed, other
groups need to do the same.
Satu kumpulan dikehendaki bergerak ke setiap kumpulan bagi menilai hasil kerja kumpulan yang lain. Setelah
selesai, kumpulan lain perlu melakukan langkah yang sama.
6 Teacher holds a discussion with students to enhance their understanding about systems of equations.
Guru mengadakan perbincangan dengan murid untuk menambahkan kefahaman mereka mengenai sistem
persamaan.

48
Exercise 7 Solve each of the following simultaneous equations. Give the answer correct to 3 decimal
places.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan serentak yang berikut. Beri jawapan betul kepada 3 tempat perpuluhan.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang sistem persamaan untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 7
2x + 3y = 1 a = 5, b = –6, c = –7 When/Apabila y = 1.927,
x2 − y2 = 2 1 − 3(1.927)
–b ± b2 − 4ac x= = –2.391
y= 2
Solution 2a
2x + 3y = 1 ——— 1 –(–6) ± (–6)2 − 4(5)(–7) Hence/Oleh itu,
y=
x2 − y2 = 2 ——— 2 2(5) x = 1.591, y = –0.727
6 ± 176 or/atau
From/Daripada 1 , =
10 x = –2.391, y = 1.927
2x = 1 − 3y
6 − 176 6 + 176
1 − 3y = or/atau
x=
2
10 10 Smart Tip
= –0.7266 or/atau 1.9266
Substitute into 2 , = –0.727 or/atau 1.927 –b ± b2 − 4ac
Formula y or x = is applied
Gantikan ke dalam 2 , 2a
1 − 3y 2 When/Apabila y = –0.727, when the quadratic equation cannot be
 2 2− y2 = 2
1 – 3(–0.727) solved by factorisation.
x= = 1.591 –b ± b2 – 4ac
1 – 6y + 9y2 2 Formula y atau x = digunakan apabila
− y2 = 2 — (×4) 2a
4 persamaan kuadratik tidak boleh diselesaikan
1 − 6y + 9y2 − 4y2 = 8 menggunakan pemfaktoran.
5y2 − 6y − 7 = 0

1 2x + y = 3 2 x + 2y = 1 3 x + 2y = x2 − y2 = 3
3x + y2 = 6 x2 − y = 3
x + 2y = 3 ——— 1
2x + y = 3 ——— 1 x + 2y = 1 ——— 1 x2 − y2 = 3 ——— 2
3x + y2 = 6 ——— 2 x2 − y = 3 ——— 2
From 1 ,
From 1 ,
From 1 , x = 3 − 2y
y = 3 − 2x
x = 1 − 2y Substitute into 2 ,
Substitute into 2 ,
Substitute into 2 , (3 – 2y)2 − y2 = 3
3x + (3 − 2x)2 = 6
(1 − 2y)2 − y = 3 9 − 12y + 4y2 − y2 = 3
3x + 9 − 12x + 4x2 = 6
1 − 4y + 4y2 − y − 3 = 0 3y2 − 12y + 6 = 0
4x2 − 9x + 3 = 0
4y2 − 5y − 2 = 0 y2 − 4y + 2 = 0
–(–9) ± (–9)2 − 4(4)(3)
x= –(–5) ± (–5)2 − 4(4)(–2) –(–4) ± (–4)2 − 4(1)(2)
2(4) y= y=
2(4) 2(1)
9 ± 33
= 5 ± 57 4 ± 8
8 = =
8 2
9 − 33 9 + 33
= or 5 − 57 5 + 57 4 – 8 4 + 8
8 8 = or = or
8 8 2 2
= 0.4069 or 1.8430 = –0.319 or 1.569 = 0.586 or 3.414
= 0.407 or 1.843 When y = 0.586,
When x = 0.407, When y = –0.319, x = 3 − 2(0.586) = 1.828
y = 3 − 2(0.407) = 2.186 x = 1 − 2(–0.319) = 1.638 When y = 3.414,
When x = 1.843, When y = 1.569, x = 3 − 2(3.414) = –3.828
y = 3 − 2(1.843) = –0.686 x = 1 − 2(1.569) = –2.138
Hence,
Hence, Hence, x = 1.828, y = 0.586
x = 0.407 , y = 2.186 x = 1.638, y = –0.319 or
or or x = –3.828, y = 3.414
x = 1.843, y = –0.686 x = –2.138, y = 1.569

49
 4 4x + 3y = 1 5 2x − 3y = 1
–x2 + y2 = 2 4xy − x2 = 6

4x + 3y = 1 ——— 1 2x − 3y = 1 ——— 1
–x2 + y2 = 2 ——— 2 4xy − x2 = 6 ——— 2
From 1 , From 1 ,
1 − 4x 3y = 2x –1
y=
3
2x − 1
Substitute into 2 , y=
3
1 − 4x 2
–x2 +  3 2
=2 Substitute into 2 ,
2x − 1
–x2 +
1 − 8x + 16x2
= 2 — (×9)
4x  3 2
− x2 = 6 —— (×3)
9
4x(2x − 1) − 3x2 = 18
–9x2 + 1 − 8x + 16x2 = 18 8x2 − 4x − 3x2 = 18
7x2 – 8x − 17 = 0 5x2 − 4x − 18 = 0
–(–8) ± (–8)2 − 4(7)(–17) –(–4) ± (–4)2 − 4(5)(–18)
x= x=
2(7) 2(5)
8 ± 540 4 ± 376
= =
14 10
8 − 540 8 + 540 4 − 376 4 + 376
= or = or
14 14 10 10
= –1.088 or 2.231 = –1.539 or x = 2.339
When x = –1.088, When x = –1.539,
1 − 4(–1.088) 2(–1.539) − 1
y= = 1.784 y= = –1.359
3 3
When y = 2.231, When x = 2.339,
1 − 4(2.231) 2(2.339) − 1
y= = –2.641 y= = 1.226
3 3
Hence, Hence,
x = –1.088, y = 1.784 x = –1.539, y = –1.359
or or
x = 2.231, y = –2.641 x = 2.339, y = 1.226

Exercise 8 Solve each of the following problems. HOTS Applying

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang sistem persamaan dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 8
33 − 2y
The diagram shows a right-angled triangle. From/Daripada 1 , x =
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut tegak. 3
P Substitute x into/Gantikan x ke dalam 2 ,
33 − 2y
(x + 2) cm (2x + 1) cm  3 2
y + 2y = 54

33y − 2y2 + 6y = 162

Q
(2y) cm
R
–2y2 + 39y − 162 = 0
Given the perimeter is 36 cm and the area is 54 cm2. 2y2 − 39y + 162 = 0
Find the values of x and y. (y − 6)(2y − 27) = 0
Diberi perimeter ialah 36 cm dan luas ialah 54 cm2. y − 6 = 0 or 2y − 27 = 0
Cari nilai x dan y. 27
y=6 y =
2
Solution When/Apabila y = 6,
Perimeter = 36 cm 33 − 2(6)
(x + 2) + (2x + 1) + 2y = 36 x= =7
3
3x + 2y = 33 ——— 1 27
When/Apabila y = ,
Area/Luas = 54 cm2 2
27
1
× (x + 2)(2y) = 54 33 − 2 2
2 2 6
xy + 2y = 54 ——— 2 x= = =2
3 3

50
 When the values x = 7 and y = 6 are substituted into 27
When the values x = 2 and y = are substituted
the length of sides of ΔPQR, 2
Apabila nilai x = 7 dan y = 6 diganti ke dalam panjang sisi into the length of sides of ΔPQR,
ΔPQR, 27
Apabila nilai x = 2 dan y = diganti ke dalam panjang sisi
2
P ΔPQR,

9 cm 15 cm

4 cm 5 cm

Q 12 cm R

Q 27 cm R
Thus, the values x = 7 and y = 6 are valid for the
right-angled triangle. 27
Maka, nilai x = 7 dan y = 6 adalah sah untuk segi tiga bersudut
Thus, the values x = 2 and y = are not valid for
2
tegak. the right-angled triangle.
27
Maka, nilai x = 2 dan y = adalah tidak sah untuk segi tiga
2
bersudut tegak.

1 The diagram shows a rectangle. 2 The diagram shows the curve y − x2 = 2 and the
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi empat tepat. straight line y = –2x + 10.
Rajah menunjukkan lengkung y − x2 = 2 dan garis lurus
(x – 3) cm
y = –2x + 10.
(y + 1) cm y – x2 = 2

P
Given the perimeter is 14 cm and the area is 12 cm2.
Q y = –2x + 10
Find the values of x and y.
Diberi perimeter ialah 14 cm dan luas ialah 12 cm2. Cari
nilai x dan y. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection
Perimeter = 14 cm P and Q.
2(x − 3) + 2(y + 1) = 14 (÷2) Cari koordinat bagi titik persilangan P dan Q.
x−3+y+1=7
x + y = 9 ——— 1 Given y − x2 = 2
Area = 12 cm2 or
(x − 3)(y + 1) = 12 y = x2 + 2 ——— 1
xy + x − 3y – 3 = 12 and
xy + x − 3y = 15 ——— 2 y = –2x + 10 —— 2
x2 + 2 = –2x + 10
From 1 , x + 2x − 8 = 0
2

y=9−x (x + 4)(x − 2) = 0
Substitute y into 2 , x + 4 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x(9 − x) + x − 3(9 − x) = 15 x = –4 x=2
9x − x2 + x − 27 + 3x = 15
–x2 + 13x − 42 = 0 When x = –4,
x2 − 13x + 42 = 0 y = –2(–4) + 10 = 18
(x − 6)(x − 7) = 0 When x = 2,
x − 6 = 0 or x − 7 = 0 y = –2(2) + 10 = 6
x=6 x=7
Hence,
When x = 6, y = 9 − (6) = 3 P = (–4, 18) and Q = (2, 6)
When x = 7, y = 9 − (7) = 2

51
4 The diagram below shows a triangle MNT. It is 5 The diagram below shows a triangle EFG with a
given that MN + NT = 32 cm. rectangle PQRS inside it. It is given that
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga MNT. Diberi EF = EG = 17 cm, RS = y cm and FG = 16 cm. M is
bahawa MN + NT = 32 cm. the midpoint of FG.
M Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga EFG dengan
segi empat tepat PQRS di dalamnya. Diberi bahawa EF = EG
= 17 cm, RS = y cm dan FG = 16 cm. M ialah titik tengah
bagi FG.
y cm P
E
5 cm

N T
9 cm Q x cm

Find the values of x and y. Q R

Cari nilai bagi x dan y.

Given MN + NT = 32
y + (9 + x) = 32 F G
x + y = 23 ——— 1 P M S
2x cm
MN PQ
=
NT QT If the area of rectangle PQRS is 45 cm2, 昀椀nd the
y 5 values of x and y.
= Jika luas segi empat tepat PQRS ialah 45 cm2, cari nilai bagi
9+x x
x dan y.
xy = 5(9 + x)
xy = 45 + 5x 16 Substitute y into 2 ,
FM = MG = = 8 cm
xy − 5x = 45 ——— 2 2 120 − 15x
From 1 , y = 23 − x EM = 172 – 82 = 15 cm
2x ( 8
= 45 )
120 − 15x
Substitute into 2 ,
EM RS
MG SG
= x( 4 )
= 45
x(23 − x) − 5x = 45 y x(120 − 15x) = 180
15
23x − x2 − 5x = 45 = 120x − 15x2 = 180
8 8−x
x2 − 18x + 45 = 0 15x2 − 120x + 180 = 0
15(8 − x) = 8y
(x − 15)(x − 3) = 0 x2 − 8x + 12 = 0
120 − 15x = 8y
x − 15 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 (x − 2)(x − 6) = 0
15x + 8y = 120 ——— 1
x = 15 x=3
Area of rectangle PQRS: x = 2 or x = 6
When x = 15, When x = 2,
(2x)(y) = 45
y = 23 − (15) = 8 120 − 15(2)
2xy = 45 ——— 2 y= = 11.25
When x = 5, 8
y = 23 − (5) = 18 From 1 , When x = 6,
∴ x = 15, y = 8 or x = 5, y = 18 120 − 15x 120 − 15(6)
y= y= = 3.75
8 8
6 A lorry travels at an average speed of u km h–1 30v + 20u = 0.9uv (× 10)
for the 昀椀rst 90 km and v km h–1 for the next 60 km 300v + 200u = 9uv
in a journey. The total time taken for the journey 200u + 300v = 9uv (shown)
is 2.7 hours. (b) u − v = 10
Sebuah lori bergerak pada laju purata u km j–1 bagi 90 km Solve
pertama dan v km j–1 bagi 60 km berikutnya dalam satu 200u + 300v = 9uv ——— 1
perjalanan. Jumlah masa perjalanan yang diambil ialah 2.7 jam. u − v = 10
(a) Show that 200u + 300v = 9uv. u = 10 + v ——— 2
Tunjukkan bahawa 200u + 300v = 9uv.
Substitute 2 into 1 ,
(b) It is given that the average speed of the 昀椀rst
part of the journey is more than the average 200(10 + v) + 300v = 9v(10 + v)
speed of the second part of the journey by 2 000 + 200v + 300v = 90v + 9v2
10 km h–1, 昀椀nd the values of u and v. 9v2 − 410v − 2 000 = 0
Diberi bahawa purata laju bagi bahagian pertama (9v + 40)(v − 50) = 0
perjalanan melebihi bahagian kedua sebanyak 9v + 40 = 0 or v − 50 = 0
10 km j–1, cari nilai bagi u dan v. 40
v=– v = 50
9
(a) Time taken = 2.7 hours Since v > 0, then v = 50
90 60 When v = 50,
u + v = 2.7 (÷ 3) u = 10 + v
30 20 = 10 + 50
u + v = 0.9 = 60

52
 Review 3
Paper 1
Section B
1 (a) Given (p, 2) is a point of intersection of the A
straight line y = x + q and the curve (y + 1) m
x2 + y2 – 3qy = 8. Find the value of p and of q. xm
Diberi (p, 2) ialah titik persilangan bagi garis lurus
y = x + q dan lengkung x2 + y2 – 3qy = 8. Cari nilai p B ym G
dan nilai q. Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
[4 marks/markah]
(b) Diagram 1 shows a piece of land in the shape of Find the positive value of x and of y.
triangle. Given the perimeter of the land is 56 m. Cari nilai positif x dan nilai positif y.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebidang tanah yang berbentuk [4 marks/markah]
segi tiga. Diberi perimeter tanah itu ialah 56 m.

Paper 2
Section A
1 Halim, Daud and Firdaus bought some items for the preparation of Hari Raya. Halim bought 3 packets of
cooking chocolate, 2 packets of dates and a box of candy for RM56.00. Daud bought 4 packets of cooking
chocolate, 3 packets of dates and a box of candy for RM77.00. Firdaus bought 6 packets of cooking chocolate,
a packet of date and 4 boxes of candy for RM83.00. Find the unit price of each type of the item purchased.
Halim, Daud dan Firdaus membeli beberapa barang untuk persiapan Hari Raya. Halim membeli 3 paket coklat masakan, 2 paket
kurma dan sekotak gula-gula dengan harga RM56.00. Daud membeli 4 paket coklat masakan, 3 paket kurma dan sekotak gula-gula
dengan harga RM77.00. Firdaus membeli 6 paket coklat masakan, 1 paket kurma dan 4 kotak gula-gula dengan harga RM83.00.
Cari harga seunit bagi setiap jenis barang yang dibeli. [7 marks/markah]
E xm F
2 Diagram 2 shows a plot of land in the shape of trapezium that surrounded by
fence.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebidang tanah berbentuk trapezium yang dikelilingi oleh pagar. ym
Given the length of the fence is 112 m and the area of the land is 380 m2. If
x > y, determine the value of x and of y. H (2x – 2) m G
Diberi panjang pagar itu ialah 112 m dan luas tanah ialah 380 m2. Jika x > y, tentukan nilai x
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
dan y.
[7 marks/markah]

Section B
3 (a) Solve the following simultaneous equations/Selesaikan persamaan serentak berikut:
2x + y = x2 − y2 − 2xy − 1 = 1 [5 marks/markah]
(b) Diagram 1 shows the price packages offered for three types of food which are burger, nasi lemak and cake.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan pakej harga yang ditawarkan untuk tiga jenis makanan iaitu burger, nasi lemak dan kek.

RM25 RM20 RM19

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
Find the unit price of each food./Cari harga seunit bagi setiap makanan. [5 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
y
1 The diagram shows the intersections of the curve
y = (x + 1)(x2 – 6x + 8) and the straight line y = 4x – 16. Find the
coordinates of the points of intersection. HOTS Applying y = 4x – 16
Rajah menunjukkan persilangan antara lengkung y = (x + 1)(x2 – 6x + 8) dan garis lurus
y = 4x – 16. Cari koordinat bagi titik-titik persilangan itu. x
O
y = (x + 1)(x2 – 6x + 8)

53
Chapter Learning Area: Algebra

4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma

4.1 Laws of Indices / Hukum Indeks

Smart Tip
Laws of indices/Hukum indeks:
1 am × an = am + n 2 am ÷ an = am – n 3 (am)n = amn

Exercise 1 Express each of the following in the form of man, where a is a prime number.
Ungkapkan setiap yang berikut dalam bentuk man, dengan keadaan a ialah nombor perdana.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma.

Example 1 1 2(3n) + 4(3n) 2 2n + 2n + 2

2n + 3 − 2n + 1 + 2n = 2(3n) + 4(3n) = 1(2n) + (2n)(22)

Solution = 6(3n) = 1(2n) + 4(2n)
2n + 3 – 2n + 1 + 2n = 5(2n)
= (2n)(23) − (2n)(21) + (2n)
= 8(2n) − 2(2n) + 1(2n)
= 7(2n)
3 3n + 3 – 3n + 2 – 3n + 1 4 5n + 1 – 5n – 5n – 1

Alternative Method = (3n)(33) − (3n)(32) − (3n)(31) = (5n)(51) − 1(5n) − (5n)(5–1)

n n n
8(2 ) – 2(2 ) + (2 ) = 27(3n) − 9(3n) − 3(3n) 1
= 5(5n) − 1(5n) − (5n)
Let u = 2n, then = 15(3n) 5
Katakan u = 2n, maka 4 n 19 n
8u – 2u + u = 7u = 3 (5 ) = 5 (5 )
5
= 7(2n)

Exercise 2 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 2 1 Prove that 3n + 1 + 3n + 2 is a 2 Show that 2n + 2 + 2n + 4 is a

multiple of 4. multiple of 5.
Prove that 3n + 1 + 3n + 3 − 2(3n) Buktikan bahawa 3n + 1 + 3n + 2 ialah Tunjukkan bahawa 2n + 2 + 2n + 4 ialah
is a multiple of 7. gandaan bagi 4. gandaan bagi 5.
Buktikan bahawa 3n + 1 + 3n + 3 − 2(3n)
ialah gandaan bagi 7. 3n + 1 + 3n + 2 2n + 2 + 2n + 4
Solution = 3n(31) + 3n(32) = (2n)(22) + (2n)(24)
3n + 1 + 3n + 3 − 2(3n) = 3(3n) + 9(3n) = 4(2n) + 16(2n)
= 3n(3) + 3n(33) − 2(3n) = 12(3n) = 20(2n)
= 3(3n) + 27(3n) − 2(3n) 12 is divisible by 4. 20 is divisible by 5.
= 28(3n)
28 is divisible by 7. ∴ 3n + 1 + 3n + 2 is a multiple of 4. ∴ 2n + 2 + 2n + 4 is a multiple of 5.
28 boleh dibahagi tepat dengan 7.

∴ 3n + 1 + 3n + 3 − 2(3n) is a
multiple of 7.
∴ 3n + 1 + 3n + 3 – 2(3n) ialah gandaan
bagi 7.

54
 3 Show that 6(3n) − 3n + 3n + 2 is 4 Prove that 5n + 2 – 2(5n) + 5n + 1 is 5 Show that 7n + 2 − 2(7n + 1) + 7n is
divisible by 7. divisible by 4. divisible by 9.
Tunjukkan bahawa 6(3n) − 3n + 3n + 2 Buktikan bahawa 5n + 2 – 2(5n) + 5n + 1 Tunjukkan bahawa 7n + 2 – 2(7n + 1) + 7n
boleh dibahagi tepat dengan 7. boleh dibahagi tepat dengan 4. boleh dibahagi tepat dengan 9.

6(3n) − 3n + 3n + 2 5n + 2 − 2(5n) + 5n + 1 7n + 2 − 2(7n + 1) + 7n

= 6(3n) − 1(3n) + 3n(32) = 5n(52) − 2(5n) + 5n(51) = 7n(72) − 2[7n(71)] + 1(7n)
= 6(3n) − 1(3n) + 9(3n) = 25(5n) − 2(5n) + 5(5n) = 49(7n) − 14(7n) + 1(7n)
= 14(3n) = 28(5n) = 36(7n)
14 4 7 = 2 28 4 4 = 7 36 4 9 = 4
∴ 6(3n) − 3n + 3n + 2 is divisible ∴ 5n + 2 − 2(5n) + 5n +1 is divisible ∴ 7n + 2 − 2(7n + 1) + 7n is divisible
by 7. by 4. by 9.

6 Determine the number of digits for the answer of 2321 × 5324. HOTS Applying
Tentukan bilangan digit bagi jawapan 2321 × 5324.

2321 × 5324 = (2321 × 5321) × 53

= 10321 × 125
= 125 00…00
321
∴ The number of digits is 3 + 321 = 324.

Exercise 3 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 3 1 In an experiment, it is found that the temperature

of a metal increases from 23 °C to H°C based
Mr Syaiful deposited RM24 000 in a bank at on the equation H = 23(1.15)k when the metal is
the beginning of the year 2019 with an interest heated for k seconds. Calculate the temperature,
rate of 8% per annum. After w years, the total in °C, of the metal at the 8th second.
amount of Mr Syaiful’s savings is 24 000(1.08)w. Dalam satu eksperimen, didapati bahawa suhu sebuah
Calculate the total amount of his savings at the logam meningkat daripada 23 °C kepada H°C mengikut
beginning of the year 2025. persamaan H = 23(1.15)k apabila logam itu dipanaskan
Encik Syaiful menyimpan sebanyak RM24 000 di sebuah selama k saat. Hitung suhu, dalam °C, logam itu pada saat
bank pada awal tahun 2019 dengan kadar faedah 8% kelapan.
setahun. Selepas w tahun, jumlah simpanan Encik Syaiful
ialah 24 000(1.08)w. Hitung jumlah simpanannya pada k=8
awal tahun 2025. H = 23(1.15)8 °C
Solution = 70.36 °C
Number of years from 2019 until 2025 = 6 years
Bilangan tahun dari 2019 hingga 2025 = 6 tahun
w=6
Total amount of savings at the beginning of the
year 2025
Jumlah simpanan pada awal tahun 2025
= 24 000(1.08)6 = RM38 084.98

55
 2 Mrs Saras deposited RM15 000 in a bank on 3 Determine whether the expression 2n + 3 + 2n + 4 +
1st December 2018 with an interest rate of 4% 2n + 5 is divisible by 7 for all positive integers n.
per annum. After n years, the total amount of Tentukan sama ada ungkapan 2n + 3 + 2n + 4 + 2n + 5 boleh
her savings is 15 000(1.04)n. Calculate the total dibahagi tepat dengan 7 bagi semua integer positif n.
amount of her savings on 1st December 2023.
Puan Saras menyimpan sebanyak RM15 000 pada 2n + 3 + 2n + 4 + 2n + 5 = 2n(23) + 2n(24) + 2n(25)
1 Disember 2018 di sebuah bank dengan kadar faedah = 2n(8) + 2n(16) + 2n(32)
4% setahun. Selepas n tahun, jumlah simpanannya ialah = 2n(8 + 16 + 32)
15 000(1.04)n. Hitung jumlah simpanannya pada = 56(2n)
1 Disember 2023. 56 is multiple of 7. Hence, 56(2n) is divisible by 7
for all positive integers n.
Number of years from 2018 until 2023 = 5 years
Total amount of savings on 1st December 2023
= RM15 000(1.04)5
= RM18 249.79

4 A monkey has a disease. It has 91.5 body cells infected on day 1. The number of body cells infected doubles
every following day. The disease becomes severe when 324 body cells are infected. On which day does the
disease become severe?
Seekor monyet menghidap sejenis penyakit. Monyet itu mempunyai 91.5 sel-sel badan yang dijangkiti pada hari pertama.
Bilangan sel badan yang dijangkiti menjadi dua kali ganda pada setiap hari berikutnya. Penyakit itu menjadi teruk apabila 324 sel
badan dijangkiti. Pada hari keberapakah penyakit tu menjadi teruk?

Number of body cells infected Number of body cells infected

Day
(Base 9) (Base 3)
1 91.5 33
2 93 36
3 96 312
4 912 324

The disease becomes severe on the 4th day.

4.2 Laws of Surds / Hukum Surd

Exercise 4 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 4 1 Determine the value of (ABB2 ÷ ABB

5 )2. Hence, make
a generalisation for the value of ABB
2 ÷ ABB
5 in the
Determine the value of (ABB2 × ABB
3 )2. Hence, make form of surd.
2 × ABB
a generalisation for the value of ABB 3 in the Tentukan nilai (ABB
2 ÷ ABB5 )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi
form of surd. bagi nilai ABB
2 ÷ ABB
5 dalam bentuk surd.
Tentukan nilai (ABB
2 × ABB3 )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi
1 2
2
bagi nilai ABB × ABB dalam bentuk surd.
2 3 (ABB
2 ÷ ABB
5 )2 =
ABB
2

Solution
ABB
5
2 × ABB
(ABB 2 × ABB
3 )2 = (ABB
2 × ABB
= ABB 2 × ABB
2 × ABB
3 )(ABB 3)
3 × ABB
3
= 1 21 2
ABB
2 ABB
ABB
5 ABB
2
5
2 )2 × (ABB
= (ABB 3 )2 (ABB
2 )2
=
=2×3 SmartTip (ABB
5 )2
=6 2
2 × ABB
(ABB 3 )2 = 6 1 ABB
a × ABB
b = ABBB
ab =
5
2 ABB b = BB
a ÷ ABB a
Ab 2
(ABB
2 ÷ ABB
5 )2 =
5
Making both sides square root. Making both sides square root.
Punca kuasa duakan kedua-dua belah. 2
Then/Maka, ABB 2 × ABB
3 = ABB
6 ABB
2 ÷ ABB
5 =A
5

56
 2 Determine the value of (ABB3 × ABB
5 )2. Hence, make 3 Determine the value of (ABB2 × ABB
5 )2. Hence, make
3 × ABB
a generalisation for the value of ABB 5 in the 2 × ABB
a generalisation for the value of ABB 5 in the
form of surd. form of surd.
Tentukan nilai (ABB
3 × ABB5 )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi Tentukan nilai (ABB
2 × ABB5 )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi
bagi nilai ABB × ABB dalam bentuk surd.
3 5 bagi nilai ABB × ABB dalam bentuk surd.
2 5

3 × ABB
(ABB 3 × ABB
5 )2 = (ABB 3 × ABB
5 )(ABB 5) 2 × ABB
(ABB 2 × ABB
5 )2 = (ABB 2 × ABB
5 )(ABB 5)
3 × ABB
= ABB 3 × ABB 5 × ABB
5 2 × ABB
= ABB 2 × ABB 5 × ABB
5
3 )2 × (ABB
= (ABB 5 )2 2 )2 × (ABB
= (ABB 5 )2
=3×5 =2×5
= 15 = 10
3 × ABB
(ABB 5 )2 = 15 2 × ABB
(ABB 5 )2 = 10

Making both sides square root. Making both sides square root.
3 × ABB
Then, ABB 5 = ABB
15 2 × ABB
Then, ABB 5 = ABB
10

4 Determine the value of (ABBm × ABBn )2. Hence, make 5 Determine the value of (ABB3 ÷ ABB
2 )2. Hence, make
m × ABB
a generalisation for the value of ABB n in the a generalisation for the value of ABB
3 ÷ ABB
2 in the
form of surd. form of surd.
Tentukan nilai (ABB
m × ABBn )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi Tentukan nilai (ABB
3 ÷ ABB2 )2. Seterusnya, buat generalisasi
bagi nilai ABB
m × ABB
n dalam bentuk surd. bagi nilai ABB
3 ÷ ABB
2 dalam bentuk surd.

1 ABB 2
2
3
m × ABB
(ABB m × ABB
n )2 = (ABB m × ABB
n )(ABB n) (ABB
3 ÷ ABB
2 )2 =
m × ABB
= ABB n × ABB m × ABB
n ABB
2
=1 21 2
m )2 × (ABB
= (ABB n )2 ABB
3 ABB 3
= mn ABB
2 ABB 2
m × ABB
(ABB n )2 = mn (ABB
3 )2 3
= =
2 )2 2
(ABB
Making both sides square root.
3
m × ABB
Then, ABB n = ABBBB
mn (ABB
3 ÷ ABB
2 )2 =
2
Making both sides square root.
3
Then, ABB
3 ÷ ABB2 =A
2

Exercise 5 Write each of the following in the form of aABB

b.
Tuliskan setiap yang berikut dalam bentuk aAB
B
b.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma.

Example 5 1 ABB
52 2 ABBBB
147

(a) ABB
45 4 × 13
= ABBBBBB 49 × 3
= ABBBBBB
(b) 2ABB
50 – 3ABB
2 4 × ABB
= ABB 13 49 × ABB
= ABB 3
Solution = 2 × ABB
13 = 7 × ABB
3
(a) ABB 9×5
45 = ABBBBB = 2ABB
13 = 7ABB
3
9 × ABB
= ABB 5
= 3 × ABB
5
= 3ABB
5

(b) 2ABB
50 – 3ABB
2 3
ABB
48
4
ABB
72
25 × 2 – 3ABB
= 2ABBBBBB 2 2 3
25 × ABB
= 2(ABB 2 ) – 3ABB
2 16 × 3
ABBBBBB 9×4×2
ABBBBBBBB
= =
= 2(5 × ABB
2 ) – 3ABB2 2 3
= 10ABB2 – 3ABB2 16 × ABB
ABB 3 9 × ABB
ABB 4 × ABB
2
= =
= 7ABB
2 2 3
4 × ABB
3 3 × 2 × ABB
2
= =
2 3
= 2 × ABB
3 = 2 × ABB
2
= 2ABB
3 = 2ABB
2

57
 5 3ABB
2 + 2ABB
8 6 4ABB
27 + 2ABB
3 7 9ABB
2 – 2ABB
18

= 3ABB 4×2
2 + 2ABBBBB 9 × 3 + 2ABB
= 4ABBBBB 3 = 9ABB 9×2
2 – 2ABBBBB
= 3ABB 4 × ABB
2 + 2(ABB 2) 9 × ABB
= 4ABB 3 + 2ABB3 = 9ABB 9 × ABB
2 – 2(ABB 2)
2 + 2(2 × ABB
= 3ABB 2) = 4(3) × ABB
3 + 2ABB3 2 – 2(3 × ABB
= 9ABB 2)
2 + 4 × ABB
= 3ABB 2) = 12ABB
3 + 2ABB
3 = 9ABB
2 – 6ABB
2
= 3ABB
2 + 4ABB
2) = 14ABB
3 = 3ABB
2
= 7ABB
2

Exercise 6 Rationalise each of the following.

Nisbahkan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6

10 3
(a) (b)
ABB
5 ABB
5 – ABB
2 Smart Tip
Solution
Multiply the numerator
(a)
10
=
10
×
ABB
5
(b)
3
=
3 ABB
5 + ABB
×
2 and denominator
ABB
5 ABB
5 ABB
5 ABB
5 – ABB
2 ABB
5 – ABB2 ABB 5 + ABB
2 with conjugate surd to
10ABB5 3(ABB
5 + ABB2) eliminate the surd from
= = the denominator.
5 (ABB
5 )2 – (ABB
2 )2 Darabkan pengangka dan
= 2ABB
5 3(ABB
5 + ABB2) penyebut dengan surd konjugat
= untuk menghapuskan surd
5–2 daripada penyebut.
3(ABB
5 + ABB
2)
= = ABB
5 + ABB
2
3

12 21 4
1 2 3
ABB
3 ABB
7 ABB
7 – ABB
3
12 ABB
3 21 ABB
7 4 ABB7 + ABB
3
= × = × = ×
ABB
3 ABB 3 ABB
7 ABB 7 ABB
7 – ABB 3 ABB7 + ABB
3
12ABB
3 21ABB
7 4(ABB
7 + ABB 3) 4(ABB
7 + ABB
3)
= = = =
3 7 (ABB
7 ) 2
– (ABB
3 ) 2
7 – 3
= 4ABB
3 = 3ABB
7 4(ABB
7 + ABB
3)
= ABB ABB
= 7 + 3
4

4 21 2ABB
20
4 5 6
ABB
7 + ABB
3 3 – ABB
2 3 – ABB
5
4 ABB
7 – ABB
3 21 3 + ABB
2 4×5
2ABBBBB 3 + ABB
5
= × = × = ×
ABB
7 + ABB3 ABB
7 – ABB
3 3 – ABB2 3 + ABB
2 3 – ABB5 3 + ABB5
4(ABB
7 – ABB
3) 21(3 + ABB 2) (2 × ABB
4 × ABB
5 )(3 + ABB
5)
= = =
(ABB
7 ) – (ABB
2
3 )2 32 – (ABB
2 )2 3 – (ABB
2
5) 2

4(ABB
7 – ABB
3) 21(3 + ABB 2) (2 × 2 × ABB 5 )(3 + ABB5)
= = =
7–3 9–2 9–5
4(ABB
7 – ABB
3) 21(3 + ABB 2) 4ABB5 (3 + ABB5)
= = =
4 7 4
= ABB
7 – ABB3 = 3(3 + ABB2 ) = 9 + 3ABB
2 = ABB
5 (3 + ABB5)
= 3ABB
5 + (ABB 5 )2
= 3ABB
5 +5

58
Exercise 7 Solve each of the following problems.
Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 7 1 The diagram below shows a rectangle.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah segi empat tepat.
The diagram below shows a trapezium ABCD.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah trapezium ABCD. (3 + ABB
5 ) cm

A (ABB
45 + 4 ) cm B (3 – ABB
5 ) cm

Find the area of the rectangle.

D C Cari luas segi empat tepat itu.
ABB
20 cm

Find the area of the trapezium in the form of (3 + ABB

5 )(3 – ABB
5 ) = 32 – (ABB
5 )2
surd. =9–5
Cari luas trapezium dalam bentuk surd. = 4 cm2
Solution Hence, the area of the rectangle = 4 cm2
1
Area/Luas = (AB + DC)(AD)
2
1
= [(ABB 45 + 4) + (ABB
20 )](ABB
20 )
2
1
= (ABB 20 )[(ABB
45 + 4) + (ABB
20 )]
2
1
= (2ABB 5 )(3ABB5 + 4 + 2ABB
5)
2
= ABB
5 (5ABB
5 +4)
= 5(5) + 4ABB5
= 25 + 4ABB5
Hence, the area of the trapezium = (25 + 4ABB5 ) cm2
Maka, luas trapezium = (25 + 4ABB
5 ) cm2

2 The diagram below shows a right-angled triangle 3 The diagram below shows a trapezium EFGH.
ABC. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah trapezium EFGH.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut
tegak ABC. E
ABB
12 cm
F
A

ABB8 cm H (4ABB
3 + 2) cm G

B ABB
10 cm C Determine the area of the trapezium in the form
of surd.
Find the length of AC in the form aABB
b , where a Tentukan luas trapezium dalam bentuk surd.
and b are integers.
1
Cari panjang AC dalam bentuk aABB
b , dengan keadaan a dan Area = (EF + HG)(EH)
b ialah integer. 2
1
= [ABB 12 + (4ABB3 +2)](ABB
12 )
2
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 1
= (ABB
8 )2 + (ABB
10 )2 = (ABB 12 )(ABB
12 + 4ABB
3 +2)
2
= 8 + 10 1
= 18 = (2ABB 3 )(2ABB
3 + 4ABB
3 +2)
2
AC = ABB 18 = ABB
3 (6ABB
3 +2)
(3 × 3 × 2)
= ABBBBBBB = 6(3) + 2ABB3
= 3ABB
2 = 18 + 2ABB3
Hence, AC = 3ABB 2 cm Hence, the area of the trapezium = (18 + 2ABB
3 ) cm2

Note: ABB 4×3

12 = ABBBB
4 × ABB
= ABB 3
= 2ABB
3

59
 4 The diagram shows a right-angled triangle ABC. A
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut tegak ABC.
Find the perimeter of the triangle in the form of surd. ABB
48 cm
Cari perimeter segi tiga itu dalam bentuk surd.
60°
B C

AB = ABB48 cos 60° =

BC
16 × 3
= ABBBBB 4ABB
3
16 × ABB
= ABB 3 BC = 4ABB3 cos 60°
= 4ABB
3 1
AC
= 4ABB
3
2 1 2
sin 60° =
4ABB
3 = 2ABB
3
AC = 4ABB
3 1ABB
2 2
3 Perimeter = AB + BC + AC
= 4ABB
3 + 2ABB
3 +6
= 2(ABB
3 )2 = 6ABB
3 +6
= 2(3) Hence, the perimeter of the triangle = (6ABB
3 + 6) cm
=6

4.3 Laws of Logarithms / Hukum Logaritma

Smart Tip
Logarithms/Logaritma:
ax = N if and only if loga N = x, where a > 0 and a ≠ 1/ax = N jika dan hanya jika loga N = x, dengan keadaan a > 0 dan a ≠ 1
Laws of Logarithms/Hukum Logaritma:
1 loga x + loga y = loga (xy) 3 loga xn = nloga x
2 loga x − loga y = loga 1 x 2 4 aloga x = x
y

Exercise 8 Convert the following to index form.

Tukarkan yang berikut kepada bentuk indeks.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma.

Example 8 1 log2 16 = 4 2 log3 9 = 2

log2 8 = 3 24 = 16 32 = 9
Solution
23 = 8

3 log3 81 = 4 4 log10 1 000 = 3 1

5 log25 5 =
2
34 = 81 103 = 1 000 1
25 2 = 5

60
Exercise 9 Prove each of the following.
Buktikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 9 1 loga a = 1 2 loga 1 = 0

loga PQ = loga P + loga Q Let loga a = x Let loga 1 = x

ax = a ax = 1
Solution
x=1 x=0
Let/Katakan
P = ax and/dan Q = ay
 ? loga a = 1  ? loga 1 = 0
Then/Maka,
loga P = x and/dan loga Q = y
loga PQ = loga (ax)(ay)
= loga (ax + y)
=x+y
= loga P + loga Q

3 loga (ax) = x M 5 Prove loga M3 = 3loga M.

4 loga = loga M – loga N
N Buktikan loga M3 = 3loga M.
x
Let loga (a ) = u
Let M = ax and N = ay
au = ax loga M3 = loga (M u M u M)
Then, loga M = x and loga N = y
u=x = loga M + loga M + loga M
M ax
 ? loga (ax) = x loga = loga y = 3loga M
N a
= loga (ax – y)
= (x – y) loga a
=x–y
= loga M – loga N

Exercise 10 Write each of the following logarithmic expressions in a single term.

Tuliskan setiap ungkapan logaritma berikut dalam satu sebutan tunggal.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 10 1 2 + log2 b 2 log4 p  log4 q + log4 3

3  log2 p + log2 16 = 2(log2 2) + log2 b pu3

= log4
= log2 22 + log2 b q
Solution
3  log2 p + log2 16 3p
= log2 22 (b) = log4 q
= 3(1)  log2 p + log2 16 = log2 4b
= 3(log2 2)  log2 p + log2 16
= log2 23  log2 p + log2 16
23 u 16
= log2 p
128
= log2 p

3 1 + log3 m  log3 12 4 logx h + 2 logx k  logx (k  1) 5 logx ab  logx (ab – a)

= log3 3 + log3 m  log3 12 = logx h + logx k2 – logx (k  1) ab

= logx ab  a
3um h u k2
= logx
= log3 12 (k  1) ab
= logx a(b  1)
m hk2
= log3 = logx
4 k1 b
= logx
b1

61
Exercise 11 Evaluate each of the following.
Nilaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

log7 0.25 log4 8–2

Example 11 1 7 2 4

(a) 2log2 5 = 0.25 = 8–2

(b) log2 4 − log2 2 + log2 32 1
= 82
Solution 1
(a) 2log2 5 = 5 aloga x = x = 64

(b) log2 4 − log2 2 + log2 32

1
4 × 32 3 5 3 log5 3 5
log 32
9
= log2 2 4 9
log 33 1
= log2 64 =5 5 5
= 9log9 32
= log2 26 = 5log5 27
= 9log9 2
= 6 log2 2 = 27 =2
= 6(1)
=6

5 log3 9 + log3 27 – log3 81 6 log2 8 + log2 16 − log2 4 7 log2 12 + log2 18 − 3 log2 3

9 × 27 8 × 16
= log3 = log2 = log2 12 + log2 18 − log2 33
81 4
243 = log2 32 12 × 18
= log3 = log2 27
81 = log2 25
= log2 8
= log3 3 = 5 log2 2
= log2 23
=1 = 5(1)
= 3 log2 2
=5
= 3(1) = 3

Smart Tip
The logarithm of a number can be determined by changing the base of the logarithm to a suitable base.
Logaritma suatu nombor boleh ditentukan dengan menukar asas logaritma kepada asas yang sesuai.
logc b 1
(a) loga b = (b) loga b =
logc a logb a

Exercise 12 Convert the following to the required base.

Tukarkan setiap yang berikut kepada asas yang diberi.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 12 1 Convert logH 2 to the base 2. 2 Convert log9 (M + 6) to the

Tukarkan logH 2 kepada asas 2. base 3.
Convert log4 T to the base 2. Tukarkan log9 (M + 6) kepada asas 3.
Tukarkan log4 T kepada asas 2. log2 2
logH 2 =
log2 H log3 (M + 6)
log9 (M + 6) =
Solution 1 log3 9
log2 T =
log4 T = log2 H log3 (M + 6)
=
log24 log3 32
log2 T log3 (M + 6)
= =
log2 22 2
log2 T
=
2

62
 3 Convert loga (8m) to the base m. 4 Convert log16 (2p) to the base 2. 5 Convert log2 (20k) to the base 10.
Tukarkan loga (8m) kepada asas m. Tukarkan log16 (2p) kepada asas 2. Tukarkan log2 (20k) kepada asas 10.
logm (8m) log2 (2p) log2 (20k)
loga (8m) = log16 (2p) =
logm a log2 16 log10 20k
=
logm 8 + logm m log2 2 + log2 p log10 2
= =
logma log2 24 log10 (10 × 2 × k)
=
logm 8 + 1 log2 2 + log2 p log10 2
= =
logm a 4 log10 10 + log10 2 + log10 k
=
1 + log2 p log10 2
=
4 1 + log10 2 + log10 k
=
log10 2

Exercise 13 Evaluate each of the following. Give the answers correct to 4 decimal places.
Nilaikan setiap yang berikut. Beri jawapan betul kepada 4 tempat perpuluhan.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 13 1 log2 7 2 log7 2

log2 0.842
log10 7 log10 2
Solution = =
log10 2 log10 7
log2 0.842 0.8451 0.3010
log10 0.842 logc b = =
= loga b = 0.3010 0.8451
log10 2 logc a
= 2.8076 = 0.3562
= –0.07469 = –0.2481
0.3010

3 log3 5.4 4 log5 24.5 5 log3 0.81

log10 5.4 log10 24.5 log10 0.81

= = =
log10 3 log10 5 log10 3
0.7324 1.3892 –0.0915
= = =
0.4771 0.6990 0.4771
= 1.5351 = 1.9874 = –0.1918

Exercise 14 Solve the following equations

Selesaikan persamaan berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 14 1 log3 (2x − 5) = 2

(a) log2 (3x − 4) = 3 (b) log3 (4x + 1) = 2 + log3 (x − 1) 2x − 5 = 32

Solution Solution 2x − 5 = 9
3x − 4 = 23 log3 (4x + 1) = 2 + log3 (x − 1) 2x = 14
x=7
3x – 4 = 8 log3 (4x + 1) – log3 (x − 1) = 2
3x = 12 4x + 1
x=4 log3 (
x−1
=2) or

4x + 1 = 32 log3(2x − 5) = log3 9
Common Error x−1 2x − 5 = 9
4x + 1 = 9(x − 1) 2x = 14
log2 (3x – 4) = 3
log2 3x – log2 4 = 3 4x + 1 = 9x − 9 x=7
log2 3x – 2 = 3 1 + 9 = 9x − 4x
log2 3x = 5 10 = 5x
x =2

63
 2 log2 (7x + 2) = 4 3 log2 3x − log2 (x − 3) = 2 4 log4 (11x + 3) − log4 (x − 7) = 2
7x + 2 = 24
7x + 2 = 16
log2 (x3x− 3) = 2 log4 ( 11xx −+73 ) = 2
7x = 14 3x 11x + 3
14 = 22 = 42
x= x−3 x−7
7 3x = 4(x − 3) 11x + 3 = 16(x − 7)
=2 3x = 4x − 12 11x + 3 = 16x − 112
or 12 = 4x − 3x 5x = 115
log2(7x + 2) = log2 16 12 = x x = 23
7x + 2 = 16
7x = 14
x=2

5 log3 (x + 7) = 2 + log3 (x − 1) 6 log2 (x − 2) = 1 − log2 (x – 3) 7 log2 (√ x − 1) = log2 x – 2

log3 (x + 7) − log3 (x − 1) = 2 log2 (x − 2) + log2 (x − 3) = 1 log2 x – log2 (√ x − 1) = 2
x
log3 (xx +− 17) = 2 log2 (x − 2)(x − 3) = 1
(x − 2)(x − 3) = 21
log2 ( √x − 1
)=2
x
x2 − 5x + 6 = 2 = 22
x+7 √ x − 1
= 32 x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 x = 4(√ x − 1)
x−1 (x − 1)(x − 4) = 0
x + 7 = 9(x − 1) x = 4√ x − 4
x − 1 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 x+4
x + 7 = 9x − 9 x =1 x =4 = √x
9 + 7 = 9x − x 4
x+4 2
16 = 8x
2=x
If x = 1 is substituted into ( 4 ) =x
log2 (x – 2), the logarithm is 2
x + 8x + 16
unde昀椀ned (due to negative ( 16 )
=x
number). 2
x + 8x + 16 = 16x
∴x=4 x2 − 8x + 16 = 0
(x − 4)(x − 4) = 0
(x − 4) = 0
∴x=4

5.4 4.4 Applications of Indices, Surds and Logarithms / Aplikasi Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma
Exercise 15 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang indeks, surd dan logaritma dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 15 1 Kamil bought a plot of land for RM80 000. After

the land is purchased, the value appreciates
Bala bought a car for RM120 000. After the car 3.5% every year. Find the minimum number of
is purchased, the value depreciates 4% every years for the value of the land to exceed
year. Find the minimum number of years for the RM150 000.
value of the car less than RM40 000. Kamil membeli sebidang tanah dengan harga RM80 000.
Bala membeli sebuah kereta dengan harga RM120 000. Selepas tanah itu dibeli, nilainya meningkat sebanyak 3.5%
Selepas kereta itu dibeli, nilainya susut sebanyak 4% setiap setiap tahun. Cari bilangan tahun minimum supaya nilai
tahun. Cari bilangan tahun minimum supaya nilai kereta tanah itu melebihi RM150 000.
itu kurang daripada RM40 000.
Solution Let n = number of years after the land is
Let n = number of years after the car is purchased purchased
Katakan n = bilangan tahun selepas kereta dibeli The value of the land appreciates 3.5% every
The value of the car depreciates 4% every year, year, so the percentage of the value of land
so the percentage left is 96%. becomes 103.5%.

1 2
Nilai harga kereta susut 4% setiap tahun, maka peratus 103.5 n
yang tinggal ialah 96%. RM80 000 × > RM150 000
100
RM120 000 × (0.96)n < RM40 000 RM80 000 × (1.035)n > RM150 000
(0.96)n < 0.3333 (1.035)n > 1.875
log10 (0.96)n < log10 0.3333 log10 (1.035)n > log10 1.875
nlog10 (0.96) < log10 0.3333 nlog10 (1.035) > log10 1.875
n(–0.01773) < –0.4772 n(0.01494) > 0.2730
0.01773n > 0.4772 n > 18.273
n > 26.91 n = 19
n = 27

64
 2 Johan bought a motorcycle for RM6 000. 3 In the diagram below, ABCD and EFGH are
After the motorcycle is purchased, the value rectangles. Given EF = ABB
3 cm and EH = ABB
2 cm.
depreciates 8% every year. Find the minimum Dalam rajah di bawah, ABCD dan EFGH ialah segi empat
number of years for the value of the motorcycle tepat. Diberi EF = ABB
3 cm dan EH = ABB
2 cm.
less than RM450.
A ABB
27 cm B
Johan membeli sebuah motosikal dengan harga RM6 000.
E F
Selepas motosikal itu dibeli, nilainya susut 8% setiap tahun.
Cari bilangan tahun minimum supaya nilai motosikal itu ABB8 cm
kurang daripada RM450. H G
D C
Let n = number of years after the motorcycle is
Given the area of the shaded region is kABB
6 cm2,
purchased
昀椀nd the value of k.
The value of the motorcycle depreciates 8% every Diberi luas bagi kawasan berlorek ialah kABB
6 cm2, cari
year, so the percentage left is 92%. nilai k.
RM6 000 × (0.92)n < RM450
(0.92)n < 0.075 Area of the shaded region
log10 (0.92)n < log10 0.075 27 × ABB
= (ABB 3 × ABB
8 ) – (ABB 2)
nlog10 (0.92) < log10 0.075
3 × 2ABB
= (3ABB 3 × ABB
2 ) – (ABB 2)
n(–0.03621) < –1.1249
= 6ABB
6 – ABB
6
n(0.03621) > 1.1249
= 5ABB
6
n > 31.07
∴k=5
n = 32

Review 4
Paper 1
Section A
1 (a) Given 8(2x − 2) = 16x, 昀椀nd the value of x. 5 (a) Determine the value of (ABB
7 ÷ ABB
5 )2. Hence,
Diberi 8(2x − 2) = 16x, cari nilai bagi x. make a generalisation for the value of
[2 marks/markah] ABB
7 ÷ ABB
5 in the form of surd.
(b) Given 2a = 7b = 14m, state m in terms of a and b. Tentukan nilai (ABB7 ÷ ABB5 )2. Seterusnya, buat
Diberi 2a = 7b = 14m, nyatakan m dalam sebutan a dan b.
generalisasi bagi nilai ABB
7 ÷ ABB 5 dalam bentuk surd.
[3 marks/markah]
[2 marks/markah]
2 (a) Solve the equation: (b) Simplify (ABB
m ÷ ABB
n )2. Hence, make a
Selesaikan persamaan: generalisation for the value of ABB
m ÷ ABB
n in the
1
16(23x − 5) = form of surd.
2x
[2 marks/markah] Permudahkan (ABB m ÷ ABB n )2. Seterusnya, buat
(b) Solve 32x − 4(3x + 1) + 27 = 0. generalisasi bagi nilai ABB ÷ ABB
m n dalam bentuk surd.
Selesaikan 32x − 4(3x + 1) + 27 = 0. [2 marks/markah]
[3 marks/markah] 6 Express in the form of aABB
b + c.
3 Solve/Selesaikan Ungkapkan dalam bentuk aABB
b + c.
4
(a) 3x = 162 − 3x (a) (ABB
2 + 3)2, (b) .
(b) 52x − 1 = 32
ABB
5 +1
[4 marks/markah]
[4 marks/markah]
1 7 Given log3 2 = m and log3 7 = p, express
4 (a) Given 9u × 27u – 2 = , 昀椀nd the value of u. Diberi log3 2 = m dan log3 7 = p, ungkapkan
81
1 (a) log3 28, (b) log9 3.5
Diberi 9 × 27
u u–2
= , cari nilai bagi u.
81 [4 marks/markah]
[2 marks/markah]
8 (a) Given loga 4 = p and loga 3 = q, express
(b) Given 33x = g, 3y = h and 33x3y = 8 + 27x.
Express g in terms of h. loga 27a in terms of p and q.
16 27a
Diberi 33x = g, 3y = h dan 33x3y = 8 + 27x. Ungkapkan g Diberi loga 4 = p dan loga 3 = q, ungkapkan loga
dalam sebutan h. 16
[3 marks/markah] dalam sebutan p dan q.
[2 marks/markah]

65
 1 9 (a) Solve the equation:
(b) Given log81 u − log3 w = , express u in terms
2 Selesaikan persamaan:
of w. 1 + log5 x = log5 (x + 7)
1
Diberi log81 u − log3 w = , ungkapkan u dalam [2 marks/markah]
2 3
sebutan w. (b) Solve log2 √ x − log4 3 = .
2
[3 marks/markah] 3
Selesaikan log2 √ x – log4 3 = .
2
[3 marks/markah]

Section B
1 1 (b) Solve the equation
10 (a) (i) Show that + =1
logm mn logn mn Selesaikan persamaan
1 1 52x – 5x + 1 = 50
Tunjukkan bahawa + =1
logm mn logn mn [4 marks/markah]
1 1
(ii) Solve log6 (2x – 1) = + .
logm mn logn mn
1 1
Selesaikan log6 (2x – 1) = + .
logm mn logn mn
[4 marks/markah]

Paper 2
Section A
m4
1 Given log2 m3p2 = 21 and log2 = 17, where m and p are constans. Find the value of m and of p.
p
m4
Diberi log2 m3p2 = 21 dan log2 = 17, dengan keadaan m dan p ialah pemalar. Cari nilai m dan nilai p.
p
[7 marks/markah]

Section B
2 (a) Solve the following simultaneous equations:
Selesaikan persamaan serentak berikut:
(9x)(3y) = 1
8x
=4
4y
[5 marks/markah]
(b) Solve the following simultaneous equations for x > 0 and y > 0.
Selesaikan persamaan serentak berikut untuk x > 0 dan y > 0.
log2 x + log2 y = 3
log3 (3y – 1) − 2 log9 x = 1
[5 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 An oil palm company has 2 400 000 oil palm trees. The company plans to replant 8% of the number of trees
in each year. By using the formula P(t) = a(1 – r)t where
P(t) = number of trees replanted according to the years,
a = initial number of trees,
r = percentage of the trees replanted in each year,
t = number of years.
How long will it take for the company to replant 50% of the trees? HOTS Applying
Sebuah syarikat kelapa sawit mempunyai 2 400 000 pokok kelapa sawit. Syarikat itu bercadang untuk menanam semula 8%
daripada bilangan pokok pada setiap tahun. Dengan menggunakan rumus P(t) = a(1 – r)t dengan keadaan
P(t) = bilangan pokok yang ditanam semula mengikut tahun,
a = bilangan awal pokok,
r = peratus pokok yang ditanam semula pada setiap tahun,
t = bilangan tahun.
Berapakah tempoh masa yang diambil untuk syarikat itu menanam semula 50% daripada pokok-pokok itu?

66
Chapter Learning Area: Algebra

5 Progressions
Janjang

5.1 Arithmetic Progressions / Janjang Aritmetik

Smart Tip
An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between each term (after the 昀椀rst term)
and its preceding term is a constant. The constant is called common difference, d.
Janjang aritmetik ialah suatu jujukan nombor dengan keadaan beza antara setiap sebutan (selepas sebutan pertama) dengan sebutan sebelumnya
ialah suatu pemalar. Pemalar ini disebut sebagai beza sepunya, d.

d = Tn + 1 – Tn , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …

Exercise 1 Determine whether each of the following sequences is an arithmetic progression or not.
Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap jujukan berikut ialah janjang aritmetik atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang janjang.

Example 1 1 17, 23, 29, 35, … 2 −7, –3, 1, 5, …

5, 9, 13, 17, … T2 – T1 = 23 – 17 = 6 T2 – T1 = –3 – (–7) = 4

Solution T3 – T2 = 29 – 23 = 6 T3 – T2 = 1 – (–3) = 4
T2 – T1 = 9 – 5 = 4 T4 – T3 = 35 – 29 = 6 T4 – T3 = 5 – 1 = 4
T3 – T2 = 13 – 9 = 4
T4 – T3 = 17 – 13 = 4 17, 23, 29, 35, … is an –7, –3, 1, 5, … is an arithmetic
arithmetic progression with progression with common
5, 9, 13, 17, … is an common difference = 6. difference = 4.
arithmetic progression with
common difference = 4.
5, 9, 13, 17, … ialah janjang
aritmetik dengan beza sepunya = 4.

3 12, 8, 5, 2, …. 1, 5 , 1, 7 , …
4 5 – 1 , – 5 , – 4 , – 11 , …
3 12 2 12 9 18 9 18
T2 – T1 = 8 – 12 = –4
T3 – T2 = 5 – 8 = –3 T2 – T1 = 5 – 1 = 1 1 2
T2 – T1 = – 5 – – 1 = – 1
12 3 12 18 9 6
T4 – T3 = 2 – 5 = –3
T3 – T2 = 1 – 5 = 1 4
T3 – T2 = – – – 1 2
5 =–1
2 12 12 9 18 6
12, 8, 5, 2, … is not an
arithmetic progression T4 – T3 = 7 – 1 = 1 1 2
T4 – T3 = – 11 – – 4 = – 1
12 2 12 18 9 6
because there is no common
difference. 1 , 5 , 1 , 7 , … is an – 1 , – 5 , – 4 , – 11 , … is an
3 12 2 12 9 18 9 18
arithmetic progression with arithmetic progression with
common difference = 1 . common difference = – 1 .
12 6

67
 Smart Tip
The nth term, Tn, of an arithmetic progression is written as:
Sebutan ke-n, Tn, bagi suatu janjang aritmetik ditulis sebagai:
Tn = a + (n – 1)d
where/dengan keadaan
a = the 昀椀rst term/sebutan pertama
d = the common difference/beza sepunya
n = number of terms/bilangan sebutan

Exercise 2 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri.

Example 2 1 Given an arithmetic progression

Diberi janjang aritmetik
Given an arithmetic progression 4, 13, 22, 31, …
Diberi janjang aritmetik (a) Determine the nth term.
5, 11, 17, 23, … Tentukan sebutan ke-n.
(a) Determine the nth term. (b) Determine the 26th term.
Tentukan sebutan ke-n. Tentukan sebutan ke-26.
(b) Determine the 18th term.
Tentukan sebutan ke-18. (a) a = 4
d = 13 – 4 = 9
Solution
Tn = a + (n – 1)d
(a) a = 5
Tn = 4 + (n – 1)9
d = 11 – 5 = 6
= 4 + 9n – 9
Tn = a + (n – 1)d
= 9n – 5
Tn = 5 + (n – 1)6
(b) T26 = 9(26) – 5
= 5 + 6n – 6
= 229
= 6n – 1
(b) T18 = 6(18) – 1 = 107

2 Given an arithmetic progression 3 Given an arithmetic progression

Diberi janjang aritmetik Diberi janjang aritmetik
42, 39, 36, 33, … 5 + x, 8 + 3x, 11 + 5x, …
(a) Determine the nth term. (a) Determine the nth term in terms of n and x.
Tentukan sebutan ke-n. Tentukan sebutan ke-n dalam sebutan n dan x.
(b) Determine the 9th term. (b) Determine the 13th term in terms of x.
Tentukan sebutan ke-9. Tentukan sebutan ke-13 dalam sebutan x.

(a) a = 42 (a) a = 5 + x
d = 39 – 42 = –3 d = (8 + 3x) – (5 + x)
Tn = a + (n – 1)d = 8 + 3x – 5 – x
Tn = 42 + (n – 1)(–3) = 3 + 2x
= 42 – 3n + 3 Tn = a + (n – 1)d
= 45 – 3n = (5 + x) + (n – 1)(3 + 2x)
(b) T9 = 45 – 3(9) (b) T13 = (5 + x) + (13 – 1)(3 + 2x)
= 18 = (5 + x) + 12(3 + 2x)
= 5 + x + 36 + 24x
= 25x + 41

68
Exercise 3 Determine the number of terms for each of the following arithmetic progressions.
Tentukan bilangan sebutan bagi setiap janjang aritmetik berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 3 1 9, 16, 23, …, 114

7, 11, 15, …, 191 a = 9, d = 16 – 9 = 7

a + (n – 1)d = Tn
Solution
9 + (n – 1)(7) = 114
a = 7, d = 11 – 7 = 4
7(n – 1) = 105
a + (n – 1)d = Tn
n – 1 = 15
7 + (n – 1)(4) = 191
n = 16
4(n – 1) = 184
n – 1 = 46
n = 47

2 31, 25, 19, …, –77 1 , 5 , 1 1 , 1 1 ,…., 8 1

3
2 6 6 2 6
a = 31, d = 25 – 31 = –6
a + (n – 1)d = Tn a = 1, d = 5 – 1 = 1
2 6 2 3
31 + (n – 1)(–6) = –77
a + (n – 1)d = Tn
–6(n – 1) = –108
1 + (n – 1) 1 = 8 1
n – 1 = 18
n = 19 2 31 2 6
1 (n – 1) = 23
3 3
n – 1 = 23
n = 24

Exercise 4 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 4 1 The nth term of an arithmetic 2 Given an arithmetic

progression is given by progression 2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, …,
The nth term of an arithmetic Tn = 5n – 14. Find determine the minimum value
progression is given by Sebutan ke-n bagi suatu janjang of n such that the nth term is
Tn = 3n + 4. Find aritmetik diberi oleh Tn = 5n – 14. greater than 130.
Sebutan ke-n bagi suatu janjang Cari Diberi janjang aritmetik 2, 3.5, 5,
aritmetik diberi oleh Tn = 3n + 4. (a) the 昀椀rst term, 6.5, …, tentukan nilai minimum n
Cari sebutan pertama, dengan keadaan sebutan ke-n adalah
(a) the 昀椀rst term, (b) the common difference. lebih besar daripada 130.
sebutan pertama, beza sepunya.
(b) the common difference. a = 2, d = 3.5 – 2 = 1.5
beza sepunya. (a) T1 = 5(1) – 14 Tn > 130
Solution = –9 a + (n – 1)d > 130
(a) T1 = 3(1) + 4 (b) T2 = 5(2) – 14 2 + (n – 1)1.5 > 130
=7 = –4 1.5(n – 1) > 128
(b) T2 = 3(2) + 4 d = T2 – T1 n – 1 > 85.33
= 10 = –4 – (–9) n > 86.33
d = T2 – T1 =5 n = 87
= 10 – 7 Check: T87 = 2 + (87 – 1)(1.5)
=3 = 131

69
 3 Given an arithmetic 4 The third term and the 5 The 5th term and 13th term of
progression 213, 209, 205, 201, ninth term of an arithmetic an arithmetic progression are
…, determine the minimum progression are 10 and 28 66 and 34 respectively. Find
value of n such that the nth respectively. Determine the the 昀椀rst term and the common
term is smaller than 50. 昀椀rst term and the common difference.
Diberi janjang aritmetik 213, difference. Sebutan ke-5 dan sebutan ke-13 bagi
209, 205, 201, …, tentukan nilai Sebutan ketiga dan sebutan suatu janjang aritmetik masing-
minimum n dengan keadaan sebutan kesembilan bagi suatu janjang masing ialah 66 dan 34. Cari sebutan
ke-n adalah lebih kecil daripada 50. aritmetik masing-masing ialah 10 pertama dan beza sepunya.
dan 28. Tentukan sebutan pertama
a = 213, d = 209 – 213 = –4 dan beza sepunya. Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Tn < 50 Given T5 = 66
a + (n – 1)d < 50 Tn = a + (n – 1)d a + (5 – 1)d = 66
213 + (n – 1)(–4) < 50 Given T3 = 10 a + 4d = 66 ——— 1
–4(n – 1) < –163 a + (3 – 1)d = 10 Given T13 = 34
4(n – 1) > 163 a + 2d = 10 ——— 1 a + (13 – 1)d = 34
n – 1 > 40.75 Given T9 = 28 a + 12d = 34 ——— 2
n > 41.75 a + (9 – 1)d = 28 2 − 1:
n = 42 a + 8d = 28 ——— 2 8d = –32
Check: T42 = 213 + (42 – 1)(–4) 2 − 1: d = –4
= 49 6d = 18 Substitute d = –4 into 1 ,
d=3 a + 4(–4) = 66
Substitute d = 3 into 1 , a = 82
a + 2(3) = 10 ∴ a = 82, d = -4
a=4
∴ a = 4, d = 3

Smart Tip
The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms, Sn, of an arithmetic progression is given by,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama, Sn, bagi suatu janjang aritmetik diberi oleh,
n
Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
where/dengan keadaan
a = the 昀椀rst term/sebutan pertama
d = the common difference/beza sepunya

Exercise 5 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 5

Given an arithmetic progression 4, 7, 10, 13, …

Diberi janjang aritmetik 4, 7, 10, 13, ….
(a) Determine Sn.
Tentukan Sn.
(b) Hence, 昀椀nd the sum of the 昀椀rst 20 terms of the progression.
Seterusnya, cari hasil tambah 20 sebutan pertama janjang itu.

Solution
(a) a = 4, d = 7 – 4 = 3
(b) S20 = 20 [3(20) + 5]
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] 2
2 = 10(65)
n
Sn = [2(4) + (n – 1)3] = 650
2
= n [8 + 3n – 3]
2
= n [3n + 5]
2

70
1 Given an arithmetic progression 2, 9, 16, 23, …. 2 Given an arithmetic progression 2, 7, 12, 17, …
Diberi janjang aritmetik 2, 9, 16, 23, …. Diberi janjang aritmetik 2, 7, 12, 17, …
(a) Determine Sn. (a) Determine Sn.
Tentukan Sn. Tentukan Sn.
(b) If the last term of the progression is 93, 昀椀nd (b) Hence, 昀椀nd the sum of the 昀椀rst 14 terms of
the sum of all the terms. the progression.
Jika sebutan terakhir bagi janjang itu ialah 93, cari Seterusnya, cari hasil tambah 14 sebutan pertama
hasil tambah semua sebutan. janjang itu.

(a) a = 2, d = 9 – 2 = 7 (a) a = 2, d = 7 – 2 = 5
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
2 2
Sn = n [2(2) + (n – 1)7] Sn = n [2(2) + (n – 1)5]
2 2
n
= [4 + 7n – 7] n
= [4 + 5n – 5]
2 2
n
= (7n – 3] n
= (5n – 1]
2 2
(b) Tn = 93 (b) S14 = 14 (5(14) – 1)
a + (n – 1)d = 93 2
2 + (n – 1)7 = 93 = 483
7(n – 1) = 91
n – 1 = 13
n = 14
14
S14 = (7(14) – 3)
2
= 665

3 Given an arithmetic progression 43, 39, 35, 31, …. 4 Given an arithmetic progression 70, 58, 46, 34, ….
Diberi janjang aritmetik 43, 39, 35, 31, …. Diberi janjang aritmetik 70, 58, 46, 34, ….
(a) Determine Sn. (a) Determine Sn.
Tentukan Sn. Tentukan Sn.
(b) Given the last term of the progression is –17, (b) Determine the sum of all the positive terms.
昀椀nd the sum of all the terms. Tentukan hasil tambah bagi semua sebutan positif.
Diberi sebutan terakhir janjang itu ialah –17, cari hasil
tambah semua sebutan. (a) a = 70, d = 58 – 70 = –12
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
(a) a = 43, d = 39 – 43 = –4 2
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] Sn = n [2(70) + (n – 1)(–12)]
2 2
n
Sn = [2(43) + (n – 1)(–4)] n
= [140 – 12n + 12]
2 2
n
= [86 – 4n + 4] n
= (152 – 12n]
2 2
= n [90 – 4n] (b) Tn > 0
2
a + (n – 1)d > 0
(b) Tn = –17
70 + (n –1)(–12) > 0
a + (n – 1)d = –17
–12(n – 1) > –70
43 + (n – 1)(–4) = –17
n – 1 < 5.833
–4(n – 1) = –60
n < 6.833
n – 1 = 15
n=6
n = 16
6
S6 = (152 – 12(6))
S16 = 16 (90 – 4(16)) 2
2 = 240
= 208

71
 5 Given an arithmetic progression 4, 6.5, 9, 11.5, …. 6 Given an arithmetic progression –90, –83, –76,
Diberi janjang aritmetik 4, 6.5, 9, 11.5, …. –69, …
(a) Determine Sn. Diberi janjang aritmetik –90, –83, –76, –69, …
Tentukan Sn. (a) Determine Sn.
(b) If the last term of the progression is 74, 昀椀nd Tentukan Sn.
the sum of all the terms. (b) Hence, 昀椀nd the sum of all the negative terms.
Jika sebutan terakhir janjang itu ialah 74, cari hasil Seterusnya, cari hasil tambah bagi semua sebutan
tambah semua sebutan. negatif.

(a) a = 4, d = 6.5 – 4 = 2.5 (a) a = –90, d = –83 – (–90) = 7

Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
2 2
Sn = n [2(4) + (n – 1)(2.5)] Sn = n [2(–90) + (n – 1)7]
2 2
= n [8 + 2.5n – 2.5] n
= [–180 + 7n – 7]
2 2
n
= (5.5 + 2.5n] n
= (7n – 187]
2 2
(b) Tn = 74 (b) Tn < 0
a + (n – 1)d = 74 a + (n – 1)d < 0
4 + (n – 1)(2.5) = 74 –90 + (n – 1)(7) < 0
2.5(n – 1) = 70 7(n –1) < 90
n – 1 = 28 n –1 < 12.86
n = 29 n < 13.86
29
S29 = [5.5 + 2.5(29)] n = 13
2 13
S13 = (7(13) – 187)
= 1 131 2
= –624

Smart Tip
1 The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms, Sn, of an arithmetic progression is given by,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama, Sn, bagi suatu janjang aritmetik diberi oleh,
n
Sn = [a + l]
2
where/dengan keadaan
a = the 昀椀rst term/sebutan pertama, l = the last term/sebutan terakhir.
2 This formula is used when the last term is given.
Rumus ini digunakan apabila sebutan terakhir diberikan.

Exercise 6 Determine the number of terms of each of the following arithemetic progressions. Hence,
昀椀nd the sum of the progression.
Tentukan bilangan sebutan bagi setiap janjang aritmetik berikut. Seterusnya, cari hasil tambah janjang itu.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6 1 5, 9, 13, ..., 61

9, 14, 19, … , 84 a = 5, d = 9 – 5 = 4
Solution Tn = a + (n – 1)d
a = 9, d = 14 – 9 = 5 61 = 5 + (n – 1)4
Tn = a + (n – 1)d 4(n – 1) = 56
84 = 9 + (n – 1)5 n – 1 = 14
5(n – 1) = 75 n = 15
n – 1 = 15 n
Sn = [a + l]
n = 16 2
n 15
S15 = [5 + 61]
Sn = [a + l] 2
2
16 = 495
S16 = [9 + 84]
2
= 744

72
 2 11, 17, 23, …, 125 3 45, 42, 39, ..., –9

a = 11, d = 17 – 11 = 6 a = 45, d = 42 – 45 = –3
Tn = a + (n – 1)d Tn = a + (n – 1)d
125 = 11 + (n – 1)6 –9 = 45 + (n – 1)(–3)
6(n – 1) = 114 3(n – 1) = 54
n – 1 = 19 n – 1 = 18
n = 20 n = 19
Sn = n [a + l] Sn = n [a + l]
2 2
S20 = 20 [11 + 125] S19 = 19 [45 + (–9)]
2 2
= 1 360 = 342

Exercise 7 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 7 1 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of an arithmetic

progression are 4, 8.5, 13, … Find the sum of the
Given the 昀椀rst three terms of an arithmetic 7th term to the 17th term.
progression are 3, 7, 11, … Find the sum of the Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah
6th term to the 18th term. 4, 8.5, 13, … Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan ke-7 hingga
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah sebutan ke-17.
3, 7, 11, … Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan ke-6 hingga
sebutan ke-18. a = 4, d = 8.5 – 4 = 4.5
The sum from T7 to T17
Solution
= S17 – S6
a = 3, d = 7 – 3 = 4
The sum from T6 to T18 = 17 [2(4) + (17 – 1)(4.5)] – 6 [2(4) + (6 – 1)(4.5)]
Hasil tambah dari T6 hingga T18 2 2
= S18 – S5 = 680 – 91.5
= 588.5
= 18 [2(3) + (18 – 1)4] – 5 [2(3) + (5 – 1)4]
2 2
= 666 – 55
= 611

2 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of an arithmetic progression are 72, 67, 62, … Find the sum of the 10th term to
the 20th term.
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah 72, 67, 62, … Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan ke-10 hingga sebutan
ke-20.

a = 72, d = 67 – 72 = –5
The sum from T10 to T20
= S20 – S9
= 20 [2(72) + (20 – 1)(–5)] – 9 [2(72) + (9 – 1)(–5)]
2 2
= 490 – 468
= 22

73
Exercise 8 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 8

Given the 昀椀rst three terms of an arithmetic progression are 5, 8, 11, … Find the number of the 昀椀rst terms
with the sum 258.
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah 5, 8, 11, … Cari bilangan sebutan pertama dengan hasil tambah 258.

Solution
a = 5, d = 8 – 5 = 3
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] (3n + 43)(n – 12) = 0
2 3n + 43 = 0, n – 12 = 0
258 = n [2(5) + (n – 1)3] 43
2 n =– n = 12
n [10 + 3n – 3] = 258 3
2 ∴ Number of terms/Bilangan sebutan = 12
n [3n + 7] = 258
2
3n2 + 7n – 516 = 0

1 The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms of an arithmetic 2 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of an arithmetic
progression is given by Sn = 3n2 + n. Find progression are 4, 9, 14, … Find the number of
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang the 昀椀rst terms with the sum 216.
aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 3n2 + n. Cari Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah
(a) the 昀椀rst term, 4, 9, 14, … Cari bilangan sebutan pertama dengan hasil
sebutan pertama, tambah 216.
(b) the common difference,
a = 4, d = 9 – 4 = 5
beza sepunya,
(c) the n term.
th
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
sebutan ke-n. 2
n
216 = [2(4) + (n – 1)5]
(a) T1 = S1 = 3(1)2 + (1) = 4 2
(b) T1 + T2 = S2 = 3(2)2 + (2) 432 = n(5n + 3)
(4) + T2 = 14 5n2 + 3n – 432 = 0
T2 = 10 (5n + 48)(n – 9) = 0
d = 10 – 4 = 6 5n + 48 = 0, n–9=0
(c) Tn = a + (n – 1)d n=– 48 n=9
= 4 + (n – 1)6 5
= 4 + 6n – 6 Number of terms = 9
= 6n – 2

3 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of an arithmetic 4 The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms of an arithmetic
progression are 2, 8, 14, … Find the number of progression is given by Sn = 2n2 – 5n. Find
the 昀椀rst terms with the sum more than 300. Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang aritmetik ialah aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 2n2 – 5n. Cari
2, 8, 14, … Cari bilangan sebutan pertama dengan hasil (a) the 昀椀rst term,
tambah melebihi 300. sebutan pertama,
(b) the common difference,
a = 2, d = 8 – 2 = 6 beza sepunya,
n [2a + (n – 1)d] = S (c) the nth term.
n
2 sebutan ke-n.
n [2(2) + (n – 1)6] > 300
2 (a) T1 = S1 = 2(1)2 – 5(1)
n(4 + 6n – 6) > 600 = –3
6n2 – 2n – 600 > 0 (b) T1 + T2 = S2 = 2(2)2 – 5(2)
3n2 – n – 300 > 0 ——— 1 (–3) + T2 = –2
Let 3n2 – n – 300 = 0 T2 = 1
–(–1) ± (–1)2 − 4(3)(–300) d = 1 – (–3)
n=
2(3) =4
(c) Tn = a + (n – 1)d
n < –9.83 or n > 10.16
= (–3) + (n – 1)4
From 1 , n = 11
= –3 + 4n – 4
= 4n – 7

74
Exercise 9 By using the formula Tn = Sn – Sn – 1, determine Tn for each of the following.
Dengan menggunakan rumus Tn = Sn – Sn – 1, tentukan Tn bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 9 1 The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms of an arithmetic

progression is given by Sn = n2 + 3n. Find the
The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms of an arithmetic sixth term.
progression is given by Sn = 2n2 + 5n. Find the Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
昀椀fth term. aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = n2 + 3n. Cari sebutan keenam.
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 2n2 + 5n. Cari sebutan kelima. Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
T6 = S6 – S5
Solution
= [(6)2 + 3(6)] – [(5)2 + 3(5)]
Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
= 54 – 40
T5 = S5 – S4
= 14
= [2(5)2 + 5(5)] – [2(4)2 + 5(4)]
= 75 – 52
= 23

2 The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms of an arithmetic 3 The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms of an arithmetic
progression is given by Sn = 6n2 – 3n. Find the progression is given by Sn = 72n – 2n2. Find the
eighth term. ninth term.
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 6n2 – 3n. Cari sebutan kelapan. aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = 72n – 2n2. Cari sebutan
kesembilan.
Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
T8 = S8 – S7 Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
= [6(8)2 – 3(8)] – [6(7)2 – 3(7)] T9 = S9 – S8
= 360 – 273 = [72(9) – 2(9)2] – [72(8) – 2(8)2]
= 87 = 486 – 448
= 38

Exercise 10 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 10

In an arithmetic progression, the fourth term is 18 and the sum of the 昀椀rst eight terms is 160. Find
Dalam suatu janjang aritmetik, sebutan keempat ialah 18 dan hasil tambah bagi lapan sebutan pertama ialah 160. Cari
(a) the 昀椀rst term,
sebutan pertama,
(b) the common difference.
beza sepunya.

Solution
Given/Diberi T4 = 18 Substitute into 2 /Gantikan ke dalam 2 ,
a + 3d = 18 ——— 1 2(18 – 3d) + 7d = 40 ——— 2
Given/Diberi S8 = 160 36 – 6d + 7d = 40
8 [2a + (8 – 1)d] = 160 d=4
2 Substitute d = 4 into 1 /Gantikan d = 4 ke dalam 1
2a + 7d = 40 ——— 2 a = 18 – 3(4)
From 1 /Dari 1 , =6
a = 18 – 3d ∴ a = 6, d = 4

75
1 In an arithmetic progression, the 昀椀fth term is 16 2 In an arithmetic progression, the sixth term is 13
and the sum of the 昀椀rst ten terms is 175. Find and the sum of the 昀椀rst seven terms is 21. Find
Dalam suatu janjang aritmetik, sebutan kelima ialah 16 dan Dalam suatu janjang aritmetik, sebutan keenam ialah 13
hasil tambah bagi sepuluh sebutan pertama ialah 175. Cari dan hasil tambah bagi tujuh sebutan pertama ialah 21. Cari
(a) the 昀椀rst term, (a) the 昀椀rst term,
sebutan pertama, sebutan pertama,
(b) the common difference. (b) the common difference.
beza sepunya. beza sepunya.

Given T5 = 16 Given T6 = 13
a + 4d = 16 ——— 1 a + 5d = 13 ——— 1
Given S10 = 175 Given S7 = 21
10 [2a + (10 – 1)d] = 175 7 [2a + (7 – 1)d] = 21
2 2
2a + 9d = 35 ——— 2 2a + 6d = 6
From 1 , a + 3d = 3 ——— 2
a =16 – 4d From 1 ,
Substitute into 2 a = 13 – 5d
2(16 – 4d) + 9d = 35 ——— 2 Substitute into 2 ,
32 – 8d + 9d = 35 (13 – 5d) + 3d = 3
d=3 –2d = –10
Substitute d = 3 into 1 , d=5
a = 16 – 4(3) Substitute d = 5 into 1 ,
=4 a = 13 – 5(5)
∴ a = 4, d = 3 = –12
∴ a = –12, d = 5

3 In an arithmetic progression, the second term is 4 A farmer has 5 600 chickens and 4 880 ducks.
35 and the sum of the 昀椀rst ten terms is 140. Find The farmer sells 240 chickens and 180 ducks to
Dalam suatu janjang aritmetik, sebutan kedua ialah 35 dan the wholesaler every day. After a few days, the
hasil tambah bagi sepuluh sebutan pertama ialah 140. Cari number of chickens and the number of ducks left
(a) the 昀椀rst term, are the same. On what day did the number of
sebutan pertama, chickens and the number of ducks left are the same?
(b) the common difference. Seorang penternak mempunyai 5 600 ekor ayam dan 4 880
beza sepunya. ekor itik. Penternak itu menjual 240 ekor ayam dan 180 ekor
itik kepada pemborong pada setiap hari. Selepas beberapa
Given T2 = 35 hari, bilangan ayam dan bilangan itik yang tinggal adalah
a + d = 35 ——— 1 sama banyak. Pada hari ke berapakah bilangan ayam dan
Given S10 = 140 bilangan itik yang tinggal adalah sama banyak?
10 [2a + (10 – 1)d] = 140
2 The number of chickens left: 5 600, 5 360, 5 120, …
2a + 9d = 28 ——— 2 a = 5 600, d = –240
From 1 , Tn = a + (n – 1)d
a = 35 – d = 5 600 + (n – 1)(–240)
Substitute into 2 , = 5 600 – 240n + 240
2(35 – d) + 9d = 28 = 5 840 – 240n
70 – 2d + 9d = 28 The number of ducks left: 4 880, 4 700, 4 520, ….
7d = –42 a = 4 880, d = –180
d = –6 Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Substitute d = –6 into 1 , = 4 880 + (n – 1)(–180)
a = 35 – (–6) = 4 880 – 180n + 180
= 41 = 5 060 – 180n
∴ a = 41, d = -6 5 840 – 240n = 5 060 – 180n
60n = 780
n = 13
On the 13th day, the number of chickens and the
number of ducks left are the same.

76
 5 The diagram below shows two objects moving toward each other on a straight line, FG. Object P moves
with a distance of 3 cm in the 昀椀rst second, 6 cm in the next second, 9 cm in the third second and so on.
Object Q moves 2 cm in the 昀椀rst second, 4 cm in the next second, 6 cm in the third second and so on. Both
objects start simultaneously and meet at the nth second.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua objek bergerak ke arah satu sama lain pada satu garis, FG. Objek P bergerak sejauh 3 cm pada
saat pertama, 6 cm pada saat kedua, 9 cm pada saat ketiga dan seterusnya. Objek Q pula bergerak sejauh 2 cm pada saat pertama,
4 cm pada saat kedua, 6 cm pada saat ketiga dan seterusnya. Kedua-dua objek bermula serentak dan bertemu pada saat ke-n.
Given FG = 105 cm, 昀椀nd/Diberi FG = 105 cm, cari P Q
(a) the value of n,/nilai bagi n,
(b) the distance travelled by object P before both objects meet. F 105 cm G
jarak yang dilalui oleh objek P sebelum kedua-dua objek bertemu.
(a) The movement of object P: 3 cm, 6 cm, SP + SQ = 105
9 cm, …. (Arithmetic progression) 3 (n2 + n) + (n2 + n) = 105
a = 3, d = 3 2
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] 3(n2 + n) + 2(n2 + n) = 210
2
3n2 + 3n + 2n2 + 2n = 210
SP = n [2(3) + (n – 1)(3)]
2 5n2 + 5n – 210 = 0
= n (6 + 3n – 3) n2 + n – 42 = 0
2 (n + 7) (n – 6) = 0
= n (3n + 3) n = –7, n = 6
2
∴ Both object meet at the 6th second.
= 3 (n2 + n) (b) When n = 6,
2
The movement of object Q: 2 cm, 4 cm,
SP = 3 [(6)2 + 6]
6 cm, …. (Arithmetic progression) 2
a = 2, d = 2 = 63 cm
Sn = n (2a + (n – 1)d)
2
SQ = n [2(2) + (n – 1)(2)]
2
= n (4 + 2n – 2)
2
= n (2n + 2) = n2 + n
2

5.2 Geometric Progressions / Janjang Geometri

Smart Tip
A geometric progression is a sequence of numbers such that the ratio between each term (after the 昀椀rst term) and its
preceding term is a constant. The constant is called common ratio, r.
Janjang geometri ialah suatu jujukan nombor dengan keadaan nisbah antara setiap sebutan (selepas sebutan pertama) dengan sebutan
sebelumnya ialah suatu pemalar. Pemalar ini disebut sebagai nisbah sepunya, r.
Tn + 1
r= , n = 1, 2, 3, …
Tn

Exercise 11 Determine whether each of the following sequences is a geometric progression or not.
Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada setiap jujukan berikut ialah janjang geometri atau bukan. Berikan alasan anda.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang janjang.

Example 11 1 3.5, 7, 14, 28, … 2 288, 144, 48, 16, …

4, 12, 36, 108, … T2 T2 144 1

= 7 =2 = =
Solution T1 3.5 T1 288 2
T2 12 T4 108 T3 14 T3
= =3 = =3 = =2 = 48 = 1
T1 4 T3 36 T2 7 T2 144 3
T3 36 T4 28 T4 16 1
= =3 = =2 = =
T2 12 T3 14 T3 48 3
4, 12, 36, 108, … is a
geometric progression with 3.5, 7, 14, 28, … is a geometric 288, 144, 48, 16, … is not a
common ratio = 3. progression with common geometric progression because
4, 12, 36, 108, … ialah janjang ratio = 2. the common ratio is different.
geometri dengan nisbah sepunya = 3.

77
 3 24, 12, 4, 2, … 4 48, 24, 12, 6, … 5 12, –3, 3 , – 3 , …
4 16
T2 12 1 T2 24 1
= = = = T2 –3
T1 24 2 T1 48 2 = =–1
T1 12 4
T3 T3 12 1
= 4 =1 = = 3
1 2
T2 12 3 T2 24 2 T3
= 4 =–1
T4 2 1 T4 T2 –3 4
= = = 6 =1 3
T3 4 2 T3 12 2 –
T4 16
= =–1
T3 3 4
24, 12, 4, 2, … is not a geometric 48, 24, 12, 6, … is a geometric
4
progression because the progression with common
common ratio is different. ratio = 1 . 12, –3, 3 , – 3 , … is a
2 4 16
geometric progression with
common ratio = – 1 .
4

Smart Tip
The nth term, Tn, of a geometric progression is written as:
Sebutan ke-n, Tn, bagi suatu janjang geometri ditulis sebagai:

Tn = arn – 1
where/dengan keadaan
a = the 昀椀rst term/sebutan pertama
r = the common ratio/nisbah sepunya

Exercise 12 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri.

Example 12 1 The 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric progression

are 9, 18, 36, …. Determine
The 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric progression Tiga sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 9,
are 4, 12, 36, … Determine 18, 36, …. Tentukan
Tiga sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 4, (a) the nth term,
12, 36, … Tentukan sebutan ke-n,
(a) the nth term, (b) the seventh term.
sebutan ke-n, sebutan ketujuh.
(b) the sixth term.
sebutan keenam. (a) a = 9
T
Solution r = 2 = 18 = 2
T1 9
(a) a = 4
Tn = arn – 1
T
r = 2 = 12 = 3 = 9(2)n – 1
T1 4
(b) T7 = 9(2)7 – 1
n–1
Tn = ar = 9(2)6
= 4(3)n – 1 = 576
(b) T6 = 4(3)6 – 1
= 4(3)5
= 972

78
 2 The 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric progression 3 The 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric progression
are 4, 6, 9, …… Determine are 12, 3, 3 , … Determine
Tiga sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 4, 4
6, 9, …… Tentukan Tiga sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 12,
(a) the nth term, (b) the 昀椀fth term. 3
3, , … Tentukan
sebutan ke-n, sebutan kelima. 4
5–1
(a) the nth term, (b) the sixth term.
3
(a) a = 4 (b) T5 = 4
2 1 2 sebutan ke-n, sebutan keenam.
T
r= 2 = 6 = 3 (b) T6 = 12 1
6–1
(a) a = 12 1 2
4
T1 4 2 =4 3 1 2 4
2 T
Tn = arn – 1 r= 2 = 3 = 1 5
= 81 T1 12 4 = 12 1 1 2
3 n–1
=4
2 1 2 4
Tn = arn – 1 3
4
n–1
=
1 256
= 12 1 2
4

Exercise 13 Determine the number of terms of each of the following geometric progressions.
Tentukan bilangan sebutan bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 13 1 5, 15, 45 ……, 3 645 2 7, 21, 63, ……, 15 309

6, 12, 24 ……, 6 144 a=5 a=7

T T
Solution r = 2 = 15 = 3 r = 2 = 21 = 3
a=6 T1 5 T1 7
T Tn = arn – 1 Tn = arn – 1
r = 2 = 12 = 2 Tn = 5(3)n – 1 Tn = 7(3)n – 1
T1 6
Tn = ar n–1 Given Tn = 3 645 Given Tn = 15 309
Tn = 6(2)n – 1 5(3)n – 1 = 3 645 7(3)n – 1 = 15 309
Given/Diberi Tn = 6 144 (3)n – 1 = 729 (3)n – 1 = 2 187
6(2)n – 1 = 6 144 log10 (3)n – 1 = log10 729 log10 (3)n – 1 = log10 2 187
(2)n – 1 = 1 024 (n – 1)log10 3 = log10 729 (n – 1)log10 3 = log10 2 187
log10 (2)n – 1 = log10 1 024 (n – 1)0.4771 = 2.8627 (n – 1)(0.4771) = 3.3398
(n – 1)log10 (2) = log10 1 024 n–1=6 n–1=7
(n – 1)(0.3010) = 3.010 n=7 n=8
n – 1 = 10
n = 11

3 , 3 , 3, ……, 49 152 4 3 125, 625, 125, ……, 0.008 5 6 144, 3 072, 1 536, ……, 0.75
3
16 4
a = 3 125
a = 6 144
a= 3 T
r = 2 = 625 = 0.2
r = 2 = 3 072 = 0.5
16 T
3 T1 3 125
T1 6 144
T2 4 Tn = arn – 1
r= = =4 Tn = arn – 1
T1 3 Tn = 3 125(0.2)n – 1
Tn = 6 144(0.5)n – 1
16 Given Tn = 0.008
Given Tn = 0.75
Tn = arn – 1 3 125(0.2)n – 1 = 0.008
6 144(0.5)n – 1 = 0.75
3
Tn = (4)n – 1 (0.2)n – 1 = 0.00000256
(0.5)n – 1 = 0.00012207
16 log10 (0.2)n – 1 = log10 0.00000256
log10 (0.5)n – 1 = log10 0.00012207
Given Tn = 49 152 (n – 1)log10 0.2 = log10 0.00000256
(n – 1)log10 0.5 = log10 0.00012207
3 (4)n – 1 = 49 152 (n – 1)(–0.6990) = –5.5918
16 (n – 1)(–0.3010) = –3.9134
n–1=8
(4)n – 1 = 262 144 n – 1 = 13
n=9
log10 (4)n – 1 = log10 262 144 n = 14
(n – 1)log10 4 = log10 262 144
(n – 1)0.6021 = 5.4185
n–1=9
n = 10

79
 Smart Tip
The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms, Sn, of a geometric progression is given by,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama, Sn, bagi suatu janjang geometri diberi oleh,
a(rn – 1)
Sn = ,r>1
r–1

Exercise 14 Express Sn in terms of n for each of the following geometric progressions. Hence, solve the
problems.
Ungkapkan Sn dalam sebutan n bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut. Seterusnya, selesaikan masalah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 14
Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric progression are 6, 24, 96, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah 6, 24, 96, …
(a) Determine the sum of the 昀椀rst n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama.
(b) If the last term of the progression is 24 576, 昀椀nd the sum of all the terms.
Jika sebutan terakhir janjang itu ialah 24 576, cari hasil tambah semua sebutan.

Solution
(a) a = 6, r = 24 = 4 (b) Tn = 24 576 S7 = 2(47 – 1)
6
arn – 1 = 24 576 = 32 766
a(rn – 1)
Sn = 6(4n – 1) = 24 576
r–1
4n – 1 = 4 096
6(4n – 1)
Sn = (n – 1)log10 4 = log10 4 096
4–1
n–1=6
= 2(4n – 1) n=7

1 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of 2 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of 3 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of
a geometric progression are a geometric progression are a geometric progression are
2, 10, 50, … 16, 24, 36, … 7, 14, 28, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu
janjang geometri ialah 2, 10, 50, … janjang geometri ialah 16, 24, 36, … janjang geometri ialah 7, 14, 28, …
(a) Determine the sum of the (a) Determine the sum of the (a) Determine the sum of the
昀椀rst n terms. 昀椀rst n terms. 昀椀rst n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n Tentukan hasil tambah n Tentukan hasil tambah n
sebutan pertama. sebutan pertama. sebutan pertama.
(b) Find the sum of the (b) Find the sum of the (b) If the last term of the
昀椀rst nine terms of the 昀椀rst seven terms of the progression is 7 168, 昀椀nd
progression. progression. the sum of all the terms.
Cari hasil tambah bagi sembilan Cari hasil tambah bagi tujuh Jika sebutan terakhir janjang itu
sebutan pertama janjang itu. sebutan pertama janjang itu. ialah 7 168, cari hasil tambah
semua sebutan.
(a) a = 2, r = 10 = 5 (a) a = 16, r = 24 = 1.5 (a) a = 7, r = 14 = 2
2 16 7
a(rn – 1) a(rn – 1) a(rn – 1)
Sn = Sn = Sn =
r–1 r–1 r–1
2(5n – 1) 16(1.5n – 1) 7(2n – 1)
Sn = Sn = Sn =
5–1 1.5 – 1 2–1
1 = 32(1.5n – 1) = 7(2n – 1)
= (5n – 1)
2 (b) S7 = 32(1.57 – 1) (b) Tn = 7 168
arn – 1 = 7 168
(b) S9 = 1 (59 – 1) = 514.75
2 7(2n – 1) = 7 168
= 976 562 2n – 1 = 1 024
(n – 1)log10 2 = log10 1 024
n – 1 = 10
n = 11
S11 = 7(211 – 1)
= 14 329

80
 4 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric 5 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric
progression are 8, 12, 18, … progression are 3, 6, 12, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah
8, 12, 18, … 3, 6, 12, …
(a) Determine the sum of the 昀椀rst n terms. (a) Determine the sum of the 昀椀rst n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama. Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama.
(b) Find the sum of the fourth term to the (b) Find the sum of the 昀椀fth term to the ninth
seventh term. term.
Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan keempat hingga sebutan Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan kelima hingga sebutan
ketujuh. kesembilan.

(a) a = 8, r = 12 = 1.5 (a) a = 3, r = 6 = 2

8 3
a(rn – 1) a(rn – 1)
Sn = Sn =
r–1 r–1
8(1.5n – 1) 3(2n – 1)
Sn = Sn =
1.5 – 1 2–1
= 16(1.5n – 1) = 3(2n – 1)
(b) Sum from T4 to T7 (b) Sum from T5 to T9
= S7 – S3 = S9 – S4
= 16(1.57 – 1) – 16(1.53 – 1) = 3(29 – 1) – 3(24 – 1)
= 257.375 – 38 = 1 533 – 45
= 219.38 = 1 488

Smart Tip
The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms, Sn, of a geometric progression is given by,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama, Sn, bagi suatu janjang geometri diberi oleh,
a(1 – rn)
Sn = ,r<1
1–r

Exercise 15 Express Sn in terms of n for each of the following geometric progressions. Hence, solve the
problems.
Ungkapkan Sn dalam sebutan n bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut. Seterusnya, selesaikan masalah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 15
Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric progression are 384, 96, 24, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah 384, 96, 24, …
(a) Determine the sum of the 昀椀rst n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama.
(b) If the last term of the progression is 0.375, 昀椀nd the sum of all the terms.
Jika sebutan terakhir janjang itu ialah 0.375, cari hasil tambah semua sebutan.

Solution
(a) a = 384, r = 96 = 0.25 (b) Tn = 0.375
384 arn – 1 = 0.375
a(1 – rn)
Sn = 384(0.25n – 1) = 0.375
1–r 0.25n – 1 = 0.0009766
384(1 – 0.25n)
Sn = (n – 1)log10 0.25 = log10 0.0009766
1 – 0.25 n–1=5
384(1 – 0.25n)
= n=6
0.75 S6 = 512(1 – 0.256)
= 512(1 – 0.25n) = 511.88

81
1 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a 2 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of 3 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a
geometric progression are a geometric progression are geometric progression are 224,
1 250, 250, 50, … 972, 324, 108, … 112, 56, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu
janjang geometri ialah 1 250, 250, janjang geometri ialah 972, 324, janjang geometri ialah 224, 112,
50, … 108, … 56, …
(a) Determine the sum of the (a) Determine the sum of the (a) Determine the sum of the
昀椀rst n terms. 昀椀rst n terms. 昀椀rst n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n Tentukan hasil tambah n Tentukan hasil tambah n
sebutan pertama. sebutan pertama. sebutan pertama.
(b) Find the sum of the (b) Find the sum of the (b) If the last term of the
昀椀rst eight terms of the 昀椀rst six terms of the progression is 1.75, 昀椀nd
progression. progression. the sum of all the terms.
Cari hasil tambah bagi lapan Cari hasil tambah bagi enam Jika sebutan terakhir janjang
sebutan pertama janjang itu. sebutan pertama janjang itu. itu ialah 1.75, cari hasil tambah
semua sebutan.
(a) a = 1 250, r = 250 = 0.2 (a) a = 972, r = 324 = 1
1 250 972 3 (a) a = 224, r = 112 = 0.5
a(1 – rn) a(1 – rn) 224
Sn = Sn =
1–r 1–r a(1 – rn)
Sn =
1 250(1 – 0.2n)
3 1 24
n
Sn = 972 1 – 1 1–r
1 – 0.2 Sn = 3 224(1 – 0.5n)
Sn =
= 1 562.5(1 – 0.2n) 1– 1 1 – 0.5
(b) S8 = 1 562.5(1 – 0.28) 3 = 448(1 – 0.5n)
= 1 562.50 3 1 24
= 1 458 1 –
1 n
3
(b) Tn = 1.75
arn – 1 = 1.75
3 1 24
6
(b) S6 = 1 458 1 – 1 224(0.5n – 1) = 1.75
3 0.5n – 1 = 0.0078125
= 1 456 (n – 1)log10 0.5 = log10 0.0078125
n–1=7
n=8
S8 = 448(1 – 0.58)
= 446.25

4 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric 5 Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric
progression are 192, 96, 48, … progression are 108, 72, 48, …
Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah Diberi tiga sebutan pertama suatu janjang geometri ialah
192, 96, 48, … 108, 72, 48, …
(a) Determine the sum of the 昀椀rst n terms. (a) Determine the sum of the 昀椀rst n terms.
Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama. Tentukan hasil tambah n sebutan pertama.
(b) Find the sum of the 昀椀fth term to the eighth (b) Find the sum of the sixth term to the ninth
term. term.
Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan kelima hingga sebutan Cari hasil tambah dari sebutan keenam hingga sebutan
kelapan. kesembilan.

(a) a = 192, r = 96 = 1 (a) a = 108, r = 72 = 2

192 2 108 3
a(1 – rn) a(1 – rn)
Sn = Sn =
1–r 1–r
3 1 24 3 1 24
n n
192 1 – 1 108 1 – 2
Sn = 2 Sn = 3
1 2
1– 1–
2 3
3 1 24
= 384 1 –
1 n
2 3 1 24
= 324 1 –
2 n
3
(b) Sum from T5 to T8 (b) Sum from T6 to T9
= S8 – S4 = S9 – S5
3 1 24 3 1 24 3 1 24 3 1 24
8 4 9 5
= 384 1 – 1 – 384 1 – 1 = 324 1 – 2 – 324 1 – 2
2 2 3 3
= 382.5 – 360 = 315.57 – 281.33
= 22.5 = 34.24

82
 Smart Tip
When n approaches to in昀椀nity, n → ∞, then the sum to in昀椀nity is
Apabila n menghampiri ketakterhinggaan, n → ∞, maka hasil tambah ketakterhinggaan ialah
a
S∞ = , |r| < 1
1–r

Exercise 16 Find the sum to in昀椀nity, S∞ for each of the following geometric progressions.
Cari hasil tambah ketakterhinggaan,S∞ bagi setiap janjang geometri berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri.

Example 16 1 8, 2, 0.5, 0.125, …

(a) 24, 12, 6, 3, … a = 8, r = 2 = 1

(b) 100, –40, 16, –6.4, … 8 4
S∞ = 8
Solution
1– 1
(a) a = 24, r = 12 = 0.5 (b) a = 100, r = –40 = – 2 4
24 100 5 2
= 10
S∞ = a S∞ = a 3
1–r 1–r
= 24 = 100
1 – 0.5 1– –2
= 48 51 2
= 71 3
7

2 36, 12, 4, … 80, –40, 20, –10, …

12, 9, 27 , 81 , … 4
3
4 16
a = 36, r = 12 = 1 a = 80, r = –40 = – 1
36 3 a = 12, r = 9 = 3 80 2
36 12 4
S∞ = S∞ = 80
12
1– 1 S∞ =
1– –1
1 2
3 1– 3 2
= 54 4
= 53 1
= 48 3

Exercise 17 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 17
The 昀椀rst term and the sum to in昀椀nity of a geometric progression are 6 and 9 respectively. Find the common ratio.
Sebutan pertama dan hasil tambah ketakterhinggaan suatu janjang geometri masing-masing ialah 6 dan 9. Cari nisbah sepunya.

Solution
a = 6, S∞ = 9 2
1–r =
3
S∞ = a
1–r 3 – 3r = 2
–3r = –1
9 = 6
1–r
r =1
6 3
1–r =
9

83
 1 The 昀椀rst term and the sum 2 The common ratio and the 3 The common ratio and the
to in昀椀nity of a geometric sum to in昀椀nity of a geometric sum to in昀椀nity of a geometric
progression are 14 and progression are 2 and 24 progression are – 3 and 15
16 respectively. Find the 3 5
common ratio. respectively. Find the 昀椀rst term. respectively. Find the 昀椀rst term.
Sebutan pertama dan hasil tambah Nisbah sepunya dan hasil tambah Nisbah sepunya dan hasil tambah
ketakterhinggaan suatu janjang ketakterhinggaan suatu janjang ketakterhinggaan suatu janjang
geometri masing-masing ialah 14 2 3
geometri masing-masing ialah dan geometri masing-masing ialah –
dan 16. Cari nisbah sepunya. 3 5
24. Cari sebutan pertama. dan 15. Cari sebutan pertama.
a = 14, S∞ = 16
r = 2 , S∞ = 24 r = – 3 , S∞ = 15
S∞ = a 3 5
1–r a =S a =S
∞ ∞
16 = 14 1–r 1–r
1–r a = 24 a = 15
14
1– 2 3
1–r=
16 3 1 2
1– –
5
a = 24 a = 15
1–r= 7
8 1 8
8 – 8r = 7 3 5
–8r = –1 a = 1 × 24 a = 8 × 15
3 5
r=1 =8 = 24
8

Exercise 18 Express the following repeating decimals as a fraction in its simplest form.
Ungkapkan nombor perpuluhan berulang berikut sebagai pecahan termudah.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 18 1 0.5555…

(a) 0.6666 … 0.5555…

(b) 0.694̇5̇ = 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + 0.0005 + …
Solution a = 0.5, r = 0.1
(a) 0.6666 … (b) 0.694̇5̇ 0.5555… = 0.5
= 0.6 + 0.06 + 0.006 + … = 0.69454545 … 1 – 0.1
= 0.24 + (0.45 + 0.0045 + 5
=
0.000045 + …) 9
Geometric progression
Janjang geometri 0.4̇ 5̇ is a geometric progression
0.4̇ 5̇ ialah suatu janjang geometri
a = 0.6, r = 0.1 a = 0.45, r = 0.01
a
0.6666… = a 0.69454545… = 0.24 +
1–r 1–r
0.45
= 0.6 = 0.24 +
1 – 0.01
1 – 0.1
24 + 0.45
=2 =
100 0.99
3
= 191
275
Smart Tip
For repeating decimals
Bagi nombor perpuluhan berulang
Example/Contoh:
0.3̇ = 0.333333…
0.3̇7̇ = 0.373737…
0.43̇7̇ = 0.4373737…

84
 2 0.15151515… 3 0.1̇ 2̇ 4 0.763̇ 6̇

0.15151515… 0.1̇ 2̇ 0.763̇ 6̇

= 0.15 + 0.0015 + 0.000015 + … = 0.12121212… = 0.7636363636…
a = 0.15, r = 0.01 = 0.12 + 0.0012 + 0.000012 + ... = 0.4 + (0.36 + 0.0036 +
a = 0.12, r = 0.01 0.000036 + ...)
0.15151515… = 0.15
1 – 0.01 0.3̇ 6̇ is a geometric progression
0.12121212… = 0.12
1 – 0.01 a = 0.36, r = 0.01
= 5
33 0.7636363636…
= 4
33 = 0.4 + 0.36
1 – 0.01
+ 0.36
4
=
10 0.99
= 42
55

5 0.27272727… 6 1.74̇ 7 2.784̇ 2̇

0.27272727… 1.74̇ 2.784̇ 2̇

= 0.27 + 0.0027 + 0.000027 + … = 1 + 0.74̇ = 2 + 0.36 + (0.42 + 0.0042 +
a = 0.27, r = 0.01 = 1 + 0.3 + 0.4444… 0.000042 + …)
0.272727… = 0.27 3 + (0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004 + …) = 2 + 36 + 0.42
1 – 0.01 = 1+ 100 1 – 0.01
10
3 36 + 0.42
= 1 + 3 + 0.4
= =2+
11 100 0.99
10 1 – 0.1 a = 0.4
3 4 r = 0.1 = 2 + 9 + 14
=1+ + 25 33
10 9
157 = 2 297
= 825
90

Exercise 19 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang janjang aritmetik dan janjang geometri dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 19
Azrul deposited RM600 in a 昀椀nancial institution Solution
in early March. From March to October, the total 100 + 20
a = 600, r = = 1.2
amount of money deposited increases by 20% 100
per month. Calculate the total amount of money a(rn – 1)
(exclude interest) in Azrul’s savings account at the Sn =
r–1
end of October. 600(1.28 – 1)
Azrul menyimpan sebanyak RM600 di sebuah institusi S8 =
1.2 – 1
kewangan pada bulan Mac. Dari awal bulan Mac hingga
= 3 000(1.28 – 1)
Oktober, jumlah wang yang disimpan bertambah sebanyak
20% setiap bulan. Hitung jumlah wang (tidak termasuk
= 9 899.45
faedah) dalam akaun simpanan Azrul pada hujung bulan ∴ Total amount of money = RM9 899.45
Oktober. Jumlah wang = RM9 899.45

85
1 The number of bacterial colonies will double 2 A solar company installs solar panels in a
every 15 hours. If the number of bacterial residential area. In the 昀椀rst year, the company
colonies in a petri dish is initially 90, what is the installed 10 000 m2 solar panels. In each
number of bacterial colonies on day 5? subsequent year, solar panel installation
Bilangan koloni bakteria akan menjadi dua kali ganda setiap increases by 15% from the previous year.
15 jam. Jika bilangan koloni bakteria di dalam piring petri Calculate the total area of solar panel installed by
pada awalnya ialah 90, berapakah bilangan koloni bakteria the company after 7 years.
pada hari ke-5? Sebuah syarikat solar memasang panel solar di sebuah
kawasan perumahan. Pada tahun pertama, syarikat itu
a = 90, r = 2 memasang panel solar seluas 10 000 m2. Pada setiap tahun
1 day = 24 hours berikutnya, keluasan pemasangan panel solar bertambah
sebanyak 15% daripada tahun sebelumnya. Hitung jumlah
n = 5 × 24 = 8
15 luas kawasan panel solar yang dipasang oleh syarikat itu
Tn = arn – 1 selepas 7 tahun.
T8 = (90)(2)8 – 1
= 11 520 a = 10 000, r = 1.15, n = 7
Sn = a(r – 1)
n

∴ Number of bacterial colonies = 11 520 r–1

10 000(1.157 – 1)
S7 =
1.15 – 1
= 110 668

∴ Total area = 110 668 m2

3 Fauzi bought a car for RM80 000. The value of 4 The total collection of a movie on the 昀椀rst day
the car depreciates 14% from the value of the showing was RM150 000. The collection of the
previous year on every year. Calculate the value movie decreased by 20% on the following day.
of the car after 12 years. Calculate the total collection of the movie after
Fauzi membeli sebuah kereta dengan harga RM80 000. seven days.
Nilai kereta itu menyusut sebanyak 14% daripada harga Nilai kutipan sebuah 昀椀lem pada hari pertama tayangan
tahun sebelumnya pada setiap tahun. Hitung nilai kereta ialah RM150 000. Nilai kutipan 昀椀lem tersebut menurun
itu selepas 12 tahun. sebanyak 20% pada hari-hari seterusnya. Hitung jumlah
nilai kutipan 昀椀lem itu selepas tujuh hari.
a = 80 000
a = 150 000
r = 100 – 14 = 0.86
100 r = 100 – 20 = 0.8
Tn = arn – 1 100
T12 = (80 000)(0.86)12 – 1
Sn = a(1 – r )
n

= 15 225.55 1–r
150 000(1 – 0.87)
∴ The value of the car = RM15 225.55 S7 =
1 – 0.8
= 592 713.60

∴ Total collection of the movie = RM592 713.60

5 A ball is dropped from a height of 50 cm. After Total distance travelled

hitting the ground, the ball rebounds to 3 of the
2 3
= 50 + 2 50 3 + 50 3 +50 3 + …
3 1 2 1 2 1 2 4
5 5 5 5
height it dropped from and so on for each of the
; where a = 50 3 , r = 3
a
subsequent bounce. What is the total distance = 50 + 2 3
1–r 4 51 2 5
travelled by the ball until it stops? 3

3 4 1 2
Sebiji bola dilepaskan dari ketinggian 50 cm. Selepas 50
= 50 + 2 5
3
mengena tanah, bola itu melantun setinggi daripada
5 1– 3
ketinggian bola itu dilepaskan dan seterusnya bagi setiap 5
lantunan yang berikutnya. Berapakah jumlah jarak yang = 50 + 150
dilalui bola itu sehingga ia berhenti? = 200

∴ Total distance travelled = 200 cm

86
 Review 5
Paper 1
Section A
1 The 昀椀rst three terms of an arithmetic progression (a) Express q in terms of p.
are 12 – x, 18 and 4x. Find Ungkapkan q dalam sebutan p.
Tiga sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang aritmetik ialah (b) State the range of the value of q.
12 – x, 18 dan 4x. Cari Nyatakan julat nilai q.
(a) the common difference of the progression, [4 marks/markah]
beza sepunya janjang itu,
4 Given the third term of a geometric progression
(b) the sum of the 10th term to the 20th term.
hasil tambah dari sebutan ke-10 hingga sebutan ke-20. is 32 and the sum of the third term and the fourth
[5 marks/markah] term is 16. Find
Diberi sebutan ketiga bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 32 dan
hasil tambah sebutan ketiga dan sebutan keempat ialah 16. Cari
2 The sum of the 昀椀rst n terms of an arithmetic (a) the 昀椀rst term and the common ratio of the
n
progression is given by Sn = (5n + 3). Find progression,
2 sebutan pertama dan nisbah sepunya janjang itu,
Hasil tambah n sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
n
(b) the sum to in昀椀nity of the progression.
aritmetik diberi oleh Sn = (5n + 3). Cari hasil tambah ketakterhinggaan bagi janjang itu.
2
(a) the sum of the 昀椀rst 7 terms, [5 marks/markah]
hasil tambah 7 sebutan pertama, 5 (a) Given the 昀椀rst three terms of a geometric
(b) the 7th term. progression are 3w + 1, 5w − 1 and 7w + 1.
sebutan ke-7. Determine the positive value of w.
[4 marks/markah] Diberi tiga sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
geometri ialah 3w + 1, 5w − 1 dan 7w + 1. Tentukan
3 It is given that the sum of the 昀椀rst p terms of an nilai positif w.
q–3 [2 marks/markah]
arithmetic progression is Sp = (a + 13), such (b) Three consecutive terms of a geometric
2
that q is a constant, a is the 昀椀rst term and 13 is the progression are 36, h and k. It is given that
last term. the sum of these three terms is 28. Find the
Diberi bahawa hasil tambah p sebutan pertama bagi suatu possible values of h and k.
q–3 Tiga sebutan berturutan bagi suatu janjang geometri
janjang aritmetik ialah Sp = (a + 13), dengan keadaan q
2 ialah 36, h dan k. Diberi bahawa hasil tambah bagi tiga
ialah pemalar, a ialah sebutan pertama dan 13 ialah sebutan sebutan itu ialah 28. Cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi
terakhir. h dan k.
[3 marks/markah]

Section B
6 (a) Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of the 昀椀rst (i) Show that the volume of cones are arranged
three cones which are having the common according to arithmetic progression.
radius, j cm. Tunjukkan bahawa isi padu kon disusun mengikut
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan bagi tiga buah kon yang janjang aritmetik.
pertama yang mempunyai jejari sepunya, j cm. (ii) Given the volume of the 昀椀rst n cones is
124 pj2 cm3, 昀椀nd the value of n.
3
Diberi isi padu bagi n buah kon yang pertama ialah
124 2
pj cm3, cari nilai n.
3
[4 marks/markah]
11 cm

(b) The sum of the 昀椀rst seven terms of a

8 cm

geometric progression is 129 and the common

5 cm

ratio is −2. Find

Hasil tambah tujuh sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang
j cm j cm j cm geometri ialah 129 dan nisbah sepunya ialah –2. Cari
(i) the 昀椀rst term, (ii) the ninth term.
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1 sebutan pertama, sebutan kesembilan.
[4 marks/markah]

87
Paper 2
Section A
1 Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of cylinders
with the same radius, 4 cm. Given the height of
the 昀椀rst cylinder is 5 cm and the height of the 11 cm
8 cm
following cylinder increases by 3 cm. 5 cm
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan silinder yang mempunyai
jejari yang sama, 4 cm. Tinggi silinder pertama ialah 5 cm
dan tinggi silinder yang seterusnya bertambah sebanyak 3 cm.
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
(a) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the 15th cylinder, in terms of p.
Hitung isi padu, dalam cm , bagi silinder ke-15, dalam sebutan p.
3
[3 marks/markah]
(b) Given the total volume of the 昀椀rst n cylinders is 13 984p cm3, 昀椀nd the value of n.
Diberi jumlah isi padu bagi n silinder pertama ialah 13 984p cm3, cari nilai n.
[4 marks/markah]
2 Firdaus started working in a company on 1st January 2015 with initial annual salary of RM24 000. Every
January, the company increased his salary by 8% of the previous annual salary. Calculate
Firdaus mula bekerja di sebuah syarikat pada 1 Januari 2015 dengan permulaan gaji tahunan sebanyak RM24 000. Setiap bulan
Januari, syarikat itu menaikkan gajinya sebanyak 8% daripada gaji tahunan sebelumnya. Hitung
(a) his annual salary, to the nearest RM, for the year 2020.
gaji tahunan beliau, kepada RM yang hampir, pada tahun 2020.
[2 marks/markah]
(b) the minimum value of n if the annual salary in the nth year is more than RM60 000.
nilai minimum n jika gaji tahunan pada tahun ke-n melebihi RM60 000.
[2 marks/markah]
(c) the total salary, to the nearest RM, paid to him by the company, from the year 2015 to the year 2020.
jumlah gaji, kepada RM terdekat, yang dibayar kepada beliau oleh syarikat itu, dari tahun 2015 hingga tahun 2020.
[3 marks/markah]

Section B
3 (a) A string with length of 2 030 cm is cut into 28 pieces. The length of each piece follow the arithmetic
progression. Starting from the longest string 140 cm, 昀椀nd
Seutas tali yang panjangnya 2 030 cm dipotong kepada 28 bahagian. Panjang setiap bahagian tali mengikut janjang aritmetik.
Bermula daripada tali bahagian terpanjang 140 cm, cari
(i) the common difference in length of the pieces of string,
beza sepunya bagi panjang bahagian tali,
(ii) the sum of the 昀椀rst n terms in terms of n,
hasil tambah n sebutan pertama dalam sebutan n,
(iii) the length of the nth piece.
panjang bagi bahagian ke-n.
[5 marks/markah]
(b) Diagram 2 shows a few circles.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa bulatan. j cm
The 昀椀rst circle has a radius of j cm. The second circle has a
3 3
radius of j cm. The third circle has a radius of of the
5 5
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
radius of the second circle and the process is continue
inde昀椀nitely. Given the area of the largest circle is 1 600p cm2, 昀椀nd in terms of p,
3 3
Bulatan pertama mempunyai jejari j cm. Bulatan kedua mempunyai jejari j cm. Bulatan ketiga mempunyai jejari daripada jejari
5 5
bulatan kedua dan proses berterusan secara tak terhingga. Diberi luas bagi bulatan terbesar ialah 1 600p cm2, cari dalam sebutan p,
(i) the circumference of the 昀椀rst 昀椀ve circles, in cm,
lilitan bulatan bagi lima bulatan pertama, dalam cm,
(ii) the sum to in昀椀nity of the circumference formed.
hasil tambah ketakterhinggan bagi lilitan bulatan yang terbentuk.
[5 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 Show that 1 + 22 + 33 + 44 + 55 + 66 + …….. = 5 . HOTS Applying
5 5 5 5 5 5 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 5
Tunjukkan bahawa + + + + + + …….. = .
5 52 53 54 55 56 16

88
Chapter Learning Area: Algebra

6 Linear Law
Hukum Linear

6.1 Linear and Non-Linear Relations / Hubungan Linear dan Tak Linear

Smart Tip
A graph of linear relation is a graph that forms a straight line while a graph of non-linear relation is a graph that does
not form a straight line.
Graf hubungan linear ialah graf yang membentuk satu garis lurus manakala graf hubungan tak linear ialah graf yang tidak membentuk garis lurus.

Exercise 1 Draw the graph of y against x for each of the following table of values. Hence, determine
whether the graph is a graph of linear relation or a graph of non-linear relation.
Lukis graf y melawan x bagi setiap jadual nilai berikut. Seterusnya, tentukan sama ada graf itu ialah graf
hubungan linear atau graf hubungan tak linear.

Example 1 1 x –2 –1 0 1 2

x 0 2 4 y 5 2 1 2 5

y 1 2 3 y

Solution 5
y
4

4
3

2 2

1
x
0 2 4
x
–2 –1 0 1 2

Graph of linear relation/Graf hubungan linear

Graph of non-linear relation

2 x 0 1 2 3 4 3 x –2 –1 0 1 2
y 4 3 2 1 0 y 0 3 4 3 0

y y

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

x x
0 1 2 3 4 –2 –1 0 1 2

Graph of linear relation Graph of non-linear relation

89
 Smart Tip
1 A line of best 昀椀t can be drawn such that the straight line passes through as many points as possible on the graph.
Garis lurus penyuaian terbaik boleh dilukis dengan keadaan garis lurus itu melalui seberapa banyak titik yang mungkin pada graf.
2 The number of points which do not lie on the line of best 昀椀t should be balanced on both sides of the straight line.
Bilangan titik yang tidak terletak pada garis lurus penyuaian terbaik perlu seimbang di kedua-dua belah garis lurus itu.

Exercise 2 Plot the graph of y against x, by using a suitable scale on the x-axis and the y-axis. Hence,
draw the the line of best 昀椀t.
Plot graf y melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala yang sesuai pada paksi-x dan paksi-y. Seterusnya, lukis
garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.

Example 2
1 x 1 2 2.5 3 3.6

x 1 2 2.4 3 3.5 4 y 15 28 32 40 46.2

y 33 24 19 12 8 4
y
Solution
y 50

50
40
40
30
30

20
20

10 10

x x
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4

2 x 0.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 3 x 1 2 3 4 5

y 32.5 19.5 13.5 11.5 4.5 1.5 y 4 13.5 21.5 31 40.5

y
y
40

40 30

30 20

20 10

10 x
0 1 2 3 4 5

x –10
0 1 2 3 4

90
Exercise 3 Form an equation of the line of best 昀椀t for each of the following.
Bentukkan persamaan bagi garis lurus penyuaian terbaik bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.

1 y 2 y

Q(7, 6) E(1, 6)

F(5, 4)

x x
0 0
P(4, 0)
4 – 6 –2 1
6–0 6 m= = =–
m= = =2 5–1 4 2
7–4 3
Equation of the straight line, y = mx + c
Equation of the straight line, y = mx + c
At point E(1, 6)
At point P(4, 0)
1
0 = (2)(4) + c  2
6 = – (1) + c
2
c = –8
13
∴ y = 2x – 8 c=
2
1 13
∴y=– x+
2 2

Exercise 4 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.

Example 3
The table below shows the values of two variables, x and y obtained from an experiment.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen.
x 10 20 25 40 50 60
y 12 17 19.5 26 31 35
(a) Plot the graph of y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the
y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Plot graf y melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 10 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 5 unit pada paksi-y.
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the y-intercept and the gradient of the line of best 昀椀t.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-y dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best 昀椀t.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
Solution
(a) y
(b) y-intercept/Pintasan-y = 7.5
35 35 – 12
Gradient/Kecerunan = = 0.46
60 – 10
30
(c) The equation of the line of best 昀椀t is y = 0.46x + 7.5.
Persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik ialah y = 0.46x + 7.5
25

20

15

10

x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

91
1 The table below shows the values of two variables, g and h obtained from an experiment.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai dua pemboleh ubah, g dan h yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen.

g 10 20 25 40 50 60
h 131 139 143 156 164 173

(a) Plot the graph of h against g, by using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the g-axis and 2 cm to 20 units on
the h-axis. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Plot graf h melawan g, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 10 unit pada paksi-g dan 2 cm kepada 20 unit pada
paksi-h. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the h-intercept and the gradient of the line of best 昀椀t.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-h dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best 昀椀t.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.

(a)

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

g
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

173 – 131
(b) m = = 0.84
60 – 10
c = 122
(c) The equation of the line of best 昀椀t
h = mg + c
h = 0.84g + 122

92
2 The table below shows the values of two variables, p and q obtained from an experiment.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai dua pemboleh ubah, p dan q yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen.

p 1.0 2.0 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0

q 40.0 36.0 33.5 26.5 22.0 17.0

(a) Plot the graph of q against p, by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the p-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the
q-axis. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Plot graf q melawan p, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada paksi-p dan 2 cm kepada 5 unit pada paksi-q.
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the q-intercept and the gradient of the line of best 昀椀t.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-q dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best 昀椀t.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.

(a)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

p
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17.0 – 40.0 (c) The equation of the line of best 昀椀t

(b) m = = –4.6
6.0 – 1.0 q = mp + c
c = 44.5 q = –4.6p + 44.5

93
3 The table below shows the values of two variables, x and log10y obtained from an experiment.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai dua pemboleh ubah, x dan log10y yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen.

x 0.10 0.15 0.35 0.50 0.68

log10 y 0.66 0.74 1.06 1.3 1.58

(a) Plot the graph of log10 y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit
on the log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Plot graf log10 y melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 0.1 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 0.2 unit pada
paksi-log10 y. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b) From the graph, determine the log10 y-intercept and the gradient of the line of best 昀椀t.
Daripada graf, tentukan pintasan-log10 y dan kecerunan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Determine the equation of the line of best 昀椀t.
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.

(a)

log10 y

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1.58 – 0.66
(b) m = = 1.586
0.68 – 0.1
c = 0.5
(c) The equation of the line of best 昀椀t
log10 y = mx + c
log10 y = 1.586x + 0.5

94
Exercise 5 Interpret the information from each of the following lines of best 昀椀t.
Tafsirkan maklumat daripada setiap garis lurus penyuaian terbaik berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.

Example 4 1 Speed (m s–1)

Laju (m s–1)
Speed (m s–1)
Laju (m s–1) P(0, 8)

G(5, 6)
Q(6, 3)

F(0, 2) Time (second)

O Masa (saat)
Time (second)
O Masa (saat) Acceleration = Gradient
Solution 3–8
Acceleration = Gradient/Pecutan = Kecerunan =
6–0
6–2 5
= = 0.8 m s–2 = – m s–2
5–0 6
Initial speed/Laju awal = 2 m s–1 Initial speed = 8 m s–1

2 Distance (m) 3 Distance (m)

Jarak (m) Jarak (m)
K(0, 9)
B(6, 10)

A(0, 1) L(12, 1)
Time (second) Time (second)
O Masa (saat) O Masa (saat)

Speed = Gradient Speed = Gradient

10 – 1 1–9
= =
6–0 12 – 0
= 1.5 m s–1 2
= – m s–1
Initial distance = 1 m 3
Initial distance = 9 m

6.2 Linear Law and Non-Linear Relations / Hukum Linear dan Hubungan Tak Linear
Exercise 6 Convert the following non-linear equations to the linear form, Y = mX + c. Hence, state X,
m and c when Y is given.
Tukarkan persamaan tak linear berikut kepada bentuk linear, Y = mX + c. Seterusnya, nyatakan X, m dan c
apabila Y diberi.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang hukum linear untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 5 h
1 y= + 5px
x
y = hx3 + kx Given/Diberi Y = xy
y
Given/Diberi Y =
x h
Solution y= + 5px (× x)
1 x
3
y = hx + kx 
×
x 2 xy = h + 5px2
y
= hx2 + k xy = 5px2 + h
x y
Y = , X = x2, m = h, c = k
x Y = xy, X = x2, m = 5p, c = h
Smart Tip
The equation of the line of best 昀椀t is represented by Y = mX + c where,
Persamaan bagi garis lurus penyuaian terbaik diwakili oleh Y = mX + c dengan keadaan,
Y = y-axis/paksi-y
X = x-axis/paksi-x
m = gradient/kecerunan
c = y-intercept/pintasan-y

95
 k 3 hx = py + 6xy mp
2 y = 10 + x + 4 y – 
=
m
2x 1 x2
Given/Diberi Y =
Given/Diberi Y = y – x y Given/Diberi Y = x2y
k 1 mp
y = 10 + x + hx = py + 6xy (×
xy
) y – 
=
m (× x2 )
2x x2
k h p 1 x2y – 
 x2 = mp
m
y–x= + 10 = +6 (× )
2x y x h
x2y = 
 x2 + mp
m
k 1 1 p 6
y–x=
2 x  2
+ 10 =
y hx h
+
Y = x2y, X = x2, m = 
1 p 1 6  , c = mp
m

1 k
=
y h x
+ 2
h
Y = y – x, X = , m = , c = 10
x 2
1 1 p 6
Y= ,X= ,m= ,c=
y x h h

Exercise 7 Convert the following non-linear equations to the linear form, Y = mX + c. Hence, state X,
m and c when Y is given.
Tukarkan persamaan tak linear berikut kepada bentuk linear, Y = mX + c. Seterusnya, nyatakan X, m dan c
apabila Y diberi.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang hukum linear untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6 1 xy = c 2 y = 50nx
Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
y = pxn Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
Given/Diberi Y = log10 y xy = c
y = 50nx
log10 (xy) = log10 c
Solution
log10 x + log10 y = log10 c log10 y = log10 (50nx)
y = pxn log10 y = log10 50 + log10 nx
log10 y = –log10 x + log10 c
log10 y = log10 (pxn) log10 y = log10 50 + xlog10 n
log10 y = log10 p + log10xn log10 y = (log10 n)x + log10 50
Y = log10 y, X = log10 x, m = –1,
log10 y = log10 p + nlog10 x
c = log10 c
log10 y = nlog10 x + log10 p Y = log10 y, X = x, m = log10 n,
c = log10 50
Y = log10 y, X = log10 x, m = n,
c = log10 p

2p 4 y3 = hkx
3 y=
qx Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
Given/Diberi Y = log10 y
y3 = hkx
2p log10 y3 = log10 (hkx)
y= x
q 3log10 y = log10 h + log10 kx
2p
log10 y = log10 q 2x
3log10 y = log10 h + xlog10 k
log10 k log10 h
log10 y = log10 (2p) – log10 qx log10 y = 3 2x+
3
log10 y = log10 (2p) – xlog10 q log10 k log10 h
log10 y = –xlog10 q + log10 (2p) Y = log10 y, X = x, m = ,c=
3 3
log10 y = –(log10 q)x + log10 (2p)

Y = log10 y, X = x, m = –(log10 q), c = log10 2p

96
Exercise 8 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang hukum linear untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 7
The diagram below shows a line of best 昀椀t obtained Solution
y 6–5 1
by plotting against x2. m= =
x 4–2 2
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik
y Let the coordinates of Y-intercept = (0, c)
yang diperoleh dengan memplot melawan x2. Katakan koordinat pintasan-Y = (0, c)
x
y 6–c 1
Then/Maka, =
x 4–0 2
2(6 – c) = 4
6–c=2
(4, 6) c=4
Y = mX + c
(2, 5)
y 1 2
x
=  2
2
x +4
x2
O 1
y = x3 + 4x
2
Express y in terms of x.
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.

1 The diagram below shows a line of best 昀椀t 2 The variables x and y are related by the equation
1 1 y = px + qx2, where p and q are constants. The
obtained by plotting against .
y x diagram below shows a straight line graph
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik y
1 1 obtained by plotting against x.
yang diperoleh dengan memplot melawan . x
y x Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan
y = px + qx2, dengan keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar. Rajah
1
y di bawah menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang diperoleh
y
dengan memplot melawan x.
x
y
x
F(6, 6)
(2, 10)

2 E
1 (6, 4)
O x

x
Express y in terms of x. O
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
Calculate the values of p and q.
6–2 2 Hitung nilai p dan q.
m= =
6–0 3
y = px + qx2 (÷ x)
c=2
y
Y = mX + c = p + qx
x
1 2 1 y
y
=  2
3 x
+2
x
= qx + p
y
1 2 Y = , m = q, X = x, c = p
= +2 x
y 3x 4 – 10 3
q= =–
1 2 + 6x 6–2 2
= Let the coordinates of Y-intercept = (0, p)
y 3x
3x p – 10 3
y= =–
2 + 6x 0–2 2
p – 10
2  –2 2 = –3
p – 10 = 3
p = 13

97
3 In the diagram below, the 昀椀rst diagram shows a 4 The variables x and y are related by the equation
curve y = –4x2 + 6. The second diagram shows a y = px5, where p is a constant. The diagram below
straight line graph obtained when y = –4x2 + 6 is shows a straight line graph obtained by plotting
expressed in the linear form, Y = 6X + c. Express log10 y against log10 x.
X and Y in terms of x and/or y. Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan
Dalam rajah di bawah, rajah pertama menunjukkan y = px5, dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar. Rajah di bawah
lengkung y = –4x2+ 6. Rajah kedua menunjukkan graf garis menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang diperoleh dengan
lurus yang diperoleh apabila y = –4x2 + 6 diungkapkan memplot log10 y melawan log10 x.
dalam bentuk linear, Y = 6X + c. Ungkapkan X dan Y
log10 y
dalam sebutan x dan/atau y.
Y
y
(3, k)

y = –4x2 + 6

O X
(0, 2)
log10 x
x O
O –4

Find the value of

Cari nilai
y = –4x2 + 6 (÷ x2) (a) log10 p (b) k
y 6
= –4 + 2 y = px 5
(a) log10 p = 2
x2 x
y 1 log10 y = log10 (px5) k–2
x2  2
=6 2 –4
x log10 y = log10 p + log10 x5 (b)
3–0
=5
y 1 log10 y = 5log10 x + log10 p k – 2 = 15
Y = 2, X = 2 Y = log10 y, m = 5, X = log10 x,
x x k = 17
c = log10 p

5 The diagram below shows a straight line graph 6 The diagram below shows a straight line graph
obtained by plotting log10 y against x. obtained by plotting log2 y against log2 x.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf garis lurus yang
diperoleh dengan memplot log10 y melawan x. diperoleh dengan memplot log2 y melawan log2 x.
log2 y
log10 y

(6, 2)

(4, 6)
log2 x
O 2

x
O (6, 0)
Express y in terms of x.
Express y in terms of x. Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x. 2–0 1
m= =
6–2 2
Y = log10y, X = x 1
Let the coordinates log2 y = log2 x + (–1)
0–6 2
m= = –3 of Y-intercept = (0, c) 1
6–4 2–c 1 log2 y = log2 x 2 – 1
Let the coordinates of Y-intercept = (0, c) = 1
6–0 2 log2 y – log2 x 2 = –1
c–6 2–c=3
= –3 y
0–4
c – 6 = 12
c = –1  2
log2 1 = –1
x2
c = 18 y
1
= 2–1
2
x 1
log10y = –3x + 18 y = x 2 (2–1)
y = 10–3x + 18 1 1
y = x2
2
y=  x
2

98
 6.3 Applications of Linear Law / Aplikasi Hukum Linear
Exercise 9 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang hukum linear dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.
TP 5 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang hukum linear dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang kompleks.

Example 8

It is given that the object distance, u, the image distance, v, and the focal length, f, of a lens are related by the
1 1 1
equation + = . The table below shows the values of variables, u and v, obtained from an experiment.
u v f
1 1 1
Diberi bahawa jarak objek, u, jarak imej, v, dan jarak fokus, f, bagi suatu kanta dihubungkan oleh persamaan + = . Jadual
di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai pemboleh ubah, u dan v, yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen. u v f

u 10 16 20 25 36
v 10.87 7.81 7.14 6.67 6.17

1 1
(a) Construct a table for the values of and .
u v
1 1
Bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai dan .
u v
1 1
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 0.02 unit on both axes, plot a graph of against . Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
v u
1 1
Menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 0.02 unit pada kedua-dua paksi, plotkan graf melawan . Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus
penyuaian terbaik. v u
(c) Use the graph in (b) to 昀椀nd the value of
Gunakan graf di (b) untuk mencari nilai
1 1
(i) when/apabila = 0, (ii) f.
f u
Solution
1
(a) 0.1 0.0625 0.05 0.04 0.0278
u
1
0.092 0.128 0.14 0.15 0.162
v
(b) 1 1 1 1
v (c) + =
u v f
0.20
1 1 1
0.189 =– +
0.18 v u f
1
(i) When/Apabila = 0,
0.16 u
1 1
= = 0.189
f v
0.14
1
(ii) f =
0.12 0.189
= 5.29
0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 u

99
 L
1 The period, T, of a simple pendulum and its length, L are related by the equation T = 2pA , where g is
g
the acceleration due to gravity. The table below shows the values of variables, L and T, obtained from an
experiment.
L
Tempoh ayunan, T, bagi sebuah bandul ringkas dan panjangnya, L, dihubungkan oleh persamaan T = 2p , dengan keadaan
g A
g ialah pecutan disebabkan oleh graviti. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai pemboleh ubah, L dan T, yang diperoleh
daripada suatu eksperimen.

L (cm) 20 30 50 70 80
T (s) 0.898 1.1 1.42 1.68 1.80

(a) Construct a table for the values of T2. Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
Bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai T2. Beri jawapan anda betul kepada dua tempat perpuluhan.
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the L-axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the T2-axis, plot a graph of T2
against L. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 10 unit pada paksi-L dan 2 cm kepada 0.5 unit pada paksi-T2, plotkan graf T2 melawan L.
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Using the graph in (b), 昀椀nd the value of
Menggunakan graf di (b), cari nilai
(i) g,
(ii) T when/apabila L = 200 cm.

(a) L (cm) 20 30 50 70 80
T2 (s2) 0.81 1.21 2.02 2.82 3.24

(b)

T2

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

L 4p2 L
(c) (i) T = 2pA 0.0405 = (ii) T = 2pA
g g 975
4p2 4p2
T2 = L g = When L = 200,
g 0.0405
4p2 g = 975 cm/s2 200
Gradient = T = 2pA
g 975
3.24 – 0.81 4p2 = 2.846 seconds
=
80 – 20 g

100
2 The table below shows the values of the population of a type of bacteria recorded at 1 hour intervals. The
variables x and y are related by the equation y = pqx, where p and q are constants.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi populasi sejenis bakteria yang direkod setiap 1 jam. Pemboleh ubah x dan y
dihubungkan oleh persamaan y = pqx, dengan keadaan p and q ialah pemalar.

Number of hours/Bilangan jam, x 1 2 3 4 5 6

Population/Populasi, y 78 98 123 158 199 251

(a) Construct a table for the values of x and log10 y. Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
Bina satu jadual bagi nilai-nilai x and log10 y. Beri jawapan anda betul kepada dua tempat perpuluhan.
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.25 unit on the log10 y-axis, plot a graph of
log10 y against x. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 0.25 unit pada paksi-log10 y, plotkan graf log10 y
melawan x. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(c) Using the graph in (b), 昀椀nd the value of
Menggunakan graf di (b), cari nilai
(i) p,
(ii) q,
(iii) the expected number of population of the bacteria after 24 hours.
anggaran jumlah populasi bakteria selepas 24 jam.

(a) x 1 2 3 4 5 6
log10 y 1.89 1.99 2.09 2.20 2.30 2.40

(b)
log10 y

2.50

2.25

2.00

1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(c) y = pqx (ii) Gradient = log10 q

log10 y = log10 (pqx) 2.4 – 1.89
= log10 q
log10 y = log10 p + log10 qx 6–1
log10 y = log10 p + xlog10 q 0.102 = log10 q
log10 y = (log10 q)x + log10 p q = 100.102
(i) log10 p = 1.80 q = 1.265
p = 63.1 (iii) When x = 24
y = (63.1)(1.265)24
= 17 791

101
 Review 6
Paper 1
Section A
1 The variables x and y are related by the equation (a) Convert the equation y = mx3 to the linear form.
xy = 12x – 4x3. A straight line graph is obtained by Tukarkan persamaan y = mx3 kepada bentuk linear.
plotting y against x2 as shown in Diagram 1. (b) Find the value of/Cari nilai
Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan (i) log10 m,
xy = 12x – 4x3. Graf garis lurus diperoleh dengan memplot y (ii) p.
melawan x2 seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1. [4 marks/markah]
y
3 The variables x and y are related by the equation
G 20
5y = (h – 2)x2 + , where h is a constant.
x
Diagram 3 shows the straight line MN obtained
by plotting xy against x3.
Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan
x2 20
O H 5y = (h – 2)x2 + , dengan keadaan h ialah pemalar.
x
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1 Rajah 3 menunjukkan garis lurus MN yang diperoleh
(a) Convert the equation xy = 12x – 4x3 to the dengan memplot xy melawan x3.
linear form to obtain the straight line graph as xy
shown in Diagram 1.
Tukarkan persamaan xy = 12x – 4x3 kepada bentuk p
linear untuk memperoleh graf garis lurus seperti yang N(0, )
2
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.
(b) State/Nyatakan
(i) the gradient of the straight line,
kecerunan garis lurus itu, x3
O
(ii) coordinates of G.
M
koordinat G.
[4 marks/markah] Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
2 The variables x and y are related by the equation 20
(a) Express the equation 5y = (h – 2)x2 +
y = mx3, where m is a constant. A straight line x
graph is obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x in linear form, which is used to obtain the
as shown in Diagram 2. straight line graph as shown in Diagram 3.
Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan 20
Ungkapkan persamaan 5y = (h – 2)x2 + dalam
y = mx3, dengan keadaan m ialah pemalar. Graf garis lurus x
diperoleh dengan memplot log10 y melawan log10 x seperti bentuk linear, yang digunakan untuk memperoleh graf
yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2. garis lurus dalam Rajah 3.
3
log10 y (b) Given the gradient of MN is − , 昀椀nd the
value of h and of p. 10
3
Diberi kecerunan MN ialah − , cari nilai h dan nilai
(1, p) 10
p.
[5 marks/markah]
(0, 2)
log10 x
O
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2

Section B
4 (a) The variables x and y are related by the Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan
1 g 1 g
equation = + h, such that g and h are = + h, dengan keadaan g dan h ialah pemalar.
y x y x
constants. Diagram 4 shows the line of best 昀椀t Rajah 4 menunjukkan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik
1 1 1 1
obtained by plotting the graph of against . yang diperoleh dengan memplot graf melawan .
y x y x

102
 1 Pemboleh ubah x dan y dihubungkan oleh persamaan
y Q (6, 10)
log y = n log x + p, dengan keadaan n dan p ialah pemalar.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan garis lurus penyuaian terbaik
yang diperoleh dengan memplot log y melawan log x.
P 1
log y
O 4 x
(4, 7)

K
Diagram 4/ Rajah 4
(i) Find the value of g and of h. 1
Cari nilai g dan nilai h. log x
(ii) Express y in terms of x. O
Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x. Diagram 5/ Rajah 5
[4 marks/markah] (i) Find the value of n and of p.
(b) The variables x and y are related by the equation Cari nilai n dan nilai p.
log y = n log x + p, such that n and p are constants. (ii) Express y in terms of x.
Diagram 5 shows the line of best 昀椀t obtained Ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
by plotting the graph of log y against log x. [4 marks/markah]

Paper 2
Section A
1 Table 1 shows the results from an experiment involving two variables, x and y that are related by the
equation y = px + q, such that p and q are constants.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan daripada suatu eksperimen melibatkan dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y yang dihubungkan oleh
persamaan y = px + q, dengan keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar.
x 1 2 3 4 6
y 30.25 53.29 90.25 136.89 240.25
Table 1/ Jadual 1
(a) Plot the graph of y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the
y -axis. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Plot graf y melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada paksi-x dan 2 cm kepada 2 unit paksi- y .
Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik. [4 marks/markah]
(b) Use the graph in (a) to 昀椀nd the value of p and of q.
Gunakan graf di (a) untuk mencari nilai p dan nilai q. [3 marks/markah]

Section B
2 Table 2 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are
u
related by the equation y = (2p − 3)x2 + x, where p and u are constants.
p
Jadual 2 menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen. Pemboleh ubah x dan
u
y dihubungkan oleh persamaan y = (2p − 3)x2 + x, dengan keadaan p dan u ialah pemalar.
p
x 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 9.6 16.2 23.8 33 42.6 53.9
Table 2/ Jadual 2
y
(a) Plot the graph of against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
y x
Plot graf melawan x, dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada kedua-dua paksi. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus
x
penyuaian terbaik. [5 marks/markah]
(b) From the graph, 昀椀nd the value of/Daripada graf, cari nilai
(i) p, (ii) u. [5 marks/markah]
3 Table 3 shows the relation between the rate of chemical reaction, R and the temperature, H.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan hubungan antara kadar tindakan balas kimia, R dengan suhu, H.
Temperature, H °C
95.5 37.8 24.8 17.4 14.5
Suhu, H °C
−1
Rate of chemical reaction, R (mol s )
29.2 16.6 10.09 5.52 3.61
Kadar tindak balas kimia, R (mol s−1)
Table 3/ Jadual 3

103
 –a
It is given that the chemical reaction, R and its temperature, H, are related by the equation R = b(2.8) H , such
that a and b are constants. a
Diberi bahawa kadar tindak balas kimia, R dengan suhunya, H, dihubungkan oleh persamaan R = b(2.8) H , dengan keadaan a dan b
–

ialah pemalar. a
(a) Convert the equation R = b(2.8)
–
H to the linear form.
–a
Tukarkan persamaan R = b(2.8) H kepada bentuk linear.
[2 marks/markah]
1
(b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 0.01 unit on the -axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log10 R-axis, plot the graph
H
1
log10 R against . Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
H
1
Dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 0.01 unit pada paksi- dan skala 2 cm kepada 0.2 unit pada paksi-log10 R, plot graf
H
1
log10 R melawan . Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
H [4 marks/markah]
(c) From the graph, 昀椀nd the value of a and of b.
Daripada graf, cari nilai a dan nilai b.
[4 marks/markah]
4 Table 4 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are
related by the equation y = uwx − 2, where u and w are constants.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan nilai-nilai bagi dua pemboleh ubah, x dan y, yang diperoleh daripada suatu eksperimen. Pemboleh ubah x dan
y dihubungkan oleh persamaan y = uwx − 2, dengan keadaan u dan w ialah pemalar.
x 3 4 5 6 8
y 34.7 19.2 10.41 5.75 1.74
Table 4/ Jadual 4
(a) Plot the graph of log10 y against (x – 2), by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the (x – 2)-axis and 2 cm to
0.2 unit on the log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best 昀椀t.
Plot graf log10 y melawan (x – 2), dengan menggunakan skala 2 cm kepada 1 unit pada paksi-(x – 2) dan 2 cm kepada 0.2 unit
pada paksi-log10 y. Seterusnya, lukis garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
[5 marks/markah]
(b) From the graph, 昀椀nd the value of
Daripada graf, cari nilai
(i) u, (ii) w.
[5 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 In Diagram 1, PQ is an inclined plane with angle b to the horizontal plane QR. P is 1.35 m vertically above R.
A particle G is released from rest at point P and its distance from point P after t s is shown in Table 1.
Dalam Rajah 1, PQ ialah sebuah satah condong pada sudut b kepada satah mengufuk QR. P berada 1.35 m tegak di atas R. Satu
zarah G dilepaskan daripada keadaan rehat di titik P dan jaraknya dari titik P selepas t s ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.
G
P

b
Q R
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1

Time, t, in s, after release from point P

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Masa, t, dalam s, selepas dilepaskan dari titik P
Distance, d, in m, from point P
0.18 0.90 1.90 3.34 5.2
Jarak, d, dalam m, dari titik P

Table 1/ Jadual 1
It is known that the distance travelled, d, by particle G descending the inclined plane is varies directly as
square of the time, t.
Diketahui bahawa jarak yang dilalui, d, oleh zarah G menurun satah condong tersebut berubah secara langsung dengan kuasa dua
masa, t.
(a) Plot the graph of d against t2. HOTS Analysing
Plot graf d melawan t 2.
(b) If the particle G takes 2.8 s to reach point Q, determine the value of b. HOTS Applying
Jika zarah G mengambil masa 2.8 s untuk tiba di titik Q, tentukan nilai b.

104
Chapter Learning Area: Geometry

7 Coordinate Geometry
Geometri Koordinat

7.1 Divisor of a Line Segment / Pembahagi Tembereng Garis

Smart Tip
Point that divides the line segment by the ratio m : n m n
Titik yang membahagikan tembereng garis dengan nisbah m : n
P Q R nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)
Q=  m+n
,
m+n

m+n

Exercise 1 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang pembahagi tembereng garis.

Example 1 1 Given P(–2, 5), Q and R(7, 2) 2 Given P(2, –1), Q and R(5, 8)
are collinear such that are collinear such that
Given P(–3, –9), Q and R(4, PQ : QR = 1 : 2. Find the PQ : QR = 2 : 1. Find the
5) are collinear such that coordinates of Q. coordinates of Q.
PQ : PR = 2 : 7. Find the Diberi P(–2, 5), Q dan R(7, 2) Diberi P(2, –1), Q dan R(5, 8)
coordinates of Q. adalah segaris dengan keadaan adalah segaris dengan keadaan
Diberi P(–3, –9), Q dan R(4, 5) PQ : QR = 1 : 2. PQ : QR = 2 : 1.
adalah segaris dengan keadaan Cari koordinat Q. Cari koordinat Q.
PQ : PR = 2 : 7. Cari koordinat Q.
Solution m:n=1:2 m:n=2:1
Given/Diberi PQ : PR = 2 : 7,
2(–2) + 1(7) 2(5) + 1(2) 1(2) + 2(5) 1(–1) + 2(8)
then/maka
PQ : QR = 2 : 5
Q=  1+2
,
1+2
 Q=  2+1
,
2+1

m:n=2:5 3 12 12 15
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 
= 3, 3  
= 3, 3 
Q=  m+n
,
m+n
 = (1, 4) = (4, 5)
5(–3) + 2(4) 5(–9) + 2(5)
=  2+5
,
2+5

–7 –35
 
= 7 , 7 = (–1, –5)

3 Given P(–5, 4), Q and R(5, –1) 4 Given the points P(–2, 2) and 5 Given the coordinates of P
are collinear such that Q(7, 8). Point R lies on the and Q are (2, –3) and (6, 5)
PQ : PR = 2 : 5. Find the straight line PQ such that respectively. If point R divides
coordinates of Q. 2PR = RQ. Find the PQ in the ratio of 1 : 3, 昀椀nd the
Diberi P(–5, 4), Q dan R(5, –1) coordinates of point R. coordinates of point R.
adalah segaris dengan keadaan Diberi titik P(–2, 2) dan Q(7, 8). Diberi koordinat P dan Q masing-
PQ : PR = 2 : 5. Titik R terletak pada garis lurus PQ masing ialah (2, –3) dan (6, 5). Jika
Cari koordinat Q. dengan keadaan 2PR = RQ. Cari titik R membahagi PQ dalam nisbah
koordinat titik R. 1 : 3, cari koordinat bagi titik R.
Given PQ : PR = 2 : 5 Given 2PR = RQ
Then PQ : QR = 2 : 3 PR 1 PR : RQ = 1 : 3
m:n=2:3 RQ = 2 m:n=1:3
m 1
3(–5) + 2(5) 3(4) + 2(–1) 3(2) + 1(6) 3(–3) + 1(5)
Q=  2+3
,
2+3
 n = 2 or m : n = 1 : 2 R=  1+3
,
1+3

2(–2) + 1(7) 2(2) + 1(8)
–5 10 R=  ,  12 –4

= 5 , 5  1+2
3 12
1+2 
= 4, 4 
= (–1, 2)  
= 3 , 3 = (1, 4) = (3, –1)

105
Exercise 2 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang pembahagi tembereng garis.

Example 2
It is given that F(p, 6), G(2, 3) and H(7, q) are collinear such that FG : FH = 1 : 3. Find the values of p and q.
Diberi bahawa F(p, 6), G(2, 3) dan H(7, q) adalah segaris dengan keadaan FG : FH = 1 : 3. Cari nilai p dan q.

Solution
Given/Diberi FG : FH = 1 : 3 For x-coordinate/Untuk koordinat-x, For y-coordinate/Untuk koordinat-y,
then/maka FG : GH = 1 : 2 2p + 7 2(6) + 1(q)
m:n=1:2 =2 =3
3 1+2
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 2p + 7 = 6
 m+n
,
m+n

= (x, y) 2p = –1
12 + q
=3
3
1
 2(p) + 1(7) 2(6) + 1(q)
1+2
,
1+2

= (2, 3)
p=–
2
12 + q = 9
q = –3

1 It is given that F(p, 4), G(1, 7) and H(6, q) are collinear such that FG : GH = 3 : 5. Find the values of p and q.
Diberi bahawa F(p, 4), G(1, 7) dan H(6, q) adalah segaris dengan keadaan FG : GH = 3 : 5. Cari nilai p dan q.

FG : GH = 3 : 5 For x-coordinate, For y-coordinate,

m:n=3:5 5(p) + 3(6)
=1 5(4) + 3(q)
3+5 =7
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 3+5
 m+n
,
m+n

= (x, y) 5p + 18
=1 20 + 3q
8 =7
8
 5(p) + 3(6) 5(4) + 3(q)
3+5
,
3+5

= (1, 7) 5p + 18 = 8
5p = –10
20 + 3q = 56
3q = 36
p = –2 q = 12

2 It is given that F(–4, q), G(2, –1) and H(p, 1) are collinear such that FG : GH = 2 : 1. Find the values of p and q.
Diberi bahawa F(–4, q), G(2, –1) dan H(p, 1) adalah segaris dengan keadaan FG : GH = 2 : 1. Cari nilai p dan q.

FG : GH = 2 : 1 For x-coordinate, For y-coordinate,

m:n=2:1 1(–4) + 2(p)
=2 1(q) + 2(1)
2+1 = –1
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 2+1
 m+n
,
m+n

= (x, y) –4 + 2p
=2 q+2
3 = –1
3
 1(–4) + 2(p) 1(q) + 2(1)
2+1
,
2+1

= (2, –1) –4 + 2p = 6
2p = 10
q + 2 = –3
q = –5
p=5

3 A straight line passes through J(12, –13) and K(–9, 8).

Suatu garis lurus melalui J(12, –13) dan K(–9, 8).
(a) It is given that L(4, s) lies on the straight line JK, 昀椀nd the value of s.
Diberi bahawa L(4, s) terletak di atas garis lurus JK, cari nilai s.
(b) Point P divides the line segment JK in the ratio 2 : 4. Find the coordinates of P.
Titik P membahagi tembereng garis JK dalam nisbah 2 : 4. Cari koordinat P.
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
(a) Gradient of KL = Gradient of JK (b) P =
m+n ,
m+n

s − 8 8 − (–13)
4+9
=
–9 − 12 =
4(12) + 2(–9) 4(–13) + 2(8)

4+2
,
4+2

s−8 21 48 − 18 –52 + 16
13
=
–21 =
6
 ,
6

s−8
13
= –1
=
30 36
6
,– 6

s − 8 = –13
s = –5 = (5, –6)

106
 7.2 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines / Garis Lurus Selari dan Garis Lurus Serenjang

Smart Tip
(a) Parallel lines/Garis selari (b) Perpendicular lines/Garis serenjang
m1 = m2 m1 m2 = –1
m1
m1
m2 m2

Exercise 3 Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines are parallel or not.
Tentukan sama ada setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah selari atau tidak.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 3 1 4x + 6y = 5, 2x = 6 − 3y

2y – x = 7, x – 2y = 5 4x + 6y = 5  1
Solution 2x = 6 − 3y  2
2y − x = 7  1 From 1 , 6y = –4x + 5
x − 2y = 5  2 –4x 5
y= +
6 6
From/Daripada 1 , From/Daripada 2 , 2 5
2y = x + 7 –2y = –x + 5 y=– x+
3 6
x 7 x 5 2
y= + y= − m1 = –
2 2 2 2 3
1 1 From 2 , 3y = –2x + 6
m1 = m2 =
2 2 –2x 6
y= +
Compare/Bandingkan 3 3
y = mx + c 2
y=– x+2
3
m1 = m2 2
m2 = –
3
∴ The pair of straight lines are parallel. m1 = m2
Pasangan garis lurus adalah selari.
∴ The pair of straight lines are parallel.

2 3y – x = 6, 3x – 2y = 6 3 8y + 4x = 15, 2x + 4y = 17

3y − x = 6  1 8y + 4x = 15  1
3x − 2y = 6  2 2x + 4y = 17  2
From 1 , 3y = x + 6 From 1 , 8y = –4x + 15
1 4 15
y= x+2 y=– x+
3 8 8
1 1 15
m1 = y=– x+
3 2 8
From 2 , 2y = 3x − 6 1
m1 = –
3 2
y= x−3
2 From 2 , 4y = –2x + 17
3 2 17
m2 = y=– x+
2 4 4
m1 ≠ m2 1 17
y=– x+
∴ The pair of straight lines are not parallel. 2 4
1
m=–
2
m1 = m2
∴ The pair of straight lines are parallel.

107
Exercise 4 It is given that each of the following pairs of straight lines are parallel. Find the value of p.
Diberi bahawa setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah selari. Cari nilai p.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 4 1 px + 6y − 12 = 0, 2x − 3y + 14 = 0

3y − 4x – 15 = 0, (p − 5)x − 3y − 18 = 0 px + 6y − 12 = 0  1
2x − 3y + 14 = 0  2
Solution
3y − 4x − 15 = 0  1 From 1 , 6y = –px + 12
(p − 5)x − 3y − 18 = 0  2 p 12
y=– x+
6 6
From/Daripada 1 , p
3y = 4x + 15 y=– x+2
6
4 p
y= x+5 y = mx + c m1 = –
3 6
4
m1 = From 2 , 3y = 2x + 14
3
2 14
From/Daripada 2 , y= x+
3 3
3y = (p − 5)x – 18 2
m2 =
p−5 3
y=  3 
x−6 y = mx + c m1 = m2
p−5 p 2 x2
m2 = – = x2
3 6 3
m1 = m2 p 4
– =
4 p−5 6 6
= p = –4
3 3
4=p−5
p=9

2 4y + 3x + 24 = 0, (2p + 1)x + 3y + 6 = 0 3 8x + 2py = 5, 2x − (p + 1)y − 8 = 0

4y + 3x + 24 = 0  1 8x + 2py = 5  1
(2p + 1)x + 3y + 6 = 0  2 2x − (p + 1)y − 8 = 0  2
From 1 , 4y = –3x − 24 From 1 , 2py = –8x + 5
3 8 5
y=– x−6 y=– x+
4 2p 2p
3 8 4
m1 = – m1 = – = –
4 2p p
From 2 , 3y = –(2p + 1)x − 6 From 2 , (p + 1)y = 2x − 8
2 8
y=–
(2p + 1)
3
x−2 y= 
p+1
x−
p+1
(2p + 1) 2
m2 = – m2 =
3 p+1
m1 = m2 m1 = m2
3 (2p + 1) 4 2
– =– – =
4 3 p p+1
9 –4(p + 1) = 2p
= 2p + 1 –2(p + 1) = p
4
5 –2p − 2 = p
= 2p –2p − p = 2
4
–3p = 2
5 2
p= p=–
8 3

108
Exercise 5 Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular or not.
Tentukan sama ada setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah berserenjang atau tidak.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 5 1 2x + y = 1, –x + 2y = 6

3y − x = 6, 3x + y = 12 2x + y = 1  1
Solution –x + 2y = 6  2
3y − x = 6  1 From 1 ,
3x + y = 12  2
Smart Tip y = –2x + 1
From/Daripada 1 , Perpendicular lines are m1 = –2
3y = x + 6 lines which intersect at a
From 2 ,
x right angle (90°).
y= +2 Garis serenjang ialah garis
2y = x + 6
3
1 yang bersilang pada sudut x
m1 = tegak (90°). y= +3
3 2
1
From/Daripada 2 , m2 =
2
y = –3x + 12 Perpendicular lines 1
m1 m2 = (–2)
2
m2 = –3 = –1
1 Garis berserenjang
m1 m2 =  (–3) = –1 m1 m2 = –1
3 ∴ The pair of straight lines are perpendicular.
∴ The pair of straight lines are perpendicular.
Pasangan garis lurus adalah berserenjang.

2 3y − x = 12, 3x – 2y = 8 3 8y + 6x = 24, –4x + 3y = 12

3y − x = 12  1 From 2 , 8y + 6x = 24  1 From 2 , 3y = 4x + 12
3x − 2y = 8  2 2y = 3x − 8 –4x + 3y = 12  2 4
3 y= x+4
From 1 , y= x−4 From 1 , 8y = –6x + 24 3
3y = x + 12 2 4
6 m2 =
1 3 y=– x+3 3
y= x+4 m2 = 8
2 3 4
3 1 3 1 6 3 m1m2 = –   = –1
1 m1 m2 =    = ≠ –1 m1 = – = –
8 4
4 3
m1 = 3 2 2
3 ∴ The pair of straight
∴ The pair of straight lines lines are perpendicular.
are not perpendicular.

Exercise 6 It is given that each of the following pairs of straight lines are perpendicular. Find the value of n.
Diberi bahawa setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah berserenjang. Cari nilai n.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6 1 y − 2x + 6 = 0, nx − 6y − 12 = 0
y – 2x + 6 = 0  1
2y − 3x + 14 = 0, (n – 2)x − 4y − 16 = 0
nx − 6y − 12 = 0  2
Solution From 1 ,
2y − 3x + 14 = 0  1 y = 2x – 6
(n − 2)x − 4y − 16 = 0  2 m1 = 2
n−2 From 2 ,
From/Daripada 1 , m2 = 4
 6y = nx − 12
2y = 3 x − 14
3 n−2 n
3
y= x−7 m1 m2 =
2 
4
= –1  y= x−2
6
2 3(n − 2) = –8 n
3 3n − 6 = –8 m2 =
6
m1 =
2 3n = –2 n
From/Daripada 2 , n=–
2 m1 m2 = (2)  
6
= –1
4y = (n − 2)x − 16 3 n
= –1
n−2 3
y=  4

x−4 n = –3

109
 2 2y − x + 8 = 0, (n + 1)x + 4y − 20 = 0 3 4y – 3x + 8 = 0, (2n – 1)x + 2y – 6 = 0
2y − x + 8 = 0  1 4y − 3x + 8 = 0  1
(n + 1)x + 4y − 20 = 0  2 (2n − 1)x + 2y − 6 = 0  2
From 1 , From 2 , From 1 ,
2y = x − 8 4y = 3x − 8
1 4y = –(n + 1)x + 20 3
y= x−4 y= x−2
2 (n + 1) 4
y=– x+5 3
1 4 m1 =
m1 = 4
2 (n + 1)
m2 = – 3 (2n − 1)
4 From 2 , m1 m2 = 
4
–
2
 = –1
1 (n + 1) 2y = –(2n − 1)x + 6
m1 m2 =  
2
– = –1  3(2n − 1) = 8
4 (2n − 1) 6n − 3 = 8
n+1= 8 y=– x+3
2 6n = 11
n =7 (2n − 1) 11
m2 = – n=
2 6

Exercise 7 Find the equation of the straight line that passes through point P and parallel to the given
straight line in general form.
Cari persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik P dan selari dengan garis lurus yang diberi dalam bentuk am.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 7 1 2y − 6x + 5 = 0, P(4, 1)

3y − 2x − 12 = 0, P(2, –5) 2y − 6x + 5 = 0
Solution 2y = 6x − 5
3y − 2x − 12 = 0 5
y = 3x −
3y = 2x + 12 2
2 m=3
y= x+4 y = mx + c
3
2 The equation of the straight line,
m= y – y1 = m(x − x1)
3
The equation of the straight line, y − 1 = 3(x − 4)
Persamaan garis lurus, y − 1 = 3x − 12
y – y1 = m(x – x1) y = 3x − 11
2 3x − y − 11 = 0
y − (–5) = (x − 2)
3
3(y + 5) = 2(x − 2)
3y + 15 = 2x − 4
2x − 3y − 19 = 0

2 4y + 3x + 6 = 0, P(1, 8) 3 2y + 3x + 18 = 0, P(4, –2)

4y + 3x + 6 = 0 2y + 3x + 18 = 0
4y = –3x − 6 2y = –3x − 18
–3 3 3 3
y= x− ,m=– y=– x−9
4 2 4 2
3
The equation of the straight line, m=–
y − y1 = m(x − x1) 2
3 The equation of the straight line,
y − 8 = – (x − 1) y − y1 = m(x − x1)
4
4y − 32 = –3x + 3 3
y − (–2) = – (x − 4)
4y + 3x − 35 = 0 2
3x + 4y − 35 = 0 2(y + 2) = –3(x − 4)
2y + 4 = –3x + 12
3x + 2y − 8 = 0

110
 x y x y
4 + = 1, P(–3, –2) 5 − = 1, P(–7, 6)
9 2 5 3
x y x y x y x y
+ =1 Intercept form: + = 1 − =1 Intercept form: – = 1
9 2 a b 5 3 a b
y – intercept b 2 b –3 3
∴m = –
x – intercept
=– =–
a 9 ∴m = –
y – intercept
x – intercept
=– =–
a  
5
=
5
The equation of the straight line, The equation of the straight line,
y – y1 = m(x – x1) y − y1 = m(x – x1)
2 3
y − (–2) = – [x − (–3)] y − 6 = [x − (–7)]
9 5
2 6 3 21
y+2=– x− y−6= x+
9 9 5 5
2 24 3 51
y=– x− y= x+
9 9 5 5
9y = –2x − 24 5y = 3x + 51
2x + 9y + 24 = 0 3x − 5y + 51 = 0

Exercise 8 Find the equation of the straight line that passes through point P and perpendicular to the
given straight line in general form.
Cari persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik P dan berserenjang dengan garis lurus yang diberi dalam bentuk am.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 8 1 y – 2x + 7 = 0, P(2, 6)
y – 2x + 7 = 0
4y − 3x − 8 = 0, P(1, –4) y = 2x − 7
Solution m1 = 2
1
4y − 3x − 8 = 0 m2 = –
4y = 3x + 8 m1 m2 = –1 2
3 3 The equation of the straight line,
y = x+2 × m2 = –1
4 4
4 y – y1 = m2(x − x1)
3 4 m2 = –
m1 = , m2 = – 3 1
4 3 y − 6 = – (x − 2)
2
The equation of the straight line,
2(y − 6) = –(x − 2)
Persamaan garis lurus,
2y − 12 = –x + 2
y − y1 = m2(x − x1)
x + 2y – 14 = 0
4
y − (–4) = – (x − 1)
3
3(y + 4) = –4(x − 1)
3y + 12 = –4x + 4
4x + 3y + 8 = 0

2 3x + y − 7 = 0, P(–1, 5) 3 4x + 3y + 24 = 0, P(–2, –6)

3x + y − 7 = 0 4x + 3y + 24 = 0
y = –3x + 7 3y = –4x − 24
m1 = –3 4
y=– x−8
1 3
m2 =
3 4
m1 = –
The equation of the straight line, 3
3
y − y1 = m2(x − x1) m2 =
4
1
y−5= (x − (–1)) The equation of the straight line,
3
y – y1 = m2(x − x1)
3(y − 5) = (x + 1)
3
3y − 15 = x + 1 y − (–6) = (x − (–2))
x − 3y + 16 = 0 4
4(y + 6) = 3(x + 2)
4y + 24 = 3x + 6
3x − 4y − 18 = 0

111
 x y 2x y
4 − = 3, P(0, –11) 5 + = 2, P(–3, 8)
2 3 7 21
x y 6x + y
− = 3 (÷ 3) =2
2 3 21
x y x y 6x + y = 42
− =1 Intercept form: − = 1
6 9 a b y = –6x + 42
y – intercept (–9) 1
m1 = – =– m1 = –6, m2 =
x – intercept 6 6
3 2 The equation of the straight line,
m1 = , m2 = –
2 3 y − y1 = m2(x − x1)
The equation of the straight line,
1
y − y1 = m2(x − x1) y − 8 = (x + 3)
6
2
y − (–11) = – (x – 0) 6y − 48 = x + 3
3 x − 6y + 51 = 0
2
y + 11 = – x
3
3y + 33 = –2x
2x + 3y + 33 = 0

Exercise 9 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang geometri koordinat dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

1 A developer is required to build a new straight 2 The diagram below shows the positions of four
road which passes through the point (–2, 5). It rest huts, E, F, G and H in a park. It is given that
is given that the equation of a straight road that EF is parallel to GH.
was already built is 2y = 3x − 4. The developer is Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kedudukan empat buah
required to build the new road such that it does pondok rehat, E, F, G dan H di sebuah taman. Diberi
not intersect with the existing road. Determine bahawa EF adalah selari dengan GH.
the equation of the new road. y
Pemaju dikehendaki membina sebatang jalan raya lurus
baharu yang melalui titik (–2, 5). Diberi bahawa persamaan
sebatang jalan raya lurus yang sedia ada ialah 2y = 3x − 4. E(3, 6)
F(7, 4)
Pemaju tersebut dikehendaki untuk membina jalan raya
baharu supaya tidak bersilang dengan jalan raya yang sedia
ada. Tentukan persamaan bagi jalan raya baharu itu. x
O
G(2, –3)
Gradient of the existing road
2y = 3x – 4 H(12, k)
3
y= x–2 Find/Cari
2 (a) the equation of the straight line GH,
3
So, m1 = persamaan garis lurus GH,
2 (b) the value of k.
The new road must be parallel to the existing nilai k.
road, so that both roads do not intersect.
3 4 – 6 –2 1
So, m2 = mEF= = =–
2 7–3 4 2
The equation of the new road: Given EF//GH
y = m2x + c 1
So, mGH= mEF = –
3 2
(5) =  
2
(–2) + c (a) The equation of the straight line GH,
1
5 = –3 + c
c=8
 
y – (–3) = – (x – 2)
2
3 1
So, y = x + 8 or 2y = 3x + 16 y+3=– x+1
2 2
1
y=– x–2
2
(b) When x = 12, y = k
1
k = – (12) – 2 = –8
2

112
3 In the diagram below, E is the point of 4 It is given that a straight line has equation
intersection of two perpendicular lines. If the y = 2x + 6 and a point P(12, 10). Find the coordinates
equation of straight line OE is y = 3x, 昀椀nd the of Q such that Q is on the straight line y = 2x + 6
values of h and k. and PQ is the shortest distance. HOTS Applying
Dalam rajah di bawah, E ialah titik persilangan bagi dua Diberi bahawa satu garis lurus mempunyai persamaan
garis yang berserenjang. Jika persamaan garis lurus OE y = 2x + 6 dan titik P(12, 10). Cari koordinat Q dengan
ialah y = 3x, cari nilai h dan k. keadaan Q berada pada garis lurus y = 2x + 6 dan PQ ialah
y jarak terpendek.

PQ is the shortest distance, hence PQ is

E(4, h) • perpendicular to the straight line y = 2x + 6.
• G(7, k) The gradient of the straight line y = 2x + 6 is 2.
Let the gradient of PQ = m2.
O x PAK-21
Hence, (2)(m2) = –1 perpendicular

website
1
m2 = –
The equation of OE is y = 3x. 2
The gradient of straight line OE is m1. The equation of PQ,
m1 = 3
h–0 h y − y1 = m2(x − x1), P(12, 10)
m1 = = 1
4–0 4 y − 10 = – (x – 12)
h 2
Hence, = 3 2y − 20 = –x + 12
4
x + 2y = 32
h = 12
Solve
The gradient of EG is m2.
y = 2x + 6  1
k–h k–h
m2 = = x + 2y = 32  2
7–4 3
From 2 , x = 32 − 2y
m1m2 = –1
Substitute x into 1 ,
k–h y = 2(32 − 2y) + 6
(3)
3 
= –1
y = 64 – 4y + 6
k – h = –1 5y = 70
k – (12) = –1 y = 14
k = 11 From 1 ,
∴ h = 12, k = 11 14 = 2x + 6
2x = 8
x=4
Hence, Q = (4, 14)

7.3 Areas of Polygons / Luas Poligon

Smart Tip
Website

Area of a triangle/Luas segi tiga

1 x1 x2 x3 x1
 
y
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
Visit https://
www.
1 A(x1, y1)
= 2 (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) − (y1x2 + y2x3 + y3x1) mathopenref.com/
coordtrianglearea.
html to learn
or/atau the alternative
1 x1 x2 x3 x1 methods in

2 y1 y2 y3 y1  B(x2, y2) C(x3, y3) determining
area of a
1 x triangle
= 2 (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) − (x1y3 + x3y2 + x2y1) O with given
coordinates.

113
Exercise 10 Find the area of each of the following triangles with the given vertices.
Cari luas bagi setiap segi tiga berikut dengan bucu-bucu yang diberi.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 9 1 E(0, 1), F(2, 3), G(4, –1)

E(2, 3), F(5, 4), G(3, –6)
Area = 
10
21
2
3
4
–1
0
1 
Solution
1
= [(0)(3) + (2)(–1) + (4)(1)]
2
Area/Luas = 
1 2
2 3
5
4
3
–6
2
3  − [(1)(2) + (3)(4) + (–1)(0)]
1
1 = (2) − (14)
= [(2)(4) + (5)(–6) + (3)(3)] 2
2 1
= (–12)
− [(3)(5) + (4)(3) + (–6)(2)] 2
= 6
1
[8 + (–30) + 9] − [15 + 12 + (–12)]
2
= The area of triangle EFG is 6 units2.
1
= (–13) − (15)
2
1
= (–28)
2
= –14
2 E(–2, 0), F(–1, 3), G(4, –2)
= 14

The area of triangle EFG is 14 units2.

Luas segi tiga EFG ialah 14 unit . 2
Area = 
1 –2 –1 4 –2
2 0 3 –2 0 
1
2
= [(–2)(3) + (–1)(–2) + (4)(0)]

− [(0)(–1) + (3)(4) + (–2)(–2)]

Smart Tip 1
= (–4) − (16)
The notation of modulus (or absolute value), 2
 , is the non-negative value of a number 1
= (–20)
regardless of its sign. 2
Tatatanda modulus (atau nilai mutlak),  , ialah nilai = 10
bukan negatif bagi suatu nombor tanpa mengambil kira
The area of triangle EFG is 10 units2.
tandanya.
∴ -x = x

Smart Tip
Area of a quadrilateral/Luas sisi empat
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
y
2 1 y 2
y 3
y 4
y1  y

1 A(x1, y1)
= 2 (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1 − (y1x2 + y2x3 + y3x4 + y4x1) B(x2, y2)

1 If the vertices are arranged in the anticlockwise order, the

answer is positive.
Jika bucu-bucu disusun mengikut tertib arah lawan jam, jawapan yang
x
diperoleh adalah positif. O
2 If the vertices are arranged in the clockwise order, the answer is D(x4, y4)
negative. C(x3, y3)
Jika bucu-bucu disusun mengikut tertib arah jam, jawapan yang diperoleh
adalah negatif.

114
Exercise 11 Find the area of each of the following quadrilaterals with the given vertices.
Cari luas bagi setiap sisi empat berikut dengan bucu-bucu yang diberi.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 10
P(2, 0), Q(7, 1), R(5, 9), S(–1, 4)

Solution

Area/Luas =
1 2
2 0  7
1
5
9
–1
4
2
0 
1
= [(2)(1) + (7)(9) + (5)(4) + (–1)(0)] − [(0)(7) + (1)(5) + (9)(–1) + (4)(2)]
2
1
= [2 + 63 + 20 + 0] − [0 + 5 – 9 + 8]
2
1
= (85) − (4)
2
1
= 81
2
= 40.5

The area of quadrilateral PQRS is 40.5 units2.

Luas sisi empat PQRS ialah 40.5 unit2.

1 A(3, 6), B(7, 8), C(6, 0), D(1, 2) 2 A(–1, 4), B(5, 3), C(6, –1), D(0, 4)

Area = 
13 7 6
26 8 0
1 3
2 6  Area = 
1 –1 5 6 0 –1
2 4 3 –1 4 4 
1 1
= [(3)(8) + (7)(0) + (6)(2) + (1)(6)] = [(–1)(3) + (5)(–1) + (6)(4) + (0)(4)]
2 2
− [(6)(7) + (8)(6) + (0)(1) + (2)(3)] − [(4)(5) + (3)(6) + (–1)(0) + (4)(–1)]
1 1
= [24 + 0 + 12 + 6] – [42 + 48 + 0 + 6] = [–3 + (–5) + 24 + 0] – [20 + 18 + 0 – 4]
2 2
1 1
= (42) – (96) = (16) – (34)
2 2
1 1
= (–54) = (–18)
2 2
= 27 =9

The area of quadrilateral ABCD is 27 units2. The area of quadrilateral ABCD is 9 units2.

3 E(–1, 2), F(6, 3), G(3, 2), H(1, –4) 4 E(–2, 1), F(5, 4), G(4, –1), H(2, –3)

1 –1 6 3 1 –1 1 –2 5 4 2 –2
Area = 
2 2 3 2 –4 2  Area = 
2 1 4 –1 –3 1 
1 1
= [(–1)(3) + (6)(2) + (3)(–4) + (1)(2)] = [(–2)(4) + (5)(–1) + (4)(–3) + (2)(1)]
2 2
− [(2)(6) + (3)(3) + (2)(1) + (–4)(–1)] – [(1)(5) + (4)(4) + (–1)(2) + (–3)(–2)]
1 1
= (–1) − (27) = (–23) − (25)
2 2
1 1
= (–28) = (–48)
2 2
= 14 = 24
The area of quadrilateral EFGH is 14 units2. The area of quadrilateral EFGH is 24 units2.

115
 Smart Tip
Area of a polygon/Luas poligon
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 xn x1

= 2 y1 y2 y3 y4 yn y1 
1 If the vertices are arranged in the anticlockwise order, the answer is positive.
Jika bucu-bucu disusun mengikut tertib arah lawan jam, jawapan yang diperoleh adalah positif.
2 If the vertices are arranged in the clockwise order, the answer is negative.
Jika bucu-bucu disusun mengikut tertib arah jam, jawapan yang diperoleh adalah negatif.

Exercise 12 Find the area of the following polygons.

Cari luas bagi poligon berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 11
A(1, 0), B(2, –1), C(3, 6), D(0, 3), E(–3, 4)

Solution

Area/Luas = 
1 1
2 0
2
–1
3
6
0
3
–3
4
1
0 
1
= [(1)(–1) + (2)(6) + (3)(3) + (0)(4) + (–3)(0)] – [(0)(2) + (–1)(3) + (6)(0) + (3)(–3) + (4)(1)]
2
1
= [–1 + 12 + 9 + 0 + 0] – [0 – 3 + 0 – 9 + 4]
2
1
= (20) − (–8)
2
1
= 28
2
= 14

The area of polygon ABCDE is 14 units2.

Luas poligon ABCDE ialah 14 unit2.

1 P(–2, –1), Q(1, 0), R(2, 5), S(1, 4), T(0, 6) 2 P(0, 6), Q(2, 7), R(3, 5), S(4, 0), T(3, –1)

1 –2 1 2 1 0 –2 10 2 3 4 3 0
Area = 
2 –1 0 5 4 6 –1  Area = 
2 6 7 5 0 –1 6 
1 1
= [(–2)(0) + (1)(5) + (2)(4) + (1)(6) + (0)(–1)] = [(0)(7) + (2)(5) + (3)(0) + (4)(–1) + (3)(6)]
2 2
− [(–1)(1) + (0)(2) + (5)(1) + (4)(0) + (6)(–2)] – [(6)(2) + (7)(3) + (5)(4) + (0)(3) +(–1)(0)]
1 1
= [0 + 5 + 8 + 6 + 0] – [–1 + 0 + 5 + 0 – 12] = [0 + 10 + 0 + (–4) + 18] – [12 + 21 + 20 + 0 + 0]
2 2
1 1
= (19) – (–8) = (24) – (53)
2 2
1 1
= (27) = (–29)
2 2
= 13.5 = 14.5

The area of polygon PQRST is 13.5 units2 The area of polygon PQRST is 14.5 units2

116
Exercise 13 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang geometri koordinat dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 12
In the diagram below, the shaded region represents a newly cleared campsite. Each unit on the x-axis and
y-axis represents 5 m.
Dalam rajah di bawah, rantau berlorek mewakili kawasan tapak perkhemahan yang baru dibersihkan. Setiap unit pada paksi-x dan
paksi-y mewakili 5 m.
y
N(–7, 6)

P(3, 4)

M(–5, 2)

x
O

Calculate the area, in m2, of the campsite.

Hitung luas, dalam m2, kawasan tapak perkhemahan itu.

Solution
Area/Luas = 
1 0 3 –7 –5 0
2 0 4 6 2 0 
1
= [(0)(4) + (3)(6) + (–7)(2) + (–5)(0)] – [(0)(3) + (4)(–7) + (6)(–5) + (2)(0)]
2
1
= [0 + 18 – 14 + 0] – [0 – 28 – 30 + 0]
2
1
= (4) – (–58)
2
1
= 62
2
= 31
The area of quadrilateral OMPN is (31 × 5 × 5) m2 = 775 m2.
Luas sisi empat OMPN ialah (31 × 5 × 5) m2 = 775 m2.

1 The diagram below shows the region of an orchard that belongs to Lokman.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kawasan dusun milik Lokman.
y
A(4, 8)
B(–3, 6)

x
O D(8, 0)

C(0, –4)

Calculate the area, in units2, of the orchard.

Hitung luas, dalam unit2, dusun itu.
1 4 –3 0 8 4
Area = 
2 8 6 –4 0 8 
1
= [(4)(6) + (–3)(–4) + (0)(0) + (8)(8)] – [(8)(–3) + (6)(0) + (–4)(8) + (0)(4)]
2
1
= [24 + 12 + 0 + 64] – [–24 + 0 – 32 + 0]
2
1
= (100) – (–56)
2
1
= 156
2
= 78
The area of the orchard is 78 units2.

117
 2 Determine whether the points (–2, 7), (1, 4), (7, –2) are collinear or not.
Tentukan sama ada titik-titik (–2, 7), (1, 4), (7, –2) adalah segaris atau tidak.

1 –2 1 7 –2
Area = 
2 7 4 –2 7 
1
= [(–2)(4) + (1)(–2) + (7)(7)] – [(7)(1) + (4)(7) + (–2)(–2)]
2
1
= [–8 + (–2) + 49] – [7 + 28 + 4]
2
1
= (39) – (39)
2
=0
The points (–2, 7), (1, 4), (7, –2) are collinear.

3 Show that the points (–1, –7), (0, –6), (8, 2), (9, 3), (2, –4) are collinear.
Tunjukkan bahawa titik-titik (–1, –7), (0, –6), (8, 2), (9, 3), (2, –4) adalah segaris.

1 –1 0 8 9 2 –1
Area = 
2 –7 –6 2 3 –4 –7 
1
= [(–1)(–6) + (0)(2) + (8)(3) + (9)(–4) + (2)(–7)] – [(–7)(0) + (–6)(8) + (2)(9) + (3)(2) +(–4)(–1)]
2
1
= [6 + 0 + 24 + (–36) + (-14)] – [0 + (–48) + 18 + 6 + 4]
2
1
= (–20) – (–20)
2
1
= –20 + 20
2
=0
The points (–1, –7), (0, –6), (8, 2), (9, 3), (2, –4) are collinear.

7.4 Equations of Loci / Persamaan Lokus

Smart Tip
The equation of the locus of point A(x , y) which moves such that its distance is d units from a A(x, y)
昀椀xed point B(x1 , y1): d
Persamaan lokus bagi titik A(x , y) yang bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya ialah d unit dari satu titik tetap B(x1 , y1):
•
(x – x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = d2 B(x1, y1)

Exercise 14 Find the equation of the locus of point L(x, y) which moves such that its distance is d units
from a 昀椀xed point P.
Cari persamaan lokus bagi titik L(x, y) yang bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya ialah d unit dari satu titik
tetap P.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 13 1 P(0, 2); d = 3 units/unit

P(3, –4); d = 7 units/unit PL = 3

Solution L(x, y) (x − 0)2 + (y − 2)2 = 32
PL = 7
• x2 + (y − 2)2 = 32
(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = d2 x + y − 4y + 4 − 9 = 0
2 2
7 units x2 + y2 − 4y − 5 = 0
(x – 3)2 + (y – (–4))2 = 72
•
(x – 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 49 P(3, –4)
x – 6x + 9 + y2 + 8y + 16 = 49
2

x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y – 24 = 0

118
 2 P(–5, 0); d = 2 units/unit 3 P(–3, 6); d = 5 units/unit

PL = 2 PL = 5
[x – (–5)]2 + (y – 0)2 = 22 [x – (–3)]2 + (y – 6)2 = 52
(x + 5)2 + (y)2 = 22 (x + 3)2 + (y – 6)2 = 52
x2 + 10x + 25 + y2 – 4 = 0 x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 – 12y + 36 = 25
x2 + y2 + 10x + 21 = 0 x2 + y2 + 6x – 12y + 20 = 0

4 L(x, y) PL = 6 5 PL = 4
• [x – (–2)]2 + [y – (–8)]2 = 62 (x – 3)2 + (y – 7)2 = 42
(x + 2)2 + (y + 8)2 = 62 x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 14y + 49 = 16
6 units P(3, 7)
x + 4x + 4 + y2 + 16y + 64 = 36
2
4 units
• x2 + y2 – 6x – 14y + 42 = 0
• x2 + y2 + 4x + 16y + 32 = 0
P(–2, –8)
•
L(x, y)

Smart Tip
The equation of the locus of point A(x, y) which moves such that its distance from point A(x, y)
P(x1 , y1) and point Q(x2 , y2) are in the ratio of m : n
Persamaan lokus bagi titik A(x , y) yang bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya dari titik P(x1 , y1) dan titik Q(x2 , y2)
adalah dalam nisbah m : n
(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 m P(x1, y1) Q(x2, y2)
= or/atau n(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = m(x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2
(x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 n

Exercise 15 Find the equation of the following loci.

Cari persamaan lokus berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 14
Given A(2, –3) and B(–1, 2). P(x, y) is a moving point
such that AP : PB = 2 : 3. Find the equation of locus P. Smart Tip
Diberi A(2, –3) dan B(–1, 2). P(x, y) ialah satu titik yang
bergerak dengan keadaan AP : PB = 2 : 3. Cari persamaan lokus P. If the locus of point P is equidistant (m : n = 1 : 1)
from two 昀椀xed points, A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), AB, the
Solution locus is the perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
AP 2 Jika lokus titik P adalah sama jarak (m : n = 1 : 1) dari dua titik
=
PB 3 tetap, A(x1, y1) dan B(x2, y2), AB, lokus itu ialah pembahagi dua
3AP = 2PB sama serenjang bagi garis AB.
Locus P
3(x − 2)2 + [y − (–3)]2 = 2[x − (–1)]2 + (y – 2)2 Lokus P
AP = PB
9[(x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2] = 4[(x + 1)2 + (y − 2)2]
9(x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 + 6y + 9) = 4(x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 − 4y + 4) (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = (x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 A B
9(x2 − 4x + y2 + 6y + 13) = 4(x2 + 2x + y2 − 4y + 5) (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = (x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2
9x2 − 36x + 9y2 + 54y + 117 = 4x2 + 8x + 4y2 − 16y + 20
5x2 + 5y2 − 44x + 70y + 97 = 0

119
 1 Given A(–1, 2) and B(3, 4). P(x, y) is a moving 2 Given A(2, –1) and B(–1, 3). P(x, y) is a moving
point such that AP : PB = 1 : 2. Find the equation point such that AP : PB = 2 : 1. Find the equation
of locus P. of locus P.
Diberi A(–1, 2) dan B(3, 4). P(x, y) ialah satu titik yang bergerak Diberi A(2, –1) dan B(–1, 3). P(x, y) ialah satu titik yang bergerak
dengan keadaan AP : PB = 1 : 2. Cari persamaan lokus P. dengan keadaan AP : PB = 2 : 1. Cari persamaan lokus P.
AP 1 AP 2
= =
PB 2 PB 1
2AP = PB AP = 2PB
2(x − (–1))2 + (y − 2)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y − 4)2 (x − 2)2 + [y − (–1)]2 = 2[x − (–1)]2 + (y − 3)2
4[(x + 1)2 + (y − 2)2] = (x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2 (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4[(x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2]
4(x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 − 4y + 4) = x2 − 6x + 9 + y2 – 8y + 16 x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 + 2y + 1 = 4(x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 − 6y + 9)
4(x2 + 2x + y2 − 4y + 5) = x2 − 6x + y2 − 8y + 25 x2 − 4x + y2 + 2y + 5 = 4(x2 + 2x + y2 − 6y + 10)
4x2 + 8x + 4y2 − 16y + 20 = x2 – 6x + y2 − 8y + 25 x2 − 4x + y2 + 2y + 5 = 4x2 + 8x + 4y2 − 24y + 40
3x2 + 3y2 + 14x − 8y − 5 = 0 0 = 3x2 + 12x + 3y2 − 26y + 35
3x2 + 3y2 + 12x − 26y + 35 = 0
3 Given A(–2, –1) and B(3, 2). P(x, y) is a moving 4 A point P(x, y) moves such that it is always
point such that AP : PB = 2 : 3. Find the equation equidistant from two 昀椀xed points, A(7, 7) and
of locus P. B(–4, 0). Find the equation of locus P.
Diberi A(–2, –1) dan B(3, 2). P(x, y) ialah satu titik yang bergerak Titik P(x, y) bergerak dengan keadaan sentiasa berjarak
dengan keadaan AP : PB = 2 : 3. Cari persamaan lokus P. sama dari dua titik tetap, A(7, 7) dan B(–4, 0). Cari
AP 2 persamaan lokus P.
= AP = PB
PB 3
3AP = 2PB (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = (x − x2)2 + (y − y2)2
(x − 7)2 + (y − 7)2 = [x − (–4)]2 + (y − 0)2
3[x − (–2)]2 + [y − (–1)]2 = 2(x − 3)2 + (y − 2)2 x2 − 14x + 49 + y2 − 14y + 49 = x2 + 8x + 16 + y2
9[(x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2] = 4[(x − 3)2 + (y − 2)2] 22x + 14y − 82 = 0 (÷2)
9(x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 + 2y + 1) = 4(x2 − 6x + 9 + y2 − 4y + 4) 11x + 7y − 41 = 0
9(x2 + 4x + y2 + 2y + 5) = 4(x2 − 6x + y2 − 4y + 13)
9x2 + 36x + 9y2 + 18y + 45 = 4x2 − 24x + 4y2 − 16y + 52
5x2 + 5y2 + 60x + 34y − 7 = 0

Exercise 16 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang geometri koordinat untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 15 1 Determine whether the locus x2 + y2 − 3x + 4y − 9

= 0 passes through the x-axis or not.
Determine whether the locus x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y – 12 Tentukan sama ada lokus x2 + y2 – 3x + 4y – 9 = 0 melalui
= 0 passes through the x-axis or not. paksi-x atau tidak.
Tentukan sama ada lokus x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y – 12 = 0
melalui paksi-x atau tidak. On the x–axis, y = 0
Solution x2 + (0)2 – 3x + 4(0) – 9 = 0
On the x-axis, y = 0 x2 – 3x – 9 = 0
Pada paksi-x, y = 0 b2 – 4ac = (–3)2 – 4(1)(–9)
x2 + (0)2 + 2x + 3(0) – 12 = 0 = 45
x2 + 2x – 12 = 0 45 > 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = –12
b2 – 4ac = (2)2 – 4(1)(–12) = 52 > 0 The locus passes through the x-axis at two points.
The locus passes through the x-axis at two points.
Lokus itu melalui paksi-x pada dua titik.

Smart Tip
b2 – 4ac > 0
(locus passes through the x-axis/y-axis)
b2 – 4ac > 0
(lokus melalui paksi-x/paksi-y)
b2 – 4ac < 0
(locus does not pass through the x-axis/y-axis)
b2 – 4ac < 0
(lokus tidak melalui paksi-x/paksi-y)

120
 2 Determine whether the locus 2x2 + 2y2 – 5x + 6y 3 Determine whether the locus x2 + y2 + 4x – 7y + 12
+ 13 = 0 cuts the y-axis or not. = 0 intersects with the straight line y = –x + 1 or not.
Tentukan sama ada lokus 2x2 + 2y2 – 5x + 6y + 13 = 0 Tentukan sama ada lokus x2 + y2 + 4x – 7y + 12 = 0
memotong paksi-y atau tidak.. bersilang dengan garis lurus y = –x + 1 atau tidak.

On the y-axis, x = 0 On the line y = –x + 1,

2(0)2 + 2y2 – 5(0) + 6y + 13 = 0 x2 + (–x + 1)2 + 4x – 7(–x + 1) + 12 = 0
2y2 + 6y + 13 = 0 x2 + x2 – 2x + 1 + 4x + 7x – 7 + 12 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (6)2 – 4(2)(13) 2x2 + 9x + 6 = 0
= –68 b2 – 4ac = (9)2 – 4(2)(6)
–68 < 0 = 33
33 > 0
The locus does not cut the y-axis.
The locus intersects with the straight line
y = –x + 1.

Exercise 17 Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang geometri koordinat dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

1 The diagram shows part of the plan of a park drawn on a Cartesian

y
plane. H is a point on PQ such that PH : HQ = 4 : 1. A straight
walkway perpendicular to PQ will be built through point H. Find the Hut P/Pondok P
equation of the walkway. Hence, determine whether the 昀氀ag pole R (–120, 30) •
x
should be moved to another place or not. HOTS Applying O
Rajah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada pelan kawasan sebuah taman yang dilukis • Flag pole R
pada satah Cartes. H ialah satu titik pada PQ dengan keadaan PH : HQ = 4 : 1. Satu Hut Q/Pondok Q Tiang bendera R

laluan pejalan kaki lurus yang berserenjang dengan PQ akan dibina melalui titik H. (–20, –100) • (25, –24)

Cari persamaan laluan pejalan kaki itu. Seterusnya, tentukan sama ada tiang bendera
R harus dipindahkan ke tempat lain atau tidak.

nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 The equation of the If x = 25, R(25, –24)
H= ,  walkway, 13y = 10(25) − 562
m+n m+n
1(–120) + 4(–20) 1(30) + 4(–100) 10 13y = –312
= ,  y – (–74) = [x – (–40)] y = –24
4+1 4+1 13
The 昀氀ag pole R is on the
= (–40, –74) 13(y + 74) = 10(x + 40)
walkway and should be
13y + 962 = 10x + 400
Gradient of PQ, moved to another place.
13y = 10x – 562
–100 – 30 13
mPQ = =–
–20 – (–120) 10
Let the gradient of walkway = m2
mPQ × m2 = –1
10
m2 =
13

121
 2 The diagram shows a part of camp sites, A, B and C drawn on a y
Camp B/Kem B
Cartesian plane. A watchtower will be built such that equidistant (300, 500)
from both Camp A and Camp B and nearest to Camp C. Find the Camp A/Kem A •
coordinates of the watchtower. HOTS Applying (–600, 200) •
Rajah menunjukkan sebahagian kawasan perkhemahan, A, B dan C yang dilukis x
0
pada satah Cartes. Sebuah menara pemerhati akan dibina dengan keadaan berjarak
• Camp C/Kem C
sama dari Kem A dan Kem B serta paling dekat dengan Kem C. Cari koordinat (500, –600)
menara pemerhati itu.

–600 + 300 200 + 500 y − 350 = –3x − 450 Solve

Midpoint AB =  ,  3x + y = –100 3x + y = –100  1
2 2
= (–150, 350) x − 3y = 2 300  2
Let Q = the watchtower and
500 − 200 perpendicular to 9x + 3y = –300  1 ×3
Gradient AB = x − 3y = 2 300 
300 − (–600) 3x + y = –100. 2 (+)
300 1 10x = 2 000
= = Hence, the gradient of
900 3 x = 200
1
Hence, the gradient that perpendicular QC = From 1 , y = –100 − 3(200)
3 = –700
to AB is –3. The equation of the locus
Equation of QC is Q = (200, –700)
that is equidistant from A and B:
1 ∴The coordinates of the
y − y1 = m2(x − x1) y − (–600) = (x − 500)
y − 350 = –3[x − (–150)] 3 watchtower are (200, –700)
3(y + 600) = 1(x − 500)
3y + 1 800 = x − 500
x − 3y = 2 300

Review 7
Paper 1
Section A
1 Diagram 1 shows a straight line BPC such that 2 Given two points G(10, 0) and H(0, −4). The
BP : PC = 3 : 2. perpendicular bisector GH intersects the axes at Q
Rajah 1 menunjukkan garis lurus BPC dengan keadaan and R. Find
BP : PC = 3 : 2. Diberi dua titik G(10, 0) dan H(0, −4). Pembahagi dua sama
serenjang GH menyilang paksi-paksi di Q dan R. Cari
y
(a) the equation of QR,
persamaan QR,
A 9
(b) the area of DQOR such that O is the origin.
C luas DQOR dengan keadaan O ialah asalan.
P(3, 4) [5 marks/markah]
B(–3, 1)
3 Diagram 2 shows straight lines PQ, QS and SR,
x where e, f, g and h are constants.
O Rajah 2 menunjukkan garis lurus PQ, QS dan SR, dengan
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1 keadaan e, f, g dan h ialah pemalar.
y
Determine/Tentukan
(a) the coordinates of C, P
h
koordinat C, ey = 2x  8
(b) area, in units2, of DABC. Q
R
luas, dalam unit2, bagi DABC. x
O
[4 marks/markah]
S
x y
+ =1
f g
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2

122
 Express/Ungkapkan 4 The equation of locus of a moving point L is given
(a) e in terms of g, by x2 + y2 + 3x – 3y – 8 = 0. Show that
e dalam sebutan g, Persamaan lokus bagi titik bergerak L diberi oleh
(b) h in terms of f and g. x2 + y2 + 3x – 3y – 8 = 0. Tunjukkan bahawa
h dalam sebutan f dan g. (a) the locus L intersects the y-axis at two points,
[5 marks/markah] lokus L bersilang dengan paksi-y pada dua titik,
(b) the straight line y = x – 2 is a tangent to the
locus L.
garis lurus y = x – 2 ialah tangen kepada lokus L.
[4 marks/markah]

Section B
5 (a) Diagram 3 shows a straight line FH on a Sebuah lampu isyarat akan dibina pada persimpangan
Cartesian plane. jalan lurus y = −4x + 12 dan jalan lurus berserenjang
Rajah 3 menunjukkan garis lurus FH pada satah Cartes. yang melalui titik P(6, 5) seperti ditunjukkan dalam
y Rajah 4.
y

F(p, 5)

G(6, q)
x P(6, 5)
O H(8, 0)

Diagram 3/ Rajah 3 x
Point G lies on the straight line FH such that O
FG : GH = 4 : 1. Find the value of p and of q.
Titik G terletak pada garis lurus FH dengan keadaan y = 4x  12
FG : GH = 4 : 1. Cari nilai p dan nilai q.
[4 marks/markah] Diagram 4/ Rajah 4
(b) A traf昀椀c light is to be constructed at the Find the position of the traf昀椀c light to be
junction of a straight road y = −4x + 12 and constructed.
a perpendicular straight road that passes Cari kedudukan lampu isyarat yang akan dibina itu.
through point P(6, 5) as shown in Diagram 4. [4 marks/markah]

Paper 2
Section A
1 Diagram 1 shows straight lines PQ and QR are perpendicular to each other.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan garis lurus PQ dan QR adalah berserenjang antara satu sama lain.
y
P(2, 5)

2x + y = 9

Q(h, 1)
x
O

R(0, –1)

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
Given the equation of the straight line PQ is 2x + y = 9.
Diberi persamaan garis lurus PQ ialah 2x + y = 9.
(a) Find/Cari
(i) the value of h,
nilai h,
(ii) the equation of the straight line QR,
persamaan garis lurus QR,
(iii) the area, in units2, of triangle PQR.
luas, dalam unit2, segi tiga PQR.
[6 marks/markah]
(b) The straight line QR is extended to S such that SR : RQ = 3 : 2. Find the coordinates of S.
Garis lurus QR dipanjangkan ke S dengan keadaan SR : RQ = 3 : 2. Cari koordinat S.
[2 marks/markah]

123
Section B
2 Diagram 2 shows a rectangle EFGH. The equation of the straight line EF is y = 2x + 7.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah segi empat tepat EFGH. Persamaan bagi garis lurus EF ialah y = 2x + 7.
y
F

7+
G(12, 13)

2x
y=
E(–2, 3)

H
x
O

Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
Find/Cari
(a) the equation of the straight line HG,
persamaan garis lurus HG,
[2 marks/markah]
(b) the equation of the straight line EH,
persamaan garis lurus EH,
[3 marks/markah]
(c) the coordinates of H,
koordinat H,
[2 marks/markah]
(d) the area, in units2, of rectangle EFGH.
luas, dalam unit2, segi empat tepat EFGH.
[3 marks/markah]

3 Diagram 3 shows a triangle EFG.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga EFG.
y

E(8, 6)
5y = x + 22

y = 2x + 8

x
F O

Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
(a) Find/Cari
(i) the coordinates of G,
koordinat G,
(ii) the area of triangle EFG.
luas segi tiga EFG.
[5 marks/markah]
(b) The straight line EF is extended to the point H such that EF : FH = 2 : 1. Find the coordinates of H.
Garis lurus EF dipanjangkan ke titik H dengan keadaan EF : FH = 2 : 1. Cari koordinat H.
[2 marks/markah]
(c) Given the point L(x, y) moves such that ∠GLH = 90°. Find the equation of locus L.
Diberi titik L(x, y) bergerak dengan keadaan ∠GLH = 90°. Cari persamaan lokus L.
[3 marks/markah]

124
4 Diagram 4 shows a quadrilateral EFGH.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan sebuah sisi empat EFGH.
y

F(3, 1)
x
O

32
x+
–3

=3
2y
H y = –5 G

Diagram 4/ Rajah 4
Given the equation of the straight line EH is 2y = 3x + 32.
Diberi persamaan garis lurus EH ialah 2y = 3x + 32.
(a) Find/Cari
(i) the equation of the straight line EF,
persamaan garis lurus EF,
[3 marks/markah]
(ii) the coordinates of E,
koordinat E,
[2 marks/markah]
(iii) the equation of the straight line FG.
persamaan garis lurus FG.
[2 marks/markah]
(b) A point P moves such that its distance from H is always 6 units. Find the equation of locus of P.
Satu titik P bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya dari H sentiasa 6 unit. Cari persamaan lokus bagi P.
[3 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 Determine the points of intersection of the straight line y = 2x – 3 and a circle with centre (1, 1) and radius
5 units. HOTS Applying
Tentukan titik-titik persilangan bagi garis lurus y = 2x – 3 dan bulatan yang berpusat di (1, 1) dan berjejari 5 unit.

125
Chapter Learning Area: Geometry

8 Vectors
Vektor

8.1 Vectors / Vektor

Smart Tip
Scalar quantity is a quantity that has magnitude only.
Kuantiti skalar ialah suatu kuantiti yang hanya mempunyai magnitud.
Vector quantity is a quantity that has magnitude and direction.
Kuantiti vektor ialah kuantiti yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah.

Exercise 1 Identify whether the following quantities is a scalar quantity or a vector quantity.
Kenal pasti sama ada kuantiti berikut ialah kuantiti skalar atau kuantiti vektor.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang vektor.

Quantity Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Kuantiti Kuantiti skalar Kuantiti vektor

Example 1
Solution
Distance and displacement Distance Displacement
Jarak dan sesaran Jarak Sesaran

1 Velocity and speed

Speed Velocity
Halaju dan laju

2 Force and mass

Mass Force
Daya dan jisim

3 Acceleration and volume

Volume Acceleration
Pecutan dan isi padu

4 Speed and momentum

Speed Momentum
Laju and momentum

5 Work and weight

Work Weight
Kerja dan berat

Smart Tip
1 A vector can be represented by a directed line segment. An arrow shows the direction of the vector from the initial
point to the terminal point and the length of the line represents the magnitude of the vector.
Suatu vektor boleh diwakilkan menggunakan tembereng garis berarah. Anak panah menunjukkan arah vektor dari titik awal ke titik terminal
dan panjang garis mewakili magnitud vektor.

Terminal point/Titik terminal

Initial point/Titik awal

→
2 Vector can be denoted by ~
a , AB, a, or AB.
→
Vektor boleh ditandakan sebagai a , AB, a, atau AB.
~ →
3 The magnitude of the vector can be denoted by |~ a |, |AB |, | a| , or | AB| .
→
Magnitud vektor boleh ditandakan sebagai | a |, |AB |, | a|, atau |AB|.
~

126
Exercise 2 Find the magnitude of each of the following vectors.
Cari magnitud bagi setiap vektor yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang vektor.

→ →
Example 2 1 |PQ | 2 |PQ |
→ 1 unit 1 unit
|AD | 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit
Q
D 1 unit P Q

→
|PQ | = 4 units P
A
→
Solution |PQ | = 3 units
→
|AD | = 62 + 32
= 36 + 9
= 45
= 6.708 units/unit

→
3 |AB | 4 |a | 5 |v |
1 unit 1 unit 1 unit

1 unit 1 unit
A 1 unit

a
~ v
~

→ |a | = 62 + 22 |v | = 122 + 52
|AB | = 32 + 42 = 36 + 4 = 144 + 25
= 9 + 16 = 40 = 169
= 25 = 6.325 units = 13 units
= 5 units

Exercise 3 Draw each of the following vectors.

Lukiskan setiap vektor yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang vektor.

Example 3 1 The diagram shows the vector ~

u . Draw
Rajah menunjukkan vektor ~
u . Lukiskan
The diagram shows the Smart Tip ~,
(a) 2u (b) −2u
~, (c) 3u
~.
vector ~
a . Draw 1 If a is a vector
Rajah menunjukkan vektor ~
a. and k is a scalar,
Lukiskan then magnitude
3 u
(a) −a of ka
~ is k times ~
a. ~
~ , (b) 2a
~, (c) a.
2~ Jika a ialah suatu vektor
Solution dan k ialah skalar, (a) (b)
maka magnitud ka
ialah k kali a . (c)
~ 2u –2u
a
~ 2 If k > 0, then ka ~ ~
~
is in the same
direction with ~ a. 3u
~
–a Jika k > 0, maka ka
~ ~
(a) adalah sama dengan
arah a .
2a ~
~ 3 If k < 0, then ka
~
is in the opposite
(b)
direction of ~a.
Jika k < 0, maka ka
~
adalah bertentangan
3a
(c) 2~ dengan arah a .
~

127
Exercise 4 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang vektor.

Example 4 1
u
F ~ G

a B
~ J K
C
A F
D M N

Q
P Q
E
S R

P
→
→ Given FG = ~u . State each of the following in
Given AB = ~a . State each of the following in terms of ~
u.
terms of ~
a. →
→ Diberi FG = ~
u . Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan ~
u.
Diberi AB = ~
a . Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam → −→
sebutan ~
a. (a) JK, (b) MN,
→ → → → →
(a) CD, (b) EF, (c) PQ. (c) PQ, (d) RS.

Solution → 1
→ (a) JK = ~ u
(a) CD = −a −→
2
~
→ (b) MN = 2u
(b) EF = 3a ~
→ ~ → 3
(c) PQ = 4a (c) PQ = ~ u
~ 2
→ 5
(d) RS = − ~ u
2

2 3
Q P
x
~
w
~
Q
P
B C E B C

A
H
E D
F
A D

F
→
Given PQ = w~. State each of the following in G
terms of w.
→~
Diberi PQ = w
~. Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam →
sebutan w. Given PQ = ~x . State each of the following in
→ ~ → → terms of ~
x.
(a) AB, (b) CD, (c) EF. →
Diberi PQ = ~
x . Nyatakan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan ~
x.
→ →
→ 5 (a) AB, (b) CD,
(a) AB = w → →
2~ (c) EF, (d) GH.
→ 5
(b) CD = − w →
→ 2~ (a) AB = −x
(c) EF = −2w → ~
~ (b) CD = 2x
→ 3~
(c) EF = ~ x
2
→
(d) GH = −3x ~

128
 Smart Tip
1 If vector ~
u is parallel to the vector ~ u = λv
v , then ~ ~. k
3Note: if hu~ = kv~, where h and k are constants, then λ = h 4
Jika vektor u selari dengan vektor v , maka u = λv .
~ ~ ~ ~
k
3Nota: jika hu = kv, dengan keadaan h dan k ialah pemalar, maka λ =
h
4
2 If vector ~
u and vector ~
v are not parallel and hu
~ = kv
~, then h = 0 and k = 0.
Jika vektor u dan vektor v tidak selari dan hu = kv , maka h = 0 dan k = 0.
~ ~ ~ ~

Exercise 5 Show that each pair of the following vectors are parallel.
Tunjukkan bahawa setiap pasangan vektor berikut adalah selari.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang vektor untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

→ → → →
Example 5 1 AB = 10x and/dan CD = 2x . 2 BC = 3x and/dan EF = −5x .
~ ~ ~ ~
1 3 → →
u= ~x + y and/dan ~
v =~
x + 3y . AB = 10x EF = −5x
~ ~ ~
2 2~ ~ 1→
= 5(2x x = − EF
Solution ~) ~ 5
→ →
1 3 = 5CD BC = 3x
u= ~ x+ y ~
~ 2~ → → 1→
2
1 1 AB = 5CD 1
= 3 − EF 2
= (x + 3y ) = ~v → → 5
2 ~ ~ 2 ∴ AB and CD are parallel. 3→
1 = − EF
u= ~ v 5
~ 2 → 3→
∴~ u and ~v are parallel. BC = − EF
u dan ~
v adalah selari. → 5 →
~ ∴ BC and EF are parallel.

1 1
u = 8x
~ + 2y and/dan ~
v = 2x
~ + 2~y. x = 4a
~ – 2~b and/dan y = 24a
~ – 3b
~.
3 4
~ ~ ~ ~
u = 8x
~ + 2y y = 24a
~ ~ ~ ~ – 3b
~
1 1
1
= 4 2x
~ + 2~ y 2 1~ − 2~
= 6 4a b 2
= 4v = 6x
~ ~
~ = 4v
u y = 6x
~ ~ ~
∴~ u and ~
v are parallel. ∴ y and ~x are parallel.
~

Exercise 6 Given two non-parallel and non-zero vectors, ~

u and ~
v . Find the values of h and k.
Diberi dua vektor yang tidak selari dan bukan sifar, ~
u dan ~
v . Cari nilai h dan k.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang vektor untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6 1 ~ = (k + 3)v
hu ~
(h + 1)u
~ = (3k – 5)v
~ h=0 , k+3=0
Solution k = –3
h+1 =0 , 3k – 5 = 0
h = −1 3k = 5 ∴ h = 0 and k = –3
5
k=
5 3
∴ h = −1 and/dan k =
3

129
 2
(3h – 2)x
~ = (2k + 8)y (2h + 1)u
~ = (k + 2k – 3)v
2 3
~ ~
3h – 2 = 0 , 2k + 8 = 0 2h + 1 = 0 , k2 + 2k – 3 = 0
2 2k = −8 2h = –1 (k + 3)(k −1) = 0
h=
3 k = −4 1 k = −3, 1
h=–
2 2
∴h= and k = −4 1
3 ∴ h = − and k = −3, k = 1
2

8.2 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors / Penambahan dan Penolakan Vektor

Smart Tip
Triangle Law Parallelogram Law Polygon Law
Hukum Segi Tiga Hukum Segi Empat Selari Hukum Poligon

D
C D C d c
~ ~
a+b a+b
~ ~ b ~ ~ E C
b ~
~
e b
~ ~
A A
a B a B
~ ~ A B
a
~
→ → → → → → → → → → →
AC = AB + BC AC = AB + AD AE = AB + BC + CD + DE
=a +b =a +b e =a +b +c +d
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Exercise 7 Determine the single vector for each of the following.

Tentukan vektor tunggal bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang vektor untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 7 1 Given PQRS is a parallelogram. 2 Given PSR is a triangle.

Diberi PQRS ialah sebuah segi empat Diberi PSR ialah sebuah segi tiga.
Given ABCDE is a regular selari.
hexagon.
S R
Diberi ABCDE ialah sebuah S R
heksagon sekata.
C D

P
P Q
B E → →
Find SR + RP.
Find/Cari → →
→ → Cari SR + RP.
A F (a) PS + PQ,
→ → →
Find/Cari (b) QP + QR. SP
→ →
(a) AE + ED, →
→ → (a) PR
(b) AC − BC. →
(b) QS
Solution
→
(a) AD
→ →
(b) AC − BC
→ →
= AC – (–CB)
→ →
= AC + CB
→
= AB

130
 3 Given ABCDEF is a regular 4 Given PQR is a triangle. 5 Given PQRST is a regular
hexagon. Diberi PQR ialah sebuah segi tiga. pentagon.
Diberi ABCDEF ialah sebuah Diberi PQRST ialah sebuah
heksagon sekata. Q pentagon sekata.

C D R

R Q S
B E P
O

Find/Cari
A F → → P T
(a) PQ – RQ,
→ →
Find/Cari (b) QP – QR. Find/Cari
→ → → →
(a) PT – ST,
(a) AB + AF, → → → →
→ → (a) PQ − RQ (b) PR – QR.
(b) OD + OF. → →
= PQ – (–QR)
→ → → → →
(a) AO = PQ + QR (a) PT − ST
→ → → →
(b) OE = PR = PT – (–TS)
→ → → →
(b) QP − QR = PT + TS
→ → →
= QP – (–RQ) = PS
→ → → →
= QP + RQ (b) PR − QR
→ → →
= RP = PR – (–RQ )
→ →
= PR + RQ
→
= PQ

Exercise 8 Simplify each of the following.

Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang vektor untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 8 2a
1 4 1
~ – 4~
1 a 2 u– u+ u
~ 5~ 5~
(4p + 3q ) – (p – 2q ) 8 1 5 4 1
~ ~ ~ ~ = a– a = u– u+ u
4 ~ 4~ 5 ~ 5 ~ 5~
Solution
= 4p + 3q – p + 2q 7 2
= ~ a = ~ u
~ ~ ~ ~ 4 5
= 3p + 5q
~ ~

~ −~
(5a
~ +~b ) – (2a
~ + 3b
~) (x
~ + 4y ) – (4x
~ –~
y) (2u v ) – (u
~ – 3v
~)
3 4 5
= 5a + b – 2a – 3b ~ = 2u – v – u + 3v
~ ~ ~ ~ =~ x + 4y – 4x +y ~ ~ ~ ~
= 3a ~ ~ ~
~ – 2b = −3x + 5y =~u + 2v
~ ~ ~
~

(3x
~ + 2y ) + (x
~ + 2y
6 ) 1 1
= 3x +
~
2y + x +
~
2y
7 1 2 ~a – 5b~2 + (2a~ + 3b~) 8 13u~ – 3 ~v2 + (u~ – 2v~)
~ ~ ~ ~
= 4x + 4y 1 1
= a – 5b + 2a
~ + 3b
= 3u
~ ~ 2~ ~ ~ ~– v + u – 2v
3~ ~ ~
5 7
= ~a – 2b = 4u
~ – 3~v
2 ~

131
Exercise 9 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang vektor dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 9 1 The diagram shows a quadrilateral EFGH such

→ → →
that EH = (h – 2)x
~ , HG = ky and FG = kx
The diagram shows a triangle EFH and G is a ~ ~ , where h
and k are constants.
point on the line FH. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah sisi
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga EFH dan G ialah satu H
titik pada garis FH. empat EFGH dengan keadaan
→ → E
EH = (h – 2)x , HG = ky dan
F → ~ ~
FG = kx~ , dengan keadaan h dan k G
ialah pemalar. F
→
G (a) Express EF in terms of h, k, ~
x and y .
E → ~
Ungkapkan EF dalam sebutan h, k, ~
x dan y .
H → ~
h–2 1
→ → (b) Find the values of h if EF = 1 6 ~
2
y and k = .
3
Given EF = 5p , EH = 10q and FG = 4GH, 昀椀nd → h–2 1
→ ~→ ~
Diberi EF = 5p , EH = 10q dan FG = 4GH, cari
Cari nilai-nilai h jika EF =
6 ~1
y dan k = .
3 2
→ ~ ~ → → → → →
(a) FH, (b) EG. (a) EF = EH + HG + GF
= (h – 2)x
~ + ky – kx
Solution = hx – 2x + ky~ – kx~
→ → → ~ ~ ~ ~
= (h – k – 2)x
(a) EF + FH = EH ~ + ky
→ h–2 1 ~ 1
5p + FH = 10q
~ → ~
(b) 16 ~
2 1
y= h– – 2 ~
3
x+ y2
3~
FH = 10q – 5p h–2 7 1
(b) ~ ~ 16 ~
2
y= h– ~ 1 3
x+ y 23~
F → → → Compare scalar for ~ x , Compare scalar for y ,
EG = EF + FG ~
5p
4 7 h–2 1
~ (4) 10q – 5p = 5p + (10q – 5p ) h– =0 =
~ ~ 3
~ 5 ~ ~ 6 3
E G = 5p + 8q – 4p 7 h–2=2
h=
= p~+ 8q~
(1)
10q
3 h=4
~ H ~ ~

2 Given p = 3i~ – 4j and q = ki~ – 5j , where k is a 3 The diagram shows a triangle OAC and B is a
~ ~ ~ ~ point on the line AC.
constant. Find the possible values of k such that
|3p – q | = 170. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga OAC dan B ialah satu
~ ~ titik pada garis AC.
Diberi p = 3i~ – 4j dan q = ki – 5j , dengan keadaan k ialah
~ ~ ~ ~ A
pemalar. Cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi k dengan
keadaan |3p – q | =  170 . a
~
B
~ ~

|3p – q | = 170 O c
~ ~ ~ C
|3(3i~ – 4j ) – (ki~ – 5j )| = 170 → →
~ ~
|9i~ – 12j – ki~ + 5j | = 170 a , OC = ~c and AB : BC = 1 : 3, 昀椀nd
Given OA = ~
~ ~ → →
|(9 − k)i~ – 7j | = 170 a , OC = ~c dan AB : BC = 1 : 3, cari
Diberi OA = ~
~ → →
(9 – k)2 + (–7)2 = 170 (a) AC, (b) OB.
(9 – k)2 + 49 = 170 → → →
(a) OA + AC = OC
81 – 18k + k2 + 49 = 170 →
k2 – 18k – 40 = 0 a + AC = ~c
~ →
(k + 2)(k – 20) = 0 AC = ~c – ~a
k = −2, k = 20 → → →
(b) OB = OA + AB
1
=~a + (c – a )
4 ~ ~ A
1 1 c–a
(1) ~ ~
=~a + ~c – ~ a a B
4 4 ~
3 1 (3)
= ~ a + ~c O
4 4 c
~ C

132
 8.3 Vectors in a Cartesian Plane / Vektor dalam Satah Cartes

Smart Tip
x r
~ ~ ~ 1 2
It is given that r = xi + yj = y , therefore the magnitude of the vector, |r | =  x2 + y2 and the unit vector, ^
~
r= ~.
~ |r |
x r ~
~ ~ ~ 1 2
Diberi bahawa r = xi + yj = y , maka magnitud vektor, |r | =  x2 + y2 dan vektor unit, ^
~
r= ~.
~ |r |
~

Exercise 10 Express each of the following vectors in the form of

Ungkapkan setiap vektor yang berikut dalam bentuk
x
(a) xi~ + yj , (b) 1 y 2.
~
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang vektor.

Example 10 1 y 2 y

y 8 8

8
6 6
m p
~ ~
6
4 4
a
4 ~
2 2

2 x x
O 2 4 6 8 O 2 4 6 8
x
O 2 4 6 8 (a) 7i~ + 3j (a) 5i~ + 7j
~ ~
Solution (b) 7 1 2 (b) 5 1 2
(a) 5i~ − 6j
~
(b) 1 –65 2 3 7

3 y 4 y 5 y

8 4
6
6 q 2 w
~ v ~
~ 4
4 x
–2 O 2 4
2
2 –2
x
–2 O 2 4
x –4
O 2 4 6 8
(a) –7i~ – 6j
(a) 6i~ – 7j (a) 9i~ + 7j ~
~ ~ (b) –7
–6 1 2
(b) 6
–7 1 2 (b) 9
7 1 2

Exercise 11 Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector given.
Cari vektor unit dalam arah vektor yang diberi.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang vektor.

Example 11 1 u = −i~ + 2j 2 u = 4i~ – 3j

~ ~ ~ ~
u = 2i~ − 5j
|u
~| = |u
~| =
~ ~ (–1)2 + (2)2 (4)2 + (–3)2
Solution = 1 + 4 = 16 + 9
|u
~| =
(2)2 + (–5)2 = 5 = 25
= 4 + 25 ^ 1 =5
u = (–i~ + 2j )
= 29 ~ 5 ~ ^ 1
u = (4i~ – 3j )
1 ~ ~
^
u= (2i − 5j ) 5
~ 29 ~ ~

133
 3 u = −5i~ – 4j 4 u = −5i~ + 12j 5 u = 4i~ – 6j
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
|u | =  (–5)2 + (–4)2 |u | =  (–5)2 + (12)2 |u | =  (4)2 + (–6)2
~ ~ ~
= 25 + 16 = 25 + 144 = 16 + 36
= 41 = 169 = 52
^ 1 = 13 ^ 1
u = (–5i – 4j ) u = (4i – 6j )
~ 41 ~ ~ 1 ~ 52 ~ ~
^
u = (–5i + 12j )
1 ~ 13 ~ ~
=– (5i + 4j )
41 ~ ~

Exercise 12 Solve the following.

Selesaikan yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang vektor untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

. Example 12 1 Given ~e = ~i + 3j and f = 3i~ + j . 2 a = 4i~ − j and ~

Given ~ b = ~i + 2j .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Find the vector 3a
Given ~
a = 4i~ – 2j and ~
b = 2i~ + j .
Find the vector 2e ~ + ~f . ~ + 2b
~.
~ ~ Diberi e = ~i + 3j dan f = 3i~ + j . a = 4i~ − j dan ~
Diberi ~ b = ~i + 2j .
Find the vector ~ a − 3b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~. Cari vektor 2e + f .
~ ~
Cari vektor 3a~ + 2b
~ .
a = 4i~ – 2j dan ~
Diberi ~
~
b = 2i~ + j .
~ = 2(~i + 3j ) + (3i~ + j ) = 3(4i~ − j ) + 2(~i + 2j )
a − 3b ~ ~
Cari vektor ~ ~. ~
= 2i~ + 6j + 3i~ + j
~ = 12i~ − 3j + 2i~ + 4j
Solution ~ ~ ~ ~
= 5i~ + 7j = 14i~ + j
= (4i~ – 2j ) – 3(2i~ + j ) ~ ~
~ ~
= 4i~ – 2j – 6i~ − 3j
~ ~
= –2i~ – 5j
~

3 Given p = 7i~ + 3j and 4 Given p = ~i + 2j and q = 2i~ + j . 5 Given ~ v = 6i~ − j .

u = 4i~ + j and ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
q = 2i~ − j . Find the vector p − 2q . Find the vector 3p − 2q . Find the vector 2u –
1
v .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2~
Diberi p = 7i~ + 3j dan q = 2i~ − j . Diberi p = ~i + 2j dan q = 2i~ + j .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v = 6i~ − j .
u = 4i~ + j dan ~
Diberi ~
Cari vektor p − 2q . Cari vektor 3p − 2q . ~1 ~
~ ~ ~ ~
= (7i~ + 3j ) − 2(2i~ − j ) = 3(~i + 2j ) − 2(2i~ + j ) Cari vektor 2u~ – 2~v.
~ ~ ~ ~
= 7i~ + 3j − 4i~ + 2j = 3i~ + 6j − 4i~ − 2j 1
~ ~ ~ ~ = 2(4i~ + j ) − (6i~ − j )
= 3i~ + 5j = −i~ + 4j ~ 2 ~
~ 1
~ = 8i~ + 2j − 3i~ + j
~ 2~
5
= 5i~ + j
2~

Exercise 13 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang vektor dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 13
The diagram shows three points, P, Q and R drawn on a Cartesian plane. y
Rajah menunjukkan tiga titik, P, Q dan R dilukis pada satah Cartes. P(–6, 8)
It is given that OP = –6i~ + 8j , OQ = –2i~ + 6j and OR = –4i~ + 3j . Point S
~ the y-axis and
is the re昀氀ection of point R in ~ the points P, Q and
~ S are
→ → Q(–2, 6)
collinear such that SQ = bQP. Find the the value of b.
Diberi bahawa OP = –6i~ + 8j , OQ = –2i~ + 6j dan OR = –4i~ + 3j . Titik S ialah pantulan R(–4, 3) S
~ ~ ~
bagi titik R pada paksi-y dan titik-titik P, Q dan S adalah segaris dengan keadaan
→ → x
SQ = bQP. Cari nilai b. O

Solution
→ → → → → y
SQ = OQ – OS Given/Diberi SQ = bQP,
= (–2i~ + 6j ) – (4i~ + 3j ) –6i~ + 3j = b(–4i~ + 2j ) P(–6, 8)
~ ~ ~ ~
= –2i~ + 6j – 4i~ – 3j 3(–2i~ + j ) = 2b(–2i~ + j )
~ ~ ~ ~ Q(–2, 6)
= –6i~ + 3j Compare/Bandingkan,
→ → ~
→
2b = 3 –6i~+ 8j
QP = OP – OQ ~ –2i~+ 6j S(4, 3)
~
= (–6i~ + 8j ) – (–2i~ + 6j ) 3
~ ~ b= 4i~+ 3j
~ x
= –6i~ + 8j + 2i~ – 6j 2 O
~ ~
= –4i~ + 2j
~
134
 → → →
1 The coordinates of F, G and H are (−2, 3), (8, −4) and (10, −6) respectively. It is given that OH = aOF + bOG,
such that O is the origin and a and b are constants. Find the values of a and b.→ → →
Koordinat bagi F, G dan H masing-masing ialah (−2, 3), (8, −4) dan (10, −6). Diberi bahawa OH = aOF + bOG, dengan
keadaan O ialah asalan dan a dan b ialah pemalar. Cari nilai a dan b.
→ → → 9
OF = –2i~ + 3j , OG = 8i~ – 4j , OH = 10i~ – 6j Subtitute b = into 3 ,
→ ~→ → ~ ~ 8
OH = aOF + bOG 9
10i~ – 6j = a(–2i~ + 3j ) + b(8i~ – 4j )
a=4 18 2 – 5
~ ~ ~
10i~ – 6j = –2ai~ + 3aj + 8bi~ – 4bj 1
~ ~ ~ =–
10i~ – 6j = (–2a + 8b)i~ + (3a – 4b)j 2
~ ~
Compare,
−2a + 8b = 10 ——— 1
3a – 4b = –6 ——— 2
From 1 : a = 4b – 5 ——— 3
Substitute 3 into 2 ,
3(4b – 5) – 4b = –6
12b – 15 – 4b = –6
8b = 9
9
b=
8

The vectors ~
v and w
~ are non-zero and non-parallel vectors. It is given that (p – 3)v
~ = (4q + 5 – p)w
~, where p
2
and q are constants. Find the values of p and q.
Vektor v dan w ialah vektor bukan sifar dan tidak selari. Diberi bahawa (p – 3)v = (4q + 5 – p)w, dengan keadaan p dan q ialah
~ ~ ~ ~
pemalar. Cari nilai p dan q.

p–3=0 , 4q + 5 – p = 0
p=3 4q + 5 – (3) = 0
4q = −2
2
q =−
4
1
=−
2

3 The diagram shows an explosive exploded into four parts, E, F, G and H, F

where each part has a momentum and represented by a vector. –2i + 4j
~ ~
Rajah menunjukkan satu bahan letupan telah meletup kepada empat bahagian, E, F, G dan H,
dengan keadaan setiap bahagian mempunyai momentum dan diwakili oleh suatu vektor. 4i
~ G
–3i – j
~ ~
If the sum of all the momentum vectors is a zero vector, 昀椀nd
Jika hasil tambah vektor momentum ialah vektor sifar, cari E w
~
(a) w
~ in terms of ~i and~j ,
w dalam sebutan ~i dan j , H
~ ~
(b) the unit vector in the direction of w
~.
vektor unit dalam arah w.
~

(a) (−2i~ + 4j ) + (4i~) + w

~ ~ + (−3i~ −~j ) = 0
~ = ~i − 3j
w
~
1
^=
(b) w ( i − 3j )
~ (1)2 + (–3)2 ~ ~
1
= ( i − 3j )
10 ~ ~

135
 Review 8
Paper 1
Section A
1 The points F, G and H are collinear. It is given that (a) Express the vector u
~+w
~ in terms of m.
→ → Ungkapkan vektor ~
u+w
FG = 6p – 4q and GH = 4p + (2u – 1)q , where u is a ~ dalam sebutan m.
~ | = 10 units, 昀椀nd the values of m.
~ ~ ~ ~ (b) Given |u
constant. Find ~+w
Diberi |u
Titik-titik F, G dan H adalah segaris. Diberi bahawa ~ | = 10 unit, cari nilai-nilai m.
~+w
→ → [5 marks/markah]
FG = 6p – 4q dan GH = 4p + (2u – 1)q , dengan keadaan u
~ ~ Cari
ialah pemalar. ~ ~
4 Diagram 2 shows a triangle EFH, where
(a) the value of u, FG : GH = 2 : 3.
nilai u,
→ → Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga EFH, dengan keadaan
(b) the ratio of FG : GH. FG : GH = 2 : 3.
→ →
nisbah FG : GH . F
[5 marks/markah]

2 (a) The vectors u G

~ and w
~ are non-zero and non-
~ = (6b − 2)w
parallel. It is given that (a + 5)u ~,
where a and b are constants. Find the value of
a and of b.
Vektor ~u dan vektor w
~ adalah bukan sifar dan tidak
~ = (6b − 2)w
selari. Diberi bahawa (a + 5)u ~, dengan
E H
keadaan a dan b ialah pemalar. Cari nilai a dan nilai b.
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
[2 marks/markah] → →
(b) Diagram 1 shows a parallerolgram OMKL It is given that EF = 6h
~ and EH = 5k
~. Find
drawn on a Cartesian plane. → →
Diberi bahawa EF = 6h dan EH = 5k . Cari
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah segi empat selari OMKL → ~ ~→
yang dilukis pada satu satah Cartes. (a) FH , (b) EG .
[4 marks/markah]
y
→ →
K 5 In Diagram 3, OP = −6i~ + 2j and OQ = 3i~ + 7j .
→ ~ → ~
Dalam Rajah 3, OP = −6i~ + 2j dan OQ = 3i~ + 7j .
~ ~
L M y
Q
x
O

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
→ →
It is given that OM = 7i~ + 3j and MK = −3i~ + 4j . x
→ ~ ~ O
Find ML .
→ →
Diberi bahawa OM = 7i~ + 3j dan MK = −3i~ + 4j . P
→ ~ ~
Cari ML.
Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
[3 marks/markah]
Determine/Tentukan
→
m+1 m
3 It is given that u 1
~ = –9 and w 2
~ = 1 , where m 1 2 (a) PQ ,
→
is a constant. (b) the unit vector in the direction of PQ .
m+1 m →
Diberi bahawa ~u= 1 –9
dan w2
~= 1 1 2
, dengan keadaan m vektor unit dalam arah PQ .
ialah pemalar. [4 marks/markah]

136
Section B
6 (a) In Diagram 4, PQR is a triangle on a →
→ Given QR : RS = 1 : 3, 昀椀nd PR.
Cartesian plane such that PQ = −3i~ + 5j and →
→ ~ Diberi QR : RS = 1 : 3, cari PR.
PS = 4i~ + 9j . [4 marks/markah]
~
Dalam Rajah 4, PQR ialah sebuah segi tiga pada satah → 4 →
→ → (b) Given vector OA = , OB = p and
1 2 1 2
Cartes dengan keadaan PQ = −3i~ + 5j dan PS = 4i~ + 9j . p 2
~ ~ → q
S OC =
81 2
are three vectors on a Cartesian
plane. Find the value of p and of q such that
→ →
R AB − BC = 6 . 1 2
q
→ 4 → p → q
1 2 1 2 1 2
Q
4i~ + 9j Diberi vektor OA = , OB = dan OC =
~ p 2 8
ialah tiga vektor pada satah Cartes. Cari nilai p dan
→ → 6
–3i~ + 5j
~ nilai q dengan keadaan AB − BC = 1 2
q
.

P [4 marks/markah]
Diagram 4/ Rajah 4

Paper 2
Section A
F G
1 Diagram 1 shows a trapezium EFGH.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah trapezium EFGH. Q

→ → → 2 → → 3 →
It is given that EF = 4d~, EH = 12e~, EP = EH and FG = EH .
3 4
→ → → 2 → → 3 → E H
~, EH = 12e~, EP = 3
Diberi bahawa EF = 4d EH dan FG = EH . P
4 Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
→
(a) Express EG in terms of d~ and ~e .
→
Ungkapkan EG dalam sebutan ~
d dan ~e .
[2 marks/markah]
→ →
(b) Point Q lies inside the trapezium EFGH such that PQ = (h − 1)EF and h is a constant.
→ →
Titik Q terletak di dalam trapezium EFGH dengan keadaan PQ = (h − 1)EF dan h ialah pemalar.
→
(i) Express EQ in terms of h, d~ and ~e .
→
Ungkapkan EQ dalam sebutan h, ~
d dan ~e .
(ii) If the points A, Q and G are collinear, 昀椀nd the value of h.
Jika titik-titik A, Q dan G adalah segaris, cari nilai h.
[6 marks/markah]
→ → Q
2 In Diagram 2, OP = 15x~ and OQ = 10y . Point R lies on the straight line
~
OP such that OR : RP = 3 : 2. Point S lies on the straight line OQ such that
OS : SQ = 2 : 3. The straight lines PS and QR intersect at point T such that
→ → → →
PT = aPS and QT = bQR, where a and b are constants. S
→ → T
Dalam Rajah 2, OP = 15x ~ dan OQ = 10y . Titik R terletak pada garis lurus OP dengan
~
keadaan OR : RP = 3 : 2. Titik S terletak pada garis lurus OQ dengan keadaan
OS : SQ = 2 : 3. Garis lurus PS dan QR bersilang pada titik T dengan keadaan O R P
→ → → →
PT = aPS dan QT = bQR , dengan keadaan a dan b ialah pemalar. Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
→
(a) Express OT
→
Ungkapkan OT
(i) in terms of a, x~ and y ,
dalam sebutan a, x dan y~,
~ ~
(ii) in terms of b, x~ and y .
dalam sebutan b, x dan y~,
~ ~ [4 marks/markah]
(b) Determine the value of a and of b.
Tentukan nilai a dan nilai b.
[3 marks/markah]

137
Section B
3 In Diagram 3, DEFH is a quadrilateral. DHG and HJF are straight lines.
Dalam Rajah 3, DEFH ialah sebuah sisi empat. DHG dan HJF ialah garis lurus.
G

J
H F

D E
Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
→ → → → 1 → → 3 →
It is given that DE = 40m
~ , DH = 16n
~, GF = 50m
~ – 48n
~, DH = 4
DG and HJ = HF.
5
→ → → → 1 → → 3 →
Diberi bahawa DE = 40m, DH = 16n, GF = 50m – 48n, DH = DG dan HJ = HF .
~ ~ ~ ~ 4 5
(a) Express in terms of m and n,
~ ~
Ungkapkan dalam sebutan m
~ dan ~n,
→ →
(i) EG, (ii) HF.
[4 marks/markah]
(b) Show that the points E, J and G are collinear.
Tunjukkan titik-titik E, J dan G adalah segaris.
[4 marks/markah]
→
(c) If |m| = 4 and |n| = 3, 昀椀nd |EG|.
→
Jika |m| = 4 dan |n| = 3, cari |EG |.
[2 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 Diagram 1 shows B, C dan D are three collinear communication towers such that BC : CD = m : n. It is given
→ → →
that AB = 4i~ + 8j , AC = 10i~ + 5j and AD = 12i~ + hj , where m, n and h are constants.
~ ~ ~
Rajah 1 menunjukkan B, C dan D ialah tiga buah menara komunikasi segaris dengan keadaan BC : CD = m : n. Diberi bahawa
→ → →
AB = 4i~ + 8j , AC = 10i~ + 5j dan AD = 12i~ + hj , dengan keadaan m, n dan h ialah pemalar.
~ ~ ~
B

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1
Determine HOTS Evaluating
Tentukan
(a) the ratio of m : n,
nisbah m : n,
(b) the value of h.
nilai h.

138
Chapter Elective Package: Application of Science and Technology

9 Solution of Triangles
Penyelesaian Segi Tiga

9.1 Sine Rule / Petua Sinus

Smart Tip
Derivation of sine rule / Terbitan petua sinus c
A
t t To 昀椀nd sides:
sin A = and/dan sin B = B Untuk mencari sisi:
b a
b sin A = t a sin B = t t b a b c
= =
t = b sin A = a sin B a sin A sin B sin C
b a
∴ = To 昀椀nd angles:
sin B sin A C Untuk mencari sudut:
Apply the same method by drawing a perpendicular line form vertex A to side a to get:
sin A sin B sin C
Gunakan kaedah yang sama dengan melukiskan satu garis serenjang dari bucu A ke sisi a untuk mendapatkan: = =
b c a b c
= a b c
sin B sin C Therefore,/Maka, = =
sin A sin B sin C

Exercise 1 Prove the sine rule.

Buktikan petua sinus.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang petua sinus dan petua kosinus.

Example 1
The diagram shows a triangle ABC inside a circle with centre O. Given the radius = R. A
sin A 1
Construct straight line COE and BE where COE = 2R. Hence, show that = . c
a 2R b
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC yang terterap di dalam sebuah bulatan berpusat di O. Diberi O
jejari = R. C
sin A 1 B a
Bina garis lurus COE dan BE dengan keadaan COE = 2R. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa = .
a 2R
Solution
A
So/Maka, ∠CBE = 90° (semicircle/ BC
sin A =
semi bulatan) COE
E c
b
∠A = ∠E (angles sin A =
a
O subtended by a common 2R
C arc/sudut yang dicangkum oleh sin A 1
B a =
lengkok sepunya) a 2R

1 The diagram shows a triangle ABC inside a circle with centre O. Given the radius = R. A
sin B 1
Construct straight line COG and AG where COG = 2R. Hence, show that = .
b 2R c b
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC yang terterap di dalam sebuah bulatan berpusat di O. O
Diberi jejari = R.
sin B 1 a
C
Bina garis lurus COG dan AG dengan keadaan COG = 2R. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa = .
b 2R B
A So, ∠CAG = 90° (semicircle)
∠B = ∠G (angles subtended by a common arc)
G c b AC
sin B =
O GOC
C b
a sin B =
B 2R
sin B 1
=
b 2R

139
 2 The diagram shows a triangle ABC inside a circle with centre O. Given the radius = R. A
sin C 1
Construct straight line AOF and BF where AOF = 2R. Hence, show that = . c
c 2R b
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC yang terterap di dalam sebuah bulatan berpusat di O. O
Diberi jejari = R.
sin C 1 C
a
Bina garis lurus AOF dan BF dengan keadaan AOF = 2R. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa = . B
c 2R
A
So, ∠ABF = 90° (semicircle)
∠C = ∠F (angles subtended by a common arc)
c b AB
O sin C =
AOF
a
C c
B sin C =
2R
sin C 1
F =
c 2R

Exercise 2 Find the value of x for each of the following.

Cari nilai x bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 2 1

Q P
Smart Tip 50º
16.5 cm

x cm 126º
8.4 cm Apply the sine rule Q
R x cm
when given
Gunakan petua sinus
73º 44º apabila diberi x 16.5
=
P R (a) 1 side and sin 50° sin 126°
2 angles 16.5 sin 50°
Solution 1 sisi dan 2 sudut x=
x 8.4 sin 126°
= (b) 2 sides and
sin 73° sin 44° 1 non-included x = 15.624 cm
angle
8.4 sin 73°
x= 2 sisi dan 1 sudut
sin 44° bukan kandung
x = 11.564 cm

2 3
x cm Q
P Q
80º 54º
15.4 cm x cm
14.6 cm
47º 56º 42’
P R
R

x 15.4
∠PRQ = 180° − 80° − 54° = 46° =
x 14.6 sin 47° sin 56° 42′
= 15.4 sin 47°
sin 46° sin 80° x=
14.6 sin 46° sin 56°42′
x= x = 13.475 cm
sin 80°
x = 10.664 cm

140
 4 5
Q
x cm Q
P 57º 36’
43º 24’ 36º 35’
x cm
16 cm 8 cm

R 26º 14’
P R

∠PRQ = 180° − 43° 24′ − 57° 36′ = 79° ∠PRQ = 180° − 26° 14′ − 36° 35′ = 117° 11′
x 16
= x 8
sin 79° sin 57° 36′ =
sin 117° 11 sin 26° 14′
16 sin 79°
x= 8 sin 117° 11′
sin 57° 36′ x=
sin 26° 14′
x = 18.602 cm x = 16.099 cm

Exercise 3 Find the value of θ for each of the following.

Cari nilai θ bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 3 1 B

A
17.5 cm
9 cm
7 cm
17 cm u 30º
A C
115º
B
u
sin θ sin 30°
C =
Solution 17.5 9
sin θ sin 115° 17.5 sin 30°
= sin θ =
7 17 9
7 sin 115° sin θ = 0.9722
sin θ =
17 θ = 76° 28’
sin θ = 0.3732
θ = 21° 55’

2 3
B
24 cm B
A u
u
26 cm
13 cm
117º
130º
C
A C
18 cm

sin θ sin 117°

= sin θ sin 130°
13 24 =
18 26
13 sin 117°
sin θ = 18 sin 130°
24 sin θ =
= 0.4826 26
= 0.5303
θ = 28° 51’
θ = 32° 2’

141
 4 5
14 cm
A B B
72º u

u
9 cm 4 cm
15 cm

58º
A C
C

sin ∠ACB sin 72° sin ∠BAC sin 58°

= =
14 15 4 9
14 sin 72° 4 sin 58°
sin ∠ACB = sin ∠BAC =
15 9
sin ∠ACB = 0.8877 sin ∠BAC = 0.3769
∠ACB = 62° 35’ ∠BAC = 22° 9’

θ = 180° − 72° − 62° 35’ θ = 180° − 58° − 22° 9’

= 45° 25’ = 99° 51’

Smart Tip
Ambiguous Case of Sine Rule M
Kes Berambiguiti bagi Petua Sinus
p
An ambiguous case of the sine rule will occur
when two sides (n and p) and a non-included n
acute angle (∠N) are given, where the opposite
side of the given angle is shorter than the other P’ N
P
side (n < p). There are two different triangles that
can be drawn (MNP and MNP’), therefore two A non-included angle is the angle which is not between the two
sets of answers would be obtained. sides given.
Kes berambiguiti bagi petua sinus akan berlaku apabila dua Sudut bukan kandung ialah sudut yang tidak terletak di antara dua sisi yang
sisi (n dan p) dan satu sudut tirus bukan kandung (∠N) diberi.
diberi, dengan keadaan sisi yang bertentangan dengan sudut ∠N and ∠P are non-included angles. M p
yang diberi itu lebih pendek daripada sisi yang satu lagi ∠N dan ∠P ialah sudut bukan kandung.
(n < p). Terdapat dua buah segi tiga yang berbeza yang
∠M is an included angle. n
dapat dilukis (MNP dan MNP’), maka dua set jawapan akan
∠M ialah sudut kandung.
diperoleh.

Exercise 4 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 4 1 The diagram shows a triangle PQR. Sketch

triangle QRP’ such that the straight line RP is
The diagram shows a triangle PQR. Sketch extended to P’, QP’ = QP and ∠QRP’ = ∠QRP.
triangle PQR’ such that ∠QPR’ = ∠QPR and Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga PQR. Lakarkan segi
QR’= QR. tiga QRP’ dengan keadaan garis lurus RP dipanjangkan ke
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga PQR. Lakarkan segi P’, QP’ = QP dan ∠QRP’ = ∠QRP.
tiga PQR’ dengan keadaan ∠QPR’ = ∠QPR dan QR’= QR.
Q P’

Q
P R

Solution
Q P

P R’ R
R

142
 2 The diagram shows a triangle LKM. Sketch 3 The diagram shows a triangle ABC. Sketch
triangle LMK’ such that ∠LMK’ = ∠LMK and triangle AB’C such that ∠ACB’ = ∠ACB and
LK’ = LK. AB’ = AB.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga LKM. Lakarkan segi Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC. Lakarkan segi
tiga LMK’ dengan keadaan ∠LMK’ = ∠LMK dan LK’ = LK. tiga AB’C dengan keadaan ∠ACB’ = ∠ACB dan AB’ = AB.

K K’ M A

L B B’ C

Exercise 5 Sketch triangle PQR and 昀椀nd the possible values of ∠R’ in an ambiguous case.
Lakarkan segi tiga PQR dan cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi ∠R’ dalam kes berambiguiti.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 5 1 ∠P = 32°, p = 9 cm, r = 14 cm

∠P = 27°, p = 7 cm, r = 11 cm Q

Solution Q 14 cm 9 cm

11 cm 7 cm
32º
P R
R’
27º
P R
R’
sin ∠R sin 32°
sin ∠R sin 27° =
= 14 9
11 7 14 sin 32°
11 sin 27° sin ∠R =
sin ∠R = 9
7 = 0.8243
= 0.7134 ∠R = 55° 31’
∠R = 45° 31’ ∠R’ = 180° – 55° 31’
∠R’ = 180° – 45° 31’ = 124° 29’
= 134° 29’

2 ∠P = 24°, p = 4 cm, r = 9 cm 3 ∠Q = 43°, q = 7 cm, r = 9.5 cm

Q P

9 cm 4 cm
9.5 cm
7 cm
24º
P R’ R
43º
Q R
R’
sin ∠R sin 24°
=
9 4 sin ∠R sin 43°
=
9 sin 24° 9.5 7
sin ∠R =
4 9.5 sin 43°
sin ∠R =
= 0.9152 7
∠R = 66° 14’ = 0.9256
∠R’ = 180° – 66° 14’ ∠R = 67° 46’
= 113° 46’ ∠R’ = 180° – 67° 46’
= 112° 14’

143
Exercise 6 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 6
F

84º
23 cm

130º
28º
E G
9 cm H

Given EHG is a straight line, 昀椀nd the length of

Diberi EHG ialah garis lurus, cari panjang
(a) FH, (b) HG, (c) FG.

Solution
FH 23 (b) ∠FGH = 130° − 84° = 46° (c) ∠FHG = 180° − 130° = 50°
(a) =
sin 28° sin 130° HG 14.096 FG 14.096
= =
23 sin 28° sin 84° sin 46° sin 50° sin 46°
FH =
sin 130° 14.096 sin 84° 14.096 sin 50°
= 14.096 cm HG = FG =
sin 46° sin 46°
= 19.488 cm = 15.011 cm

1 2 F
F 5 cm
E G
32º
120º
14 cm
19 cm 8 cm
78º
68º 115º
H E G
H

Given EFG is a straight line, 昀椀nd the length of Given EHG is a straight line, 昀椀nd
Diberi EFG ialah garis lurus, cari panjang Diberi EHG ialah garis lurus, cari
(a) FH, (b) EF, (c) EH. (a) ∠FGH, (b) EF, (c) ∠EFG.

FH 19 sin ∠FGH sin 115°

(a) = (a) =
sin 32° sin 120° 8 14
19 sin 32° 8 sin 115°
FH = sin ∠FGH =
sin 120° 14
= 11.626 cm = 0.5179
∠FGH = 31.19° (or 31° 11’)
(b) ∠FEH = 120° − 78° = 42°
EF 8
EF 11.626 (b) =
= sin(180° – 115°) sin 68°
sin 78° sin 42°
8 sin 65°
11.626 sin 78° EF =
EF = sin 68°
sin 42° = 7.820 cm
= 16.995 cm
(c) ∠EFG = 180° − 68° − 31.19°
(c) ∠EFH = 180° − 120° = 60° = 80.81° (or 80° 49‘)
EH 11.626
=
sin 60° sin 42°
11.626 sin 60°
EH =
sin 42°
= 15.047 cm

144
 3
F

19 cm

cm
7 cm

10
34º 112º
E G
H

Given EHG is a straight line, 昀椀nd

Diberi EHG ialah garis lurus, cari
(a) ∠FHG, (b) HG, (c) EH.

sin ∠FHG sin 112° (b) ∠HFG = 180° − 112° − 40.47° = 27.53° (c) ∠EFH = ∠FHG − ∠FEH
(a) =
7 10 HG 10 = 40.47° − 34°
7 sin 112° = = 6.47°
sin 27.53° sin 112°
sin ∠FHG = EH 10
10 10 sin 27.53° =
= 0.6490 HG = sin 6.47° sin 34°
sin 112°
∠FHG = 40.47° = 4.985 cm EH =
10 sin 6.47°
sin 34°
= 2.015 cm

9.2 Cosine Rule / Petua Kosinus

Exercise 7 Prove the cosine rule.

Buktikan petua kosinus.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang petua sinus dan petua kosinus.

Example 7
The diagram shows a triangle ABC with sides a, b and c. B
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC dengan sisi-sisi a, b dan c.

Construct straight line BP which perpendicular to AC and P is on the straight c a

line AC. Hence, show that a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A.
Bina garis lurus BP yang berserenjang dengan AC dan P berada pada garis lurus AC.
Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc kos A.
A b C
Solution
In ∆ABP/Dalam ∆ABP,
x B
= cos A/kos A
c
x = c cos A/c kos A
c a
Pythagoras’ Theorem/Teorem Pythagoras, h
h2 = c2 – x2 ——— 1
In ∆BPC/Dalam ∆BPC,
h2 = a2 – (b – x)2 A P C
= a2 – (b2 – 2bx + x2)
x (b – x)
= a2 – b2 + 2bx – x2 ——— 2

Substitute 1 into 2 /Gantikan 1 ke dalam 2 ,

a2 – b2 + 2bx – x2 = c2 – x2
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bx
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2b(c cos A/c kos A)
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A/2bc kos A

145
 1 The diagram shows a triangle ABC with sides a, b 2 The diagram shows a triangle ABC with sides a, b
and c. and c.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC dengan sisi-sisi Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC dengan sisi-sisi
a, b dan c. a, b dan c.
B B

c a c a

A b C A b C

PAK-21
Construct straight line AQ which is perpendicular Construct straight line BR which is perpendicular
to BC and Q is on the straight line BC. Hence, to AC and R is on the straight line AC. Hence,
website

show that b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B. show that c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.

Bina garis lurus AQ yang berserenjang dengan BC dan Q Bina garis lurus BR yang berserenjang dengan AC dan R
berada pada garis lurus BC. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa berada pada garis lurus AC. Seterusnya, tunjukkan bahawa
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac kos B. c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab kos C.
B

B
x a
c a
Q h
c
(a – x)
h
A b–x R x C

A C b
b
In ∆BRC,
In ∆ABQ,
x
x = cos C
= cos B a
c x = a cos C
x = c cos B Pythagoras’ Theorem,
Pythagoras’ Theorem, h2 = a2 – x2 ——— 1
h2 = c2 – x2 ——— 1 In ∆ARB,
In ∆ACQ, h2 = c2 – (b – x)2
h2 = b2 – (a – x)2
= c2 – (b2 – 2bx + x2)
= b2 – (a2 – 2ax + x2) = c2 – b2 + 2bx – x2 ——— 2
= b2 – a2 + 2ax – x2 ——— 2 Substitute 1 into 2 ,
Substitute 1 into 2 , c2 – b2 + 2bx – x2 = a2 – x2
b2 – a2 + 2ax – x2 = c2 – x2
c2 – b2 + 2bx = a2
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ax c2 = a2 + b2 – 2bx
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2a(c cos B) c2 = a2 + b2 – 2b(a cos C)
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

Smart Tip
Apply the cosine rule when given
To 昀椀nd unknown sides:
Gunakan petua kosinus apabila diberi
Untuk mencari sisi yang tidak diketahui:
Website

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A/ kos A

(a) 2 sides and 1 included angle
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos B/kos B
2 sisi dan 1 sudut kandung
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C/kos C Visit http://
(b) 3 sides
3 sisi www.cimt.org.
To 昀椀nd unknown angles: uk/projects/
A Untuk mencari sudut yang tidak diketahui: mepres/step-
up/sect4/
b²+ c² – a²
cos A/kos A = index.htm for
c b 2bc additional
a²+ c² – b² notes and
cos B/kos B = exercises of
2ac
C the cosine
B a a²+ b² – c²
cos C/kos C = rule.
2ab

146
Exercise 8 Find the value of x for each of the following.
Cari nilai x bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 8 1 2
Q Q

P 13 cm
Q 50º
48º 7 cm x cm
13 cm

8 cm x cm 16.5 cm
52º
P R
14 cm P
R x cm

Solution a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A R

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A/ kos A x2 = 72 + 142 − 2(7)(14) cos 52°

x2 = 132 + 82 − 2(13)(8) cos = 124.330 a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
48°/ kos 48° x = 11.150 x2 = 132 + 16.52 − 2(13)(16.5)
= 93.821 cos 50°
x = 9.686 = 165.494
x = 12.864

3 4 5
Q
Q Q 14 cm
R

x cm 126º 43’
x cm 6.7 cm
9.4 cm 9.6 cm
x cm
118º
P 54º 26’ P
15 cm R 13 cm R
P

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A

x2 = 152 + 9.42 − 2(15)(9.4) x2 = 9.62 + 132 − 2(9.6)(13) a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
cos 54°26’ cos 118° x2 = 6.72 + 142 − 2(6.7)(14)
= 149.335 = 378.34 cos 126°43’
x = 12.220 x = 19.451 = 353.05
x = 18.79

Exercise 9 Find the value of θ for each of the following.

Cari nilai θ bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 9 1 2
Q
Q
Q
6 cm 10 cm u
9 cm 8 cm 9 cm
u
P R 12 cm
u 13 cm
P R P
14.5 cm
62 + 132 − 102 6.5 cm
Solution cos θ =
2(6)(13)
R
b2 + c2 − a2 = 0.6731
cos θ/kos θ =
2bc θ = 47° 42’
92 + 122 − 6.52
9 + 14.52 − 82
2 cos θ =
= 2(12)(9)
2(9)(14.5)
= 0.8461
= 0.8707 θ = 32° 13’
θ = 29° 28’ or/atau
29.46°

147
 3 4 5
Q
Q P 19 cm
12 cm u Q
7 cm
16.4 cm u

P 7.5 cm 13 cm
R 26 cm
16 cm θ
P
12 cm
122 + 72 − 162 R R
cos θ =
2(12)(7)
7.52 + 122 − 16.42 192 + 132 − 262
= –0.375 cos θ = cos θ =
2(7.5)(12)
θ = 112° 1’ 2(19)(13)
= −0.3817 = −0.2955
θ = 112° 26’ θ = 107° 11’

Exercise 10 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang penyelesaian segi tiga dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 10 1 There are three ships, P, Q and R in the sea. The

sailor of ship P can see both the ships Q and R.
There are three tents, F, G and H at a campsite. The angle between the line of sight to Q and
Given the distance between tent F and tent G is the line of sight to R from P is 50°. Given the
52 m, the distance between tent F and tent H is distance between ship P and ship Q is 3 km and
86 m and the distance between tent G and tent H the distance between ship P and ship R is 6 km.
is 64 m. Calculate the angle between FH and GH. Calculate the distance, in km, between ship Q
Terdapat tiga buah khemah, F, G dan H di sebuah tapak and ship R.
perkhemahan. Diberi jarak di antara khemah F dan khemah Terdapat tiga buah kapal, P, Q dan R di dalam laut. Kelasi
G ialah 52 m, jarak di antara khemah F dan khemah H kapal P boleh melihat kedua-dua buah kapal Q dan R. Sudut
ialah 86 m dan jarak di antara khemah G dan khemah H di antara garis penglihatan Q dan garis penglihatan R dari
ialah 64 m. Hitung sudut di antara FH dan GH. P ialah 50°. Diberi jarak di antara kapal P dan kapal Q ialah
3 km dan jarak di antara kapal P dan kapal R ialah 6 km.
Solution
Hitung jarak, dalam km, di antara kapal Q dan R.
Let θ be the angle between FH and GH.
Katakan θ ialah sudut di antara FH dan GH.
Q

F 52 m
3 km
G
50°
86 m
P
64 m 6 km
 R

H QR2 = PQ2 + PR2 – 2(PQ)(PR) cos P

= 32 + 62 – 2(3)(6) cos 50°
FH2 + GH2 – FG2 = 21.86
cos θ/kos θ =
2(FH)(GH) QR = 21.86
862 + 642 – 522 = 4.675 km
= ∴ The distance between ship Q and ship R is
2(86)(64)
4.675 km.
8 788
=
11 008
= 0.7983
θ = 37°2’

148
 2 The diagram shows a triangle PQR. 3 The diagram shows a triangle ABC.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga PQR. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC.
Q B

x cm 6 cm 100°
6 cm x cm

30°
P 9 cm R
A 12 cm C
Find the value of x./Cari nilai x. Find the value of x./Cari nilai x.
x2 + 92 – 2(x)(9) cos 30° = 62 62 + x2 – 2(6)(x) cos 100° = 122
x2 + 81 – 15.59x = 36 36 + x2 + 2.084x = 144
x2 – 15.59x + 45 = 0 x2 + 2.084x – 108 = 0
–(–15.59) ± (–15.59)2 – 4(1)(45) –(2.084) ± (2.084)2 – 4(1)(–108)
x= 2(1) x= 2(1)
= 11.765, 3.825 = 9.403, –11.487
PQ = 11.765 cm BC = 9.403 cm

9.3 Area of a Triangle / Luas Segi Tiga

Exercise 11 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 11 1 The diagram shows a triangle PQR.

Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga PQR.
The diagram shows a triangle ABC.
Q
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC.
10 cm 8 cm
A C
54°

36°
4 cm
P 12 cm R
B
Find/Cari
Find/Cari
(a) the height, in cm, of ∆PQR,
(a) the height, in cm, of ∆ABC,
tinggi, dalam cm, bagi ∆PQR,
tinggi, dalam cm, bagi ∆ABC,
(b) the area, in cm2, of ∆PQR.
(b) the area, in cm , of ∆ABC.
2
luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆PQR.
luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆ABC.
Solution Let the height of ∆PQR = h cm
Let the height of ∆ABC = h cm Q
Katakan tinggi bagi ∆ABC = h cm
10 cm 8 cm
A C
54° h cm
h cm 36°
4 cm P 12 cm R

B
h
(a) = sin 36°
h PQ
(a) = sin 54°
AB h
= sin 36°
h 8
= sin 54°
4 h = 8 sin 36°
h = 3.236 cm = 4.702 cm
1 1
(b) Area ∆ABC = × base × height (b) Area ∆PQR = × base × height
2 2
1 1
Luas ∆ABC = × tapak × tinggi = × 12 cm × 4.702 cm
2
2
1
= × 10 cm × 3.236 cm = 28.21 cm2
2
= 16.18 cm2

149
 2 The diagram shows a triangle ABC. Given ACD 3 The diagram shows a triangle ABC.
is a straight line. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga ABC. Diberi ACD A
ialah garis lurus.
B
b cm

14 cm 
h cm
C B
a cm

50° 1
A D Show that the area of ∆ABC = ab sin θ cm2.
9 cm C 2
Find/Cari 1
Tunjukkan bahawa luas ∆ABC = ab sin θ cm2.
(a) the value of h, 2
nilai h,
Let the height of ∆ABC = h cm
(b) the area, in cm2, of ∆ABC.
luas, dalam cm , bagi ∆ABC.
2 A

h b cm
(a) = sin 50°
AB h cm
h 
= sin 50° C B
14 a cm
h = 14 sin 50° h
= 10.725 cm = sin θ
b
h = b sin θ
1
(b) Area ∆ABC = × base × height 1
2 Area ∆ABC = × base × height
2
1
= × 9 cm × 10.725 cm 1
2 = × a cm × b sin θ cm
2
= 48.26 cm2 1
= ab sin θ cm2
2

Smart Tip
Area of ∆/Luas bagi ∆: A
1 Remember/ Ingat:
ab sin C or/atau The area of ∆ is applied when 1 included
2
c b angle and 2 sides are given.
1
bc sin A or/atau Luas ∆ digunakan apabila 1 sudut kandung dan
2
1 2 sisi diberi.
ac sin B B
2 a C

1
Exercise 12 Find the area of each of the following triangles by using the formula, area = ab sin θ.
1 2
Cari luas bagi setiap segi tiga yang berikut menggunakan rumus, luas = ab sin θ.
2
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 12 1

7 cm

4 cm
34°

68° 9 cm
7 cm 1
Area = ab sin θ
Solution 2
1
Area/Luas = ab sin θ 1
= × 7 cm × 9 cm × sin 34°
2 2
1
= × 4 cm × 7 cm × sin 68° = 17.615 cm2
2
= 12.981 cm2

150
 2 9.4 cm 3
53°
78° 13 cm
8 cm
5.6 cm

1 1
Area = ab sin θ Area = ab sin θ
2 2
1 1
= × 9.4 cm × 5.6 cm × sin 53° = × 8 cm × 13 cm × sin 78°
2 2
= 21.02 cm2 = 50.864 cm2

4 F 5 P R
60° 40°
15°

10 cm 6.5 cm 8.5 cm
25°
H
G 7 cm
Q
∠FGH = 180° – 15° – 25° = 140°
1 ∠PQR = 180° – 60° – 40° = 80°
Area = ab sin θ 1
2 Area = ab sin θ
1 2
= × 10 cm × 7 cm × sin 140° 1
2 = × 6.5 cm × 8.5 cm × sin 80°
= 22.498 cm2 2
= 27.205 cm2

Smart Tip
Heron’s formula / Rumus Heron:
Perimeter
Area ∆ABC =  s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) such that s = and a, b and c are the sides of the triangle.
2
Perimeter
Luas ∆ABC =  s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) dengan keadaan s = dan a, b dan c ialah panjang sisi segi tiga.
2

Exercise 13 Find the area of each of the following by using the Heron’s formula.
Cari luas bagi setiap yang berikut menggunakan rumus Heron.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 13 1

C
10 cm
6 cm
11 cm

7 cm
8 cm
B 6 cm A
Perimeter
s=
Solution 2
6 + 8 + 10
Perimeter Area/Luas =
s= 2
2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) = 12
11 + 7 + 6 = 12(12 – 11)(12 – 7)(12 – 6)
= Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
2 = 12(1)(5)(6)
= 12(12 – 6)(12 – 8)(12 – 10)
= 12 = 360
= 12(6)(4)(2)
= 18.974 cm2
= 576
= 24 cm2

151
 2 Find the area of a triangle with sides 4 cm, 5 cm 3
E
and 7 cm.
Cari luas bagi sebuah segi tiga yang mempunyai sisi 4 cm,
5 cm dan 7 cm. 5 cm 6 cm

Perimeter
s=
2 F 8 cm G
4+5+7
=
2 Perimeter
s=
=8 2
Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) 5+6+8
=
= 8(8 – 4)(8 – 5)(8 – 7) 2
= 8(4)(3)(1) = 9.5
= 96 Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
= 9.798 cm2 = 9.5(9.5 – 5)(9.5 – 6)(9.5 – 8)
= 9.5(4.5)(3.5)(1.5)
= 224.438
= 14.981 cm2

4 Find the area of a triangle with sides 5.9 cm, 5 Find the area of a triangle with sides 15 cm, 20 cm
8.6 cm and 4.7 cm. and 29 cm.
Cari luas bagi sebuah segi tiga yang mempunyai sisi 5.9 cm, Cari luas bagi sebuah segi tiga yang mempunyai sisi 15 cm,
8.6 cm dan 4.7 cm. 20 cm dan 29 cm.

Perimeter Perimeter
s= s=
2 2
5.9 + 8.6 + 4.7 15 + 20 + 29
= =
2 2
= 9.6 = 32
Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) Area = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
= 9.6(9.6 – 5.9)(9.6 – 8.6)(9.6 – 4.7) = 32(32 – 15)(32 – 20)(32 – 29)
= 9.6(3.7)(1)(4.9) = 32(17)(12)(3)
= 174.048 = 19 584
= 13.193 cm2 = 139.94 cm2

Exercise 14 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 14
The diagram shows a triangle FGH. Solution
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga FGH. 82 + 42 − 62
G (a) cos θ/kos θ =
2(8)(4)
= 0.6875
8 cm θ = 46° 34’
6 cm
(b) Area of ∆FGH/ Luas ∆FGH
 1
F
4 cm H = 2 ab sin θ
Find/Cari 1
(a) the value of θ/nilai θ, = 2 (8)(4) sin 46° 34’
(b) the area, in cm2, of ∆FGH.
= 11.619 cm2
luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆FGH.

152
1 The diagram shows a triangle FGH. 2 The diagram shows a triangle FGH.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga FGH. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga FGH.
G G

17 cm 16 cm

12 cm
 27 cm
126º F
F H
24 cm
Find the area, in cm2, of ∆FGH.
Cari luas, dalam cm , bagi ∆FGH.
2

H
sin ∠F sin 126° Find the area, in cm2, of ∆FGH.
=
12 17 Cari luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆FGH.
12 sin 126°
sin ∠F = 162 + 242 − 272
17
cos θ =
= 0.5711 2(16)(24)
∠F = 34.83° = 0.1341
θ = 180° − 126° − 34.83° θ = 82.29°
= 19.17° 1
Area = 2 ab sin θ
1
Area = 2 ab sin θ 1
= 2 (16)(24) sin 82.29°
1
= 2 (17)(12) sin 19.17° = 190.265 cm2
= 33.494 cm2

3 The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD. 4 The diagram shows an irregular pentagon ABCDE.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah sisi empat ABCD. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah pentagon tak sekata ABCDE.
B B
8 cm
43 m 46 m
A
12 cm A ) 95o C
6 cm
32 m 44 m
)75o C
D 14 cm 130o
E
)
36 m
Find the area, in cm2, of the quadrilateral. D
2
Cari luas, dalam cm , bagi sisi empat itu. Find the area, in m2, of the pentagon.
8 cm B Cari luas, dalam m2, bagi pentagon itu.
A B
12 cm 46 m
6 cm 43 m

)75
o
A ) 95o C
D C
14 cm
1 32 m θ
∆ADC = 2 × DA × DC sin ∠ADC 44 m
)

130o
E
)

36 m
1 D
= 2 × 6 × 14 sin 75o BE = 432 + 322 − 2(43)(32) cos 95o
2

= 40.569 cm2 = 3 112.85

AC = DA2 + DC2 − 2(DA)(DC) cos ∠ADC
2 BE = 55.793 m
= 62 + 142 − 2(6)(14) cos 75o = 188.518 EC2 = 362 + 442 − 2(36)(44) cos 130o
AC = 13.730 cm = 5 268.35
AB2 + AC2 − BC2 EC = 72.583
cos ∠BAC = 2(AB)(AC) 55.7932 + 72.5832 − 462
cos θ = 2(55.793)(72.583)
82 + 13.7302 − 122
= 2(8)(13.730) = 0.7735
= 0.4940 θ = 39.326o
∠BAC = 60.398o Total area = ∆ABE + ∆BEC + ∆EDC
1 1 1
∆BAC = 2 × AB × AC sin ∠BAC 1
= 2 × 32 × 43 sin 95o + 2 × 55.7932 1
1 1
= 2 × 8 × 13.730 sin 60.398o 2 1
× 72.583 sin 39.326o + 2 × 36 × 44 sin 130o 2
= 47.752 cm2 = 685.382 + 1 283.187 + 606.707
Area of quadrilateral = ∆ADC + ∆BAC = 2 575.276 m2
= 40.569 cm2 + 47.752 cm2 = 88.321 cm2

153
 5 Given ABC is a triangle such that the area = 6 Given PQR is a triangle such that the area =
15 cm2, perimeter = 18 cm, AB = 4 cm and AC = 18 cm2, perimeter = 24 cm, PQ = 6 cm and PR =
7 cm. Find the length, in cm, of BC. 10 cm. Find the length, in cm, of QR.
Diberi ABC ialah sebuah segi tiga dengan keadaan luas = Diberi PQR ialah sebuah segi tiga dengan keadaan luas = 18
15 cm2, perimeter = 18 cm, AB = 4 cm dan AC = 7 cm. cm2, perimeter = 24 cm, PQ = 6 cm dan PR = 10 cm. Cari
Cari panjang, dalam cm, bagi BC. panjang, dalam cm, bagi QR.

18 24
s= = 9 cm s= = 12 cm
2 2
Let BC = k cm Let QR = x cm
s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) = 15 s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) = 18
9(9 – 4)(9 – 7)(9 – k) = 15 12(12 – x)(12 – 6)(12 – 10) = 18
9(5)(2)(9 – k) = 15 12(12 – x)(6)(2) = 18
90(9 – k) = 152 144(12 – x) = 182
9 – k = 2.5 12 – x = 2.25
k = 6.5 x = 9.75
∴ BC = 6.5 cm ∴ QR = 9.75 cm

9.4 Application of Sine Rule, Cosine Rule and Area of a Triangle

Aplikasi Petua Sinus, Petua Kosinus dan Luas Segi Tiga

Exercise 15 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang petua sinus, petua kosinus dan luas segi tiga untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 15 1 The diagram shows a triangle EGH.

Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga EGH.
The diagram shows a triangle EHG.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga EHG.
7 cm F
E G
130º
H 9 cm

56º 50º

H
4 cm
128º
E G EFG is a straight line. Find the length of
5 cm F
EFG ialah satu garis lurus. Cari panjang
EFG is a straight line. Find the length of (a) EH, (b) FG.
EFG ialah satu garis lurus. Cari panjang
(a) EH, (b) FG. (a) EH2 = 72 + 92 − 2(7)(9)cos 130°
= 210.991
Solution EH = 14.526 cm
(a) EH2 = 52 + 42 − 2(5)(4) cos 128°/kos 128° (b) ∠FGH = 130° − 50° = 80°
= 65.626 FG 9
=
EH = 8.101 cm sin 50° sin 80°
(b) ∠FGH = 128° − 56° = 72° 9 sin 50°
FG 4 FG =
= sin 80°
sin 56° sin 72° = 7.001 cm
4 sin 56°
FG =
sin 72°
= 3.487 cm

154
 2 The diagram shows a triangle KMN. 3 The diagram shows a triangle PRT.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga KMN. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga PRT.

N T

10 cm 9 cm 12 cm
9 cm
u
109º P R
K M 16 cm Q
L 13 cm 3.5 cm
KLM is a straight line. Find PQR is a straight line. Find
KLM ialah satu garis lurus. Cari PQR ialah satu garis lurus. Cari
(a) ∠NKL, (b) NM. (a) θ, (b) PT.
sin ∠NKL sin 109° 92 + 3.52 − 122
(a) = (a) cos θ =
9 10 2(9)(3.5)
sin ∠NKL =
9 sin 109° = −0.8056
10 θ = 143.66°
= 0.8510
∠NKL = 58.32° (b) PT2 = 162 + 92 − 2(16)(9)cos(180° − 143.66°)
= 105.012
(b) ∠NLM = 180° − 109° PT = 10.248 cm
= 71°
NM2 = 92 + 132 − 2(9)(13)cos 71°
= 173.817
NM = 13.184 cm

Exercise 16 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang penyelesaian segi tiga dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

1 A surveyor at point P has obtained the 2 In the diagram, AB represents the length of a
measurements of PD, PE and ∠DPE by method slanting tower. Two points, C and D, are marked
of survey. on the horizontal ground such that B, C and D
Seorang juruukur di titik P mendapatkan ukuran PD, PE are collinear.
dan ∠DPE dengan kaedah pengukuran. Dalam rajah, AB mewakili panjang sebuah menara condong.
Dua titik, C dan D, ditandakan di atas tanah mengufuk
Lake/Kolam E
dengan keadaan B, C dan D adalah segaris.
D A

94 m 186 m

48.5o 34o( 20o(

D
B 98 m C 80 m
)

P
Calculate the length, in m, of the slanting tower.
DE involves part of a lake and the surveyor is Hitung panjang, dalam m, menara condong itu.
unable to measure it. How can the distance of DE HOTS Evaluating

be obtained? ∠CAD = 34o − 20o = 14o

DE melibatkan sebahagian daripada sebuah kolam dan In ∆ACD,
juruukur tidak dapat mengukurnya. Bagaimanakah jarak AC 80
DE dapat diperoleh? sin 20o = sin 14o
80 sin 20o
Distance of DE can be obtained by using cosine AC = sin 14o
rule.
= 113.1 m
DE2 = PD2 + PE2 − 2(PD)(PE) cos ∠DPE
In ∆ABC,
= 942 + 1862 − 2(94)(186) cos 48.5o
AB2 = 982 + 113.12 − 2(98)(113.1) cos 34o
= 20 261.502
= 4 017.837
DE =  20 261.502 AB = 63.386 m
= 142.343 m The length of the slanting tower is 63.386 m.

155
Exercise 17 Solve the following problems.
Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang penyelesaian segi tiga dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 16
The diagram shows a cuboid with a rectangular Solution
base, PQRS. (a) PW =  52 + 42 = 
41
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi empat tepat, PR =  7 + 4 = 
2 2
65
PQRS.
 2 2
WR = 7 + 5 = 74 
W V
( 65)2 − (
41)2 + ( 74)2
cos/kos ∠WPR =
T U
2(
41)(
65)
= 0.3099
5 cm ∠WPR = 71.94°
R
S
4 cm (b) Area of the shaded triangle
P 7 cm Q Luas segi tiga berlorek
Find/Cari 1
= 2 ab sin θ
(a) ∠WPR,
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded triangle. 1
luas, dalam cm2, bagi segi tiga berlorek itu.
= 2 (
41)(
65) sin 71.94° = 24.54 cm2

1 The diagram shows a cuboid with a rectangular (a) AH = 52 + 32 = 34

base, ABCD.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi empat tepat, AC = 52 + 32 = 34
ABCD.
HC = 52 + 52 = 50
H G
(34 )2 + (34 )2 − (50 )2
cos ∠HAC =
2(34 )(34 )
E F = 0.2647
∠HAC = 74.65°
5 cm
C (b) Area of the shaded triangle
D
1
3 cm = 2 ab sin θ
A
5 cm B
1
= 2 (34 )(34 ) sin 74.65°
Find/Cari
(a) ∠HAC, = 16.394 cm2
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded triangle.
luas, dalam cm2, bagi segi tiga berlorek itu.

2 The diagram shows a cuboid with a rectangular (a) FJ = 42 + 62 = 52

base, EFGH.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi empat tepat, FL = 8.52 + 62 = 108.25
EFGH.
JL = 42 + 8.52 = 88.25
M (52 )2 + (108.25)2 − (88.25 )2
J
cos ∠JFL =
K 2(52 )(108.25)
L
6 cm
= 0.4798
∠JFL = 61.33°
H
E (b) Area of the shaded triangle
4 cm 1
F 8.5 cm
G
= 2 ab sin θ
1
Find/Cari = 2 (52 )(108.25) sin 61.33°
(a) ∠JFL,
= 32.914 cm2
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded triangle.
luas, dalam cm2, bagi segi tiga berlorek itu.

156
 3 The diagram shows a prism with a rectangular base, (a) BE = 62 + 82 = 10 cm
ABCD.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah prisma bertapak segi empat tepat, AF = 72 + 82 = 113
ABCD.
FC = 72 + 102 = 149
G
AC = 62 + 142 = 232
F
(113 )2 + (232 )2 − (149 )2
E cos ∠FAC =
2(113 )(232 )
= 0.6053
D
8 cm C ∠FAC = 52.75°

14 cm (b) Area of the shaded triangle

A 6 cm B 1
= ab sin θ
2
Find/Cari
1
(a) ∠FAC, = 2 (113)(232) sin 52.75°
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded triangle.
= 64.442 cm2
luas, dalam cm2, bagi segi tiga berlorek itu.

Review 9
Paper 2
Section C
1 Diagram 1 shows a triangle DEF. 2 Diagram 2 shows a quadrilateral EFGH.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga DEF. Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah sisi empat EFGH.

D
H
13 cm
E

9 cm
28 cm

F
50º
7 cm
68º G
E
24 cm Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
F
It is given that the area of triangle EFG is 29.5 cm2
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1 and ∠EFG is an acute angle. Calculate
(a) Calculate the length, in cm, of DF. Diberi bahawa luas segi tiga EFG ialah 29.5 cm2 dan ∠EFG
Hitung panjang, dalam cm, bagi DF. ialah sudut tirus. Hitung
[2 marks/markah] (a) ∠EFG,
(b) A quadrilateral DEFG is formed such that DF [2 marks/markah]
is a diagonal, ∠DFG = 43° and DG = 26 cm. (b) the length, in cm, of EG,
Calculate two possible values of ∠DGF. panjang, dalam cm, bagi EG,
Sebuah sisi empat DEFG dibentuk dengan keadaan [2 marks/markah]
DF ialah pepenjuru, ∠DFG = 43° dan DG = 26 cm. (c) ∠GEH,
Hitung dua nilai yang mungkin bagi ∠DGF. [3 marks/markah]
[2 marks/markah] (d) the area, in cm2, of quadrilateral EFGH.
(c) By using the ambiguous case in (b), calculate luas, dalam cm2, bagi sisi empat EFGH.
Dengan menggunakan kes berambiguiti dalam (b), hitung [3 marks/markah]
(i) the length, in cm, of FG,
panjang, dalam cm, bagi FG,
(ii) the area, in cm2, of the quadrilateral DEFG.
luas, dalam cm2, bagi sisi empat DEFG.
[6 marks/markah]

157
3 Diagram 3 shows a quadrilateral PQRS. It is given that FGH is a straight line and
Rajah 3 menunjukkan sebuah sisi empat PQRS. ∠EGF is an acute angle. Calculate
P Diberi bahawa FGH ialah garis lurus dan ∠EGF ialah
sudut tirus. Hitung
5 cm
(i) ∠EGH,
116º S (ii) the length, in cm, of EH.
19.5 cm
panjang, dalam cm, bagi EH.
[4 marks/markah]
(b) Diagram 5 shows a cuboid with a rectangular
48º base, ABCD.
Q 9 cm R Rajah 5 menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi
Diagram 3/ Rajah 3 empat tepat, ABCD.
(a) Calculate/Hitung N 13 cm P
(i) the length, in cm, of PR,
panjang, dalam cm, bagi PR, 6 cm
(ii) ∠PRS. 5 cm
[4 marks/markah] Q
M
(b) Point P’ lies on PR such that P’S = PS. C
B
Titik P’ terletak pada PR dengan keadaan P’S = PS.
(i) Sketch ∆P’SR./Lakarkan ∆P’SR.
(ii) Calculate the area, in cm2, of ∆P’SR.
Hitung luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆P’SR. A D
[6 marks/markah] Diagram 5/ Rajah 5
4 (a) Diagram 4 shows two triangles, EFG and EGH. Calculate/Hitung
Rajah 4 menunjukkan dua buah segi tiga, EFG dan EGH. (i) ∠NAC,
E (ii) area, in cm2, of ∆NAC,
17º
luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆NAC,
(iii) the shortest distance, in cm, from A to NC.
8 cm
jarak terpendek, dalam cm, dari A ke NC.
12 cm
[6 marks/markah]
54º
F G H
Diagram 4/ Rajah 4

H O TS Z o n e
1 Diagram 1 shows a quadrilateral EFGH.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah sisi empat EFGH. (a) Calculate/Hitung
E (i) the length, in cm, of EG,
panjang, dalam cm, bagi EG,
(ii) ∠EGF.
6.4 cm
(b) Point F’ lies on FG such that EF’ = EF.
17.4 cm Titik F’ terletak pada FG dengan keadaan EF’ = EF.
F 108º
(i) Sketch EF’G.
Lakarkan EF’G.
(ii) Find the area, in cm2, of EF’G. HOTS Applying
48º
H Cari luas, dalam cm2, bagi EF’G.
G 8 cm
Diagram 1/ Rajah 1

2 Diagram 2 shows a trapezium ABCD. AB is parallel to DC and ∠BCD is an obtuse angle.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah trapezium ABCD. AB adalah selari dengan DC dan ∠BCD ialah sudut cakah.
B
Find/Cari
(a) the length, in cm, of BD,
13.5 cm panjang, dalam cm, bagi BD,
(b) the length, in cm, of BC,
C panjang, dalam cm, bagi BC,
84º (c) ∠BCD,
A
40º 4.8 cm (d) the area, in cm2, of triangle BCD. HOTS Applying

D luas, dalam cm2, segi tiga BCD.

Diagram 2/ Rajah 2

158
Chapter Elective Package: Application of Social Science

10 Index Numbers
Nombor Indeks

10.1 Indeks Numbers / Nombor Indeks

Smart Tip
Index number, I
Nombor indeks, I
Q1 Q0 = Quantity at the base time Q1 = Quantity at a speci昀椀c time
I = — × 100 Kuantiti pada masa asas Kuantiti pada masa tertentu
Q0

Exercise 1 Interpret the index number for each of the following situations.
Tafsirkan nombor indeks bagi setiap situasi berikut.
TP 1 Mempamerkan pengetahuan asas tentang nombor indeks.

Example 1 1 The index number of the usage of electricity in a

district in the year 2019 based on the year 2015 is
The index number of the number of handphone 135.
users in a country in the year 2019 based on the Nombor indeks bagi penggunaan elektrik di sebuah daerah
year 2018 is 175. pada tahun 2019 berasaskan tahun 2015 ialah 135.
Nombor indeks bagi bilangan pengguna telefon bimbit di
sebuah negara pada tahun 2019 berasaskan tahun 2018 135% – 100% = 35%
ialah 175. The percentage of the usage of electricity in the
Solution district increased by 35% from 2015 to 2019.
175% – 100% = 75%
The percentage of the number of handphone
users in the country increased by 75% from 2018
to 2019.
Peratus bilangan pengguna telefon bimbit di sebuah negara
meningkat sebanyak 75% dari tahun 2018 ke tahun 2019.

2 The index number of the number of road 3 The index number of the price of a type of racket
accidents in a state in the year 2018 based on the in the year 2019 based on the year 2010 is 55.
year 2016 is 240. Nombor indeks bagi harga sejenis raket pada tahun 2019
Nombor indeks bagi bilangan kemalangan jalan raya di sebuah berasaskan tahun 2010 ialah 55.
negeri pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2016 ialah 240.
55% – 100% = –45%
240% – 100% = 140% The percentage of the price of the type of racket
The percentage of the number of road accidents decreased by 45% from 2010 to 2019.
in the state increased by 140% from 2016 to 2018.

4 The index number of BMI (body mass index) of 5 The index number of the air pollutant index in a
the students in a school in the year 2018 based on certain zone in the year 2015 based on the year
the year 2015 is 134. 2011 is 84.
Nombor indeks bagi BMI (indeks jisim badan) murid di sebuah Nombor indeks bagi indeks pencemaran udara di suatu zon
sekolah pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2015 ialah 134. pada tahun 2015 berasaskan tahun 2011 ialah 84.

134% – 100% = 34% 84% – 100% = –16%

The percentage of BMI (body mass index) of the The percentage of the air pollutant index in the
students in the school increased by 34% from certain zone decreased by 16% from 2011 to 2015.
2015 to 2018.

159
Exercise 2 Solve the following. Hence, interpret the index number obtained.
Selesaikan yang berikut. Seterusnya, tafsirkan nombor indeks yang diperoleh.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang nombor indeks.

Example 2 1 A company sold 1 200 units of brand X

smartphones in the year 2015 and 1 500 units in
The number of residents in a village increased the year 2018. Calculate the index number for
from 840 in the year 2017 to 966 in the year 2018. the number of smartphones sold in the year 2018
Calculate the index number of the number of based on the year 2015.
residents in the year 2018 based on the year Sebuah syarikat telah menjual 1 200 unit telefon pintar
2017. berjenama X pada tahun 2015 dan 1 500 unit pada tahun
Bilangan penduduk di sebuah kampung meningkat 2018. Hitung nombor indeks bagi bilangan telefon pintar
daripada 840 orang pada tahun 2017 kepada 966 orang yang dijual pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2015.
pada tahun 2018. Hitung nombor indeks bagi bilangan
penduduk pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2017. Q2018
I= × 100
Solution Q2015
Q2018 1 500
I= × 100 I= × 100
Q2017 1 200
966 = 125
= × 100
840
= 115 125% – 100% = 25%
The percentage of the number of smartphones
115% – 100 % = 15% sold increased by 25% from 2015 to 2018.
The percentage of the number of residents
increased by 15% from 2017 to 2018.
Peratus bilangan penduduk meningkat sebanyak 15% dari
tahun 2017 ke tahun 2018.

2 The number of students in a school decreased 3 The table shows the number of cars sold by a
from 1 600 students in the year 2017 to 1 520 company in the year 2016 and 2018. Calculate the
students in the year 2018. Calculate the index index number to show the change in the number
number to show the change in the number of of cars sold in the year 2018 based on the year
students in the year 2018 based on the year 2017. 2016.
Bilangan murid di sebuah sekolah merosot daripada Jadual menunjukkan bilangan kereta yang dijual oleh
1 600 orang pada tahun 2017 kepada 1 520 orang pada sebuah syarikat pada tahun 2016 dan 2018. Hitung nombor
tahun 2018. Hitung nombor indeks untuk menunjukkan indeks untuk menunjukkan perubahan bilangan kereta yang
perubahan bilangan murid pada tahun 2018 berasaskan dijual pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2016.
tahun 2017.
Year Number of cars sold
Q2018 Tahun Bilangan kereta dijual
I= × 100
Q2017 2016 1 845 000 units/unit
1 520
I= × 100 2018 2 583 000 units/unit
1 600
= 95
Q2018
I= × 100
95% – 100 % = –5% Q2016
The percentage of the number of students 2 583 000
decreased by 5% from 2017 to 2018. I= × 100
1 845 000
= 140

140% – 100% = 40%

The percentage of the number of cars sold
increased by 40% from 2016 to 2018.

160
 4 The table shows the number of road accident 5 The table shows the air pollutant index in a
cases in a country in two years. Calculate the district in two years. Calculate the index number
index number to show the change in the number to show the change in the air pollutant index in
of road accident cases in the year 2019 based on the year 2019 based on the year 2017.
the year 2018. Jadual menunjukkan indeks pencemaran udara di sebuah
Jadual menunjukkan bilangan kemalangan jalan raya di daerah dalam masa dua tahun. Hitung nombor indeks untuk
sebuah negara dalam masa dua tahun. Hitung nombor menunjukkan perubahan indeks pencemaran udara pada
indeks untuk menunjukkan perubahan bilangan kes tahun 2019 berasaskan 2017.
kemalangan jalan raya pada tahun 2019 berasaskan tahun
2018. Year Air pollutant index
Tahun Indeks pencemaran udara
Year Number of road accident cases
Tahun Bilangan kes kemalangan jalan raya 2017 124

2018 26 800 2019 93

2019 31 088 Q2019

I= × 100
Q2017
Q2019 93
I= × 100 I= × 100
Q2018 124
31 088 = 75
I= × 100
26 800
= 116 75% – 100% = -25%
The percentage of the air pollutant index
116% – 100% = 16% decreased by 25% from 2017 to 2019.
The percentage of the number of road accident
cases increased by 16% from 2018 to 2019.

Smart Tip
Price index, I, is an example of index number.
Indeks harga, I, ialah contoh bagi nombor indeks.
P1
I = — × 100 P0 = Price of the item at the base time P1 = Price of the item at a speci昀椀c time
P0 Harga suatu barang pada masa asas Harga suatu barang pada masa tertentu

Exercise 3 Calculate the price index for each of the following.

Hitung indeks harga bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 2 Mempamerkan kefahaman tentang nombor indeks.

Example 3 1
Price of a clock Year
Price of a washing machine Year Harga jam Tahun
Harga mesin basuh Tahun
RM15.00 2009
RM660 2012
RM20.25 2011
RM759 2013
Calculate the price index for the year Calculate the price index for the year
Hitung indeks harga pada tahun Hitung indeks harga pada tahun
(a) 2013 based on the year 2012 (a) 2011 based on the year 2009
2013 berasaskan tahun 2012 2011 berasaskan tahun 2009
(b) 2012 based on the year 2013 (b) 2009 based on the year 2011
2012 berasaskan tahun 2013 2009 berasaskan tahun 2011

Solution P2011 P2009

(a) I = × 100 (b) I = × 100
P2013 P2012 P2009 P2011
(a) I = × 100 (b) I = × 100 20.25 15
P2012 P2013 I= × 100 I= × 100
759 660 15 20.25
I= × 100 I= × 100 = 135 = 74.07
660 759
= 115 = 86.96

161
 2 A box of tissue costs RM1.20 and RM1.60 in the 3 The price of a pair of shoes in the year 2009 was
year 2003 and 2006 respectively. Calculate the RM150.00. The price decreased to RM129.90 in
price index of a box of tissue for the year 2006 the year 2012. Find the price index of the shoes
based on the year 2003. for the year 2009 based on the year 2012.
Sekotak tisu berharga RM1.20 dan RM1.60 masing-masing Harga sepasang kasut pada tahun 2009 ialah RM150.00.
pada tahun 2003 dan tahun 2006. Hitung indeks harga Harga itu menurun kepada RM129.90 pada tahun 2012.
sekotak tisu pada tahun 2006 berasaskan tahun 2003. Cari indeks harga pada tahun 2009 berasaskan tahun 2012.
P2006 P2009
I= × 100 I= × 100
P2003 P2012
1.60 150.00
= × 100 = 133.33 = × 100 = 115.47
1.20 129.90

4 The table below shows the price of a type of 5 The table below shows the price of a type of
washing machine in the year 2015 and 2018. smartphone in the year 2012 and 2018.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga bagi sejenis mesin Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga bagi sejenis telefon
basuh pada tahun 2015 dan 2018. pintar pada tahun 2012 dan 2018.

Price of washing machine Year Price of smartphone Year

Harga mesin basuh Tahun Harga telefon pintar Tahun
RM1 200 2015 RM2 400 2012
RM1 356 2018 RM1 392 2018
Calculate the price index for the year 2018 based Calculate the price index for the year 2018 based
on the year 2015. on the year 2012.
Hitung indeks harga pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun Hitung indeks harga pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun
2015. 2012.
P2018 P2018
I2018/2015 = × 100 I2018/2012 = × 100
P2015 P2012
1 356 1 392
= × 100 = 113 = × 100 = 58
1 200 2 400

Exercise 4 Find Q0 or Q1 for the related index number.

Cari Q0 atau Q1 bagi nombor indeks yang berkenaan.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang nombor indeks untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 4 1 The average monthly telephone bill for a school

in the year 2005 was RM70.00. The index number
The price of a plate of chicken rice in the year of the telephone bill is 125 in the year 2012, using
2005 was RM3.00. The price index for a plate the year 2005 as the base year. Calculate the
of chicken rice for the year 2012 based on the average monthly telephone bill for the school in
year 2005 is 140. Calculate the price of a plate of the year 2012.
chicken rice in the year 2012. Purata bil telefon bulanan bagi sebuah sekolah pada tahun
Harga bagi sepinggan nasi ayam pada tahun 2005 ialah 2005 ialah RM70.00. Nombor indeks bagi bil telefon ialah
RM3.00. Indeks harga untuk sepinggan nasi ayam pada 125 pada tahun 2012, menggunakan tahun 2005 sebagai
tahun 2012 berasaskan tahun 2005 ialah 140. Hitung tahun asas. Hitung purata bil telefon bulanan bagi sekolah
harga bagi sepinggan nasi ayam pada tahun 2012. itu pada tahun 2012.
Solution
Q
Smart Tip I=
Q1
× 100
I = 1 × 100 Q0
Q0 Since price index is an
example of index number, Q1
Q 125 = × 100
140 = 1 × 100 it can also be written as 70
3.00 Oleh sebab indeks harga ialah
125 × 70
140 × 3.00 contoh bagi nombor indeks, ia Q1 =
Q1 = juga boleh ditulis sebagai 100
100
Q1 = RM87.50
= RM4.20 I= × 100
Q0

162
2 The table shows the prices of 100 g of mushroom. 3 The table shows the prices of an acre of land.
Jadual menunjukkan harga 100 g cendawan. Jadual menunjukkan harga bagi seekar tanah.

Year Price per 100 gram (RM) Year Price (RM)

Tahun Harga per 100 gram (RM) Tahun Harga (RM)

2011 21.50 2007 x

2013 x 2011 490 000

The price index for the year 2013 based on Calculate the price of the land in the year 2007
the year 2011 is 135. Calculate the price of the if the price index for the year 2011 based on the
mushroom per 100 gram in the year 2013. year 2007 is 175.
Indeks harga pada tahun 2013 berasaskan tahun 2011 ialah Hitung harga tanah itu pada tahun 2007 jika indeks harga
135. Hitung harga cendawan per 100 gram pada tahun pada tahun 2011 berasaskan tahun 2007 ialah 175.
2013.
Q1
Q I= × 100
Q0
I = 1 × 100
Q0 490 000
x 175 = × 100
135 = × 100 x
21.50 490 000 × 100
135 × 21.50 x=
x= 175
100 = RM280 000
= RM29.03

4 Jamal’s monthly salary in the year 2012 was 5 The price for a kilogram of sugar in the year 2013
RM3 780. The index number for Jamal’s monthly was RM4.50. The price index of 1 kg of sugar in the
salary for the year 2012 based on the year 2002 is year 2013 using the year 2001 as the base year is
315. Calculate Jamal’s monthly salary in the year 150. Calculate the price of 1 kg of sugar in the year
2002. 2001.
Gaji bulanan Jamal pada tahun 2012 ialah RM3 780. Harga bagi sekilogram gula pada tahun 2013 ialah RM4.50.
Nombor indeks bagi gaji bulanan Jamal pada tahun 2012 Indeks harga bagi 1 kg gula pada tahun 2013 menggunakan
berasaskan tahun 2002 ialah 315. Hitung gaji bulanan tahun 2001 sebagai tahun asas ialah 150. Hitung harga bagi
Jamal pada tahun 2002. 1 kg gula pada tahun 2001.

Q1 Q1
I= × 100 I= × 100
Q0 Q0
3 780 4.50
315 = × 100 150 = × 100
Q2002 Q2001
3 780 × 100 4.50 × 100
Q2002 = 315 Q2001 = 150
= RM1 200 = RM3.00

163
Exercise 5 Solve each of the following.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang nombor indeks untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 5 1 The table below shows the price indices of three

types of houses.
The table shows the price indices of three types Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga bagi tiga jenis
of cars. rumah.
Jadual menunjukkan indeks harga bagi tiga jenis kereta.
Year
Year Tahun 2011 2012 2012
Tahun 2005 2010 2010 House (2010=100) (2010=100) (2011=100)
Car (2000=100) (2000=100) (2005=100) Rumah
Kereta
E 130 156 p
P 140 168 p
G 150 q 170
H q 176 110
H r 231 140
M 150 r 160
Find the value of
Find the value of Cari nilai bagi
Cari nilai bagi (a) p,
(a) p, (b) q,
(b) q, (c) r.
(c) r.
I2012/2010
(a) I2012/2011 = I × 100
Solution 2011/2010

I2010/2000 156
p= × 100
(a) I = I × 100 130
2005/2000
= 120
168
p= × 100 I2012/2010
140
(b) I2012/2011 = I × 100
= 120 2011/2010

q
170 = × 100
I2010/2000 150
(b) I = I × 100
2005/2000 170 × 150
q= 100
176
110 = q × 100 = 255
176 I2012/2010
q= × 100 (c) I2012/2011 = I × 100
110
2011/2010
= 160
231
140 = × 100
r
I2010/2000
(c) I = I × 100 231 × 100
2005/2000 r= 140
r
160 = × 100 = 165
150
160 × 150
r= 100
= 240

Smart Tip
The notation (2000 = 100) means
that the base year is year 2000.
Tatatanda (2000 = 100) bermaksud
tahun asas ialah tahun 2000.

164
2 The table below shows the price indices of three 3 The price indices of a scarf for the year 2010
types of shirts. based on the year 2005 and 2007 are 132 and 125
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga bagi tiga jenis respectively. Calculate the price of the scarf in
baju. the year 2007 if the price in the year 2005 was
RM25.00.
Year Indeks harga sehelai skaf pada tahun 2010 berasaskan tahun
Tahun 2002 2012 2012 2005 dan 2007 masing-masing ialah 132 dan 125. Hitung
Shirt (1992=100) (1992=100) (2002=100) harga skaf itu pada tahun 2007 jika harganya pada tahun
Baju 2005 ialah RM25.00.

P 80 p 145 I2010/2005 = 132

Q 120 150 q I2010/2007 = 125
R r 261 180 I2010/2005
I2007/2005 = I × 100
2010/2007
Find the value of 132
Cari nilai bagi = × 100
125
(a) p, (b) q, (c) r. = 105.6
I2012/1992 P2007
(a) I2012/2002 = I × 100 ∴ P × 100 = I2007/2005
2002/1992 2005
P2007
p
145 =
80
× 100 RM25 × 100 = 105.6
145 × 80 P2007 = RM26.40
p = 100

= 116
I2012/1992
(b) I2012/2002 = I × 100
2002/1992

150
q= × 100
120
= 125
I2012/1992
(c) I2012/2002 = I × 100
2002/1992

261
180 = × 100
r
261 × 100
r=
180
= 145

4 The table shows the price indices for a type of soap for the year 2000 and 2001 using year 1999 as the base
year.
Jadual menunjukkan indeks harga sejenis sabun pada tahun 2000 dan 2001 menggunakan tahun 1999 sebagai tahun asas.

Year 2000 2001

Tahun (1999 = 100) (1999 = 100)

Price index
115 125
Indeks harga

Find the price indices of the soap for the year 1999 and 2001 based on the year 2000.
Cari indeks harga sabun itu pada tahun 1999 dan 2001 berasaskan tahun 2000.
125
I2001/2000 = × 100
100 115
I1999/2000 = × 100
115 = 108.70
= 86.96

165
 10.2 Composite Index / Indeks Gubahan

Smart Tip
Website
Composite index, Ī, I = Index number/Price index Visit https://www.
Indeks gubahan, Ī , Nombor indeks/ Indeks harga civilserviceindia.com/subject/
Management/notes/index-
– ∑Iw w = Weightage numbers.html for additional
I=
∑w Pemberat notes of the index number.

Exercise 6 Calculate the composite index for each of the following.

Hitung indeks gubahan bagi setiap yang berikut.
PAK-21
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang nombor indeks untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
website

Example 6 1 The table below shows the price indices of three

materials used to produce a type of bottle for the
The table below shows the price indices of four year 2019 based on the year 2015.
ingredients used to produce a type of drink for Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga bagi tiga jenis
the year 2020 based on the year 2015. bahan yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan sejenis botol
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga bagi empat pada tahun 2019 berasaskan tahun 2015.
jenis bahan yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan sejenis
minuman pada tahun 2020 berasaskan tahun 2015. Material Price index
Bahan Indeks harga
Ingredient Price index
Bahan Indeks harga P 110
D 160 Q 130
E 150 R 140
F 140
The quantities of materials P, Q and R used are
G 90
in the ratio of 10 : 3 : 2. Calculate the composite
The pie chart below represents the relative index for the year 2019 based on the year 2015.
quantity of the ingredients used in producing Kuantiti bagi bahan P, Q dan R yang digunakan adalah
the drink. dalam nisbah 10 : 3 : 2. Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun
Carta pai di bawah mewakili kuantiti relatif bagi bahan- 2019 berasaskan tahun 2015.
bahan yang digunakan dalam penghasilan minuman itu.
G Material I w Iw
60° D P 110 10 1 110
143°
F 77°
80° Q 130 3 390

E R 140 2 280
Calculate the composite index for the year 2020 Total 15 1 770
based on the year 2015.
Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2020 berasaskan tahun – ∑Iw
2015. I =
∑w
Solution 1 770
=
Ingredient 15
I w Iw
Bahan = 118
D 160 143 22 880
E 150 80 12 000
F 140 77 10 780
G 90 60 5 400
Total/Jumlah 360 51 060
– ∑Iw
I =
∑w
51 060
= = 141.83
360

166
2 The table below shows the price indices of three 3 The table below shows the price indices of four
materials used to produce a type of battery for ingredients used to make a type of biscuit for the
the year 2015 based on the year 2010. year 2018 based on the year 2011.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga bagi tiga jenis Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga bagi empat jenis
bahan yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan sejenis bateri bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat sejenis biskut pada
pada tahun 2015 berasaskan tahun 2010. tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2011.

Material Price index Ingredient Price index

Bahan Indeks harga Bahan Indeks harga
A 156 M 140
B 115 N 120
C 105 P 160

The pie chart below represents the relative Q 150

quantity of the materials used in producing the
battery. The bar chart below shows the masses of the
Carta pai di bawah mewakili kuantiti relatif bagi bahan- ingredients used to make the biscuit.
bahan yang digunakan dalam penghasilan bateri itu. Carta palang di bawah menunjukkan jisim bagi bahan-
bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat biskut itu.
C Mass (g)/Jisim (g)
10%
300
B A
30% 60%
200

100

Calculate the composite index for the year 2015

0
based on the year 2010. M N P Q
Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2015 berasaskan tahun Ingredient/Bahan
2010.
Calculate the composite index for the year 2018
Ratio A : B : C = 60 : 30 : 10 = 6 : 3 : 1 based on the year 2011.
Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun
Material I w Iw 2011.

A 156 6 936 Ratio M : N : P : Q = 100 : 300 : 150 : 50 = 2 : 6 : 3 : 1

B 115 3 345
Ingredient I w Iw
C 105 1 105
M 140 2 280
Total 10 1 386
N 120 6 720
– ∑Iw P 160 3 480
I =
∑w
Q 150 1 150
1 386
= Total 12 1 630
10
= 138.6
– ∑Iw
I =
∑w
1 630
=
12
= 135.83

167
Exercise 7 Calculate the composite index for each of the following.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan kefahaman tentang nombor indeks untuk melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

Example 7 1 The table below shows the number of accident

cases of four states and their respective
The table below shows the prices of four items weightages. The weightage represents the
sold in a shop and their respective weightages. number of population of the state.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga bagi empat jenis Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan kes kemalangan
barang yang dijual di sebuah kedai dan pemberatnya. bagi empat buah negeri dan pemberatnya. Pemberat
mewakili bilangan populasi negeri tersebut.
Price (RM)
Item Harga (RM) Weightage Number of cases
Barang Pemberat State Bilangan kes Weightage
2016 2020 Negeri Pemberat
2016 2018
P 120.00 138.00 4
J 3 600 4 464 8
Q 80.00 100.00 3
K 3 200 3 840 6
R 150.00 162.00 3
L 1 600 1 856 4
S 60.00 72.00 2
M 2 400 2 712 2
Calculate the composite index for the year 2020
Calculate the composite index for the year 2018
based on the year 2016.
based on the year 2016.
Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2020 berasaskan tahun
Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun
2016.
2016.
Solution
State I2018/2016 w Iw
Item
I2020/2016 w Iw
Barang 4 464
J × 100 = 124 8 992
3 600
138
P × 100 = 115 4 460 3 840
120 K × 100 = 120 6 720
3 200
100
Q × 100 = 125 3 375 1 856
80 L × 100 = 116 4 464
1 600
162
R × 100 = 108 3 324 2 712
150 M × 100 = 113 2 226
2 400
72
S × 100 = 120 2 240 Total 20 2 402
60

Total/Jumlah 12 1 399 – ∑Iw

I =
∑w
– ∑Iw =
2 402
I =
∑w 20
1 399 = 120.1
=
12
= 116.58

168
 2 The table below shows the prices of four types 3 The table below shows the prices of four items
of food sold in a restaurant and their respective and their respective weightages.
weightages. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga bagi empat jenis
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan harga bagi empat jenis barang dan pemberatnya.
makanan yang dijual di sebuah restoran dan pemberatnya.
Price (RM)
Price (RM) Item Harga (RM) Weightage
Food Harga (RM) Weightage Barang Pemberat
Makanan Pemberat 2010 2019
2015 2018
A 2.40 4.80 3
P 4.00 6.40 6
B 3.60 5.40 2
Q 6.00 9.00 3
C 4.00 7.20 4
R 15.00 18.00 4
Calculate the composite index for the year 2019
S 20.00 26.00 3
based on the year 2010.
Calculate the composite index for the year 2018 Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2019 berasaskan tahun
based on the year 2015. 2010.
Hitung indeks gubahan pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun
2015. Item I2019/2010 w Iw
4.80
Food I2018/2015 w Iw A × 100 = 200 3 600
2.40
6.40
P × 100 = 160 6 960 5.40
4.00 B × 100 = 150 2 300
3.60
9.00
Q × 100 = 150 3 450 7.20
6.00 C × 100 = 180 4 720
4.00
18.00
R × 100 = 120 4 480 Total 9 1 620
15.00
26.00 – ∑Iw
S × 100 = 130 3 390 I =
20.00 ∑w
Total 16 2 280 1 620
=
9
– ∑Iw = 180
I =
∑w
2 280
= = 142.5
16

Exercise 8 Calculate the composite index for each of the following.

Hitung indeks gubahan bagi setiap yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang nombor indeks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 8
The table below shows the index numbers and the Solution
weightages of four items. Calculate the composite
Item
index of all the items. I w Iw
Barang
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor indeks dan pemberat
bagi empat barang. Hitung indeks gubahan bagi semua barang A 108 5 540
itu.
B 120 8 960
Item Index number Weightage C 114 4 456
Barang Nombor indeks Pemberat
D 112 7 784
A 108 5
Total/Jumlah 24 2 740
B 120 8
– ∑Iw
I =
C 114 4 ∑w
D 112 7 – 2 740
I = 24 = 114.167

169
1 The table below shows the price indices of four 2 The table below shows the price indices and
types of magazines for the year 2012 based on the percentages of usage of four items, K, L, M and N.
year 2010 and their respective weightages. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan peratus
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga bagi empat penggunaan bagi empat barang, K, L, M dan N.
jenis majalah pada tahun 2012 berasaskan tahun 2010 dan
pemberatnya. Price index for the year Percentage of
Item 2013 based on the year 2010 usage (%)
Magazine Price index Weightage Barang Indeks harga pada tahun Peratus
Majalah Indeks harga Pemberat 2013 berasaskan tahun 2010 penggunaan (%)

‘DISCOVERY’ 130 4 K 116 10

‘LEISURE’ 115 3 L 128 40

‘BOX OFFICE’ 125 3 M 125 20

‘BUSINESS’ 160 6 N 80 30

‘HEALTH CARE’ 135 5 Find the composite index of the four items for the
year 2013 based on the year 2010.
Calculate the composite index of all the magazines Cari indeks gubahan bagi keempat-empat barang itu pada
for the year 2012 based on the year 2010. tahun 2013 berasaskan tahun 2010.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi semua majalah pada tahun
2012 berasaskan tahun 2010. Item I w Iw

Magazine I w Iw K 116 10 1 160

‘DISCOVERY’ 130 4 520

L 128 40 5 120
M 125 20 2 500
‘LEISURE’ 115 3 345
N 80 30 2 400
‘BOX OFFICE’ 125 3 375
Total 100 11 180
‘BUSINESS’ 160 6 960
‘HEALTH CARE’ 135 5 675 – ∑Iw
I=
∑w
Total 21 2 875
– 11 180
I= 100 = 111.8
– ∑Iw
I=
∑w
– 2 875
I = 21 = 136.905

3 The table below shows the price indices and

Ingredient I w Iw
percentages of usage of four ingredients, P, Q, R
and S, to bake a pie. P 80 10 800
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan peratus
penggunaan bagi empat bahan, P, Q, R dan S, untuk Q 130 20 2 600
membuat pai.
R 145 20 2 900
Price index for the S 90 50 4 500
year 2004 based on Percentage of
Ingredient the year 2000 usage (%) Total 100 10 800
Bahan Indeks harga pada tahun Peratus
2004 berasaskan tahun penggunaan (%) – ∑Iw
I=
2000 ∑w
P 80 10 – 10 800
I = 100
Q 130 20 = 108
R 145 20
S 90 50

Calculate the composite index of all the ingredients

for the year 2004 based on the year 2000.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi semua bahan pada tahun 2004
berasaskan tahun 2000.

170
 4 The table below shows the price indices and
weightages of four types of food for the year 2010 Food I w Iw
based on the year 2006. Meat 125 4 500
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan pemberat
bagi empat jenis makanan pada tahun 2010 berasaskan tahun Rice 115 5 575
2006.
Fish 130 3 390
Food Price index Weightage
Makanan Indeks harga Pemberat Vegetable 120 4 480

Meat/Daging 125 4 Total 16 1 945

Rice/Nasi 115 5
– ∑Iw
Fish/Ikan 130 3 I=
∑w
Vegetable/Sayur 120 4 – 1 945
I= 16
Calculate the composite index of the food for the = 121.563
year 2010 based on the year 2006.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi makanan-makanan pada tahun
2010 berasaskan tahun 2006.

Exercise 9 Solve each of the following problems. HOTS Applying

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.
TP 4 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang sesuai tentang nombor indeks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah rutin yang mudah.

Example 9
The table below shows the price indices and the Solution
weightages of three items in the year 2012 using
the year 2009 as the base year. Item
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan pemberat bagi
I w Iw
Barang
tiga barang pada tahun 2012 berasaskan tahun 2009.
P 114 k 114k
Item Price index Weightage Q 128 2 256
Barang Indeks harga Pemberat
R 126 3 378
P 114 k
Total/Jumlah k+5 114k + 634
Q 128 2

R 126 3 – ∑Iw
(a) I =
∑w
(a) The composite index of all the items for the 114k + 634
year 2012 based on the year 2009 is 122. Find 122 =
k+5
the value of k.
122(k + 5) = 114k + 634
Indeks gubahan bagi semua barang pada tahun 2012
berasaskan tahun 2009 ialah 122. Cari nilai k.
122k + 610 = 114k + 634
(b) If the price of item P was RM4.20 in the year 122k − 114k = 634 − 610
2009, 昀椀nd its price in the year 2012. 8k = 24
Jika harga barang P ialah RM4.20 pada tahun 2009, cari k=3
harganya pada tahun 2012.
P2012
(b) P × 100 = 114
2009

P2012
4.2 × 100 = 114
P2012 = RM4.788
≈ RM4.79

171
1 The table below shows the price indices and the 2 The table below shows the price indices and the
weightages of four types of food for the year 2011 weightages of three items for the year 2012 using
using the year 2001 as the base year. the year 2006 as the base year.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan pemberat Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan pemberat
bagi empat jenis makanan pada tahun 2011 berasaskan bagi tiga barang pada tahun 2012 berasaskan tahun 2006.
tahun 2001.
Item Price index Weightage
Food Price index Weightage Barang Indeks harga Pemberat
Makanan Indeks harga Pemberat
E 75 4
A 124 4
F 124 3
B 115 2
G 142 h
C 136 p
D 142 2 (a) The composite index of the three items for
the year 2012 based on the year 2006 is 119.
Find the value of h.
(a) The composite index of the food for the year Indeks gubahan bagi tiga barang pada tahun 2012
2011 based on the year 2001 is 130. Find the berasaskan tahun 2006 ialah 119. Cari nilai h.
value of p. (b) If a new item, H, with price index 113 and the
Indeks gubahan bagi makanan itu pada tahun 2011
weightage 2 is added onto the list, 昀椀nd the
berasaskan tahun 2001 ialah 130. Cari nilai p.
new composite index of the items.
(b) Given the price of food C was RM11.90 in the Jika satu barang baharu, H, dengan indeks harga 113
year 2011. Calculate its price in the year 2001. dan pemberat 2 ditambah dalam senarai itu, cari indeks
Diberi harga makanan C ialah RM11.90 pada tahun gubahan baharu bagi barang itu.
2011. Hitung harganya pada tahun 2001.

Item I w Iw
Food I w Iw
E 75 4 300
A 124 4 496
F 124 3 372
B 115 2 230
G 142 h 142h
C 136 p 136p
Total h+7 142h + 672
D 142 2 284
Total p+8 136p + 1 010 ∑Iw
(a) Ī =
∑w
∑Iw 142h + 672
(a) Ī = 119 =
∑w h+7
136p + 1 010 119(h + 7) = 142h + 672
130 = 119h + 833 = 142h + 672
p+8
833 − 672 = 142h − 119h
130(p + 8) = 136p + 1 010
161 = 23h
130p + 1 040 = 136p + 1 010
7=h
1 040 − 1 010 = 136p − 130p
30 = 6p
(b) ∑IwH = 113 × 2
5=p
= 226
P2011 New composite index, Ī ,
(b) P × 100 = 136
2001
∑Iw 142(7) + 672 + 226
11.90 ∑w
=
× 100 = 136 (7) + 7 + 2
P2001
1 892
P2001 = RM8.75 =
16
= 118.25

172
 3 The table below shows the price indices and the Fruit I w Iw
weightages of four types of fruits for the year
2011 using the year 2010 as the base year. D 75 5 375
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan indeks harga dan pemberat L 90 t 90t
bagi empat jenis buah-buahan pada tahun 2011 berasaskan R 120 4 480
tahun 2010.
N 160 u 160u
Fruit Price index Weightage Total t+u+9 90t + 160u + 855
Buah Indeks harga Pemberat ∑Iw
Ī =
D 75 5 ∑w
90t + 160u + 855
L 90 t 107 =
t+u+9
90t + 160u + 855
R 120 4 107 =
15
N 160 u 1 605 = 90t + 160u + 855
750 = 90t + 160u
The composite index of the four types of fruits 75 = 9t + 16u ———— 1
for the year 2011 based on the year 2010 is 107. 15 = t + u + 9
Find the values of t and u if the total weightages 6=t+u
is 15. 6 − u = t ———— 2
Indeks gubahan bagi empat jenis buah-buahan pada tahun Substitute 2 into 1 ,
2011 berasaskan tahun 2010 ialah 107. 75 = 9(6 − u) + 16u
Cari nilai t dan u jika jumlah pemberat ialah 15.
75 = 54 − 9u + 16u
21 = 7u
3=u
Substitute u = 3 into 2 ,
t=6–3=3

Review 10
Paper 2
Section C
1 A cake is baked by using 昀椀ve ingredients, A, B, C, D and E. Table 1 shows the prices of the ingredients for
the year 2018 and 2020.
Sebiji kek diperbuat daripada lima jenis bahan, A, B, C, D dan E. Jadual 1 menunjukkan harga-harga bahan tersebut pada tahun
2018 dan tahun 2020.

Price per kilogram (RM)

Ingredient Harga sekilogram (RM)
Bahan Year 2018 Year 2020
Tahun 2018 Tahun 2020
A 6.00 7.20
B 3.00 q
C 6.00 7.50
D r s
E 2.50 3.25

Table 1/ Jadual 1
(a) The price index of ingredient B in the year 2020 based on the year 2018 is 115. Calculate the value of q.
Indeks harga bagi bahan B pada tahun 2020 berasaskan tahun 2018 ialah 115. Hitung nilai q.
[2 marks/markah]

173
 (b) It is given that the price index of ingredient D in the year 2020 based on the year 2018 is 140. The price
per kilogram of ingredient D in the year 2020 is RM1.60 more than its corresponding price in the year
2018. Calculate the value of r and of s.
Diberi bahawa indeks harga bagi bahan D pada tahun 2020 berasaskan tahun 2018 ialah 140. Harga sekilogram bagi bahan D
pada tahun 2020 ialah RM1.60 lebih daripada harga sepadannya pada tahun 2018. Hitung nilai r dan nilai s.
[3 marks/markah]
(c) The composite index for the production cost of baking the cake in the year 2020 based on the year 2018 is
123. Calculate
Indeks gubahan bagi kos pembuatan kek pada tahun 2020 berasaskan tahun 2018 ialah 123. Hitung
(i) the production cost of baking the cake in the year 2018 if its corresponding cost in the year 2020 is
RM61.50,
kos pembuatan kek pada tahun 2018 jika kos sepadannya pada tahun 2020 ialah RM61.50,
(ii) the value of n if the quantities of ingredients A, B, C, D and E used are in the ratio of 3 : 5 : n : 2 : 1.
nilai n jika kuantiti bahan A, B, C, D dan E yang digunakan adalah dalam nisbah 3 : 5 : n : 2 : 1.
[5 marks/markah]

2 Table 2 shows the price indices of three brands of smartphones for the year 2018 based on the year 2016. The
pie chart in Diagram 1 represents the proportion of the smartphones sold in a town.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan indeks harga bagi tiga jenama telefon pintar pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2016. Carta pai dalam
Rajah 1 mewakili nisbah telefon pintar yang dijual di sebuah bandar.

Smartphone Price index for the year 2018 based on the year 2016
Telefon pintar Indeks harga pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2016 R
60° Q
P 160 200°
P
Q 130
R 120

Table 2/ Jadual 2 Diagram 1/ Rajah 1

(a) If the price of a smartphone brand P in the year 2018 is RM1 800, 昀椀nd its price in the year 2016.
Jika harga telefon pintar jenama P pada tahun 2018 ialah RM1 800, cari harganya pada tahun 2016.
[2 marks/markah]
(b) Calculate the composite index for the price of the smartphones in the year 2018 based on the year 2016.
Hitung indeks gubahan bagi harga telefon pintar pada tahun 2018 berasaskan tahun 2016.
[3 marks/markah]
(c) The total sales of the smartphones in the year 2016 is RM540 000. Calculate the total sales in the year 2018.
Jumlah jualan telefon pintar pada tahun 2016 ialah RM540 000. Hitung jumlah jualan pada tahun 2018.
[2 marks/markah]
(d) The price of the smartphone brand P increases by 15%, the price of smartphone brand Q increases by
30% and the price of smartphone brand R remains unchanged from the year 2018 to the year 2021.
Calculate the composite index for the price of the smartphones in the year 2021 based on the year 2016.
Harga telefon pintar jenama P bertambah sebanyak 15%, harga telefon pintar jenama Q bertambah sebanyak 30% dan harga
telefon pintar jenama R kekal tidak berubah dari tahun 2018 ke tahun 2021. Hitung indeks gubahan bagi harga telefon pintar
pada tahun 2021 berasaskan tahun 2016.
[3 marks/markah]

H O TS Z o n e
1 Given the composite index for the cost of making a cake in the year 2019 based on the year 2017 is 108 and
the composite index for the cost of making the cake in the year 2021 based on the year 2019 is 115, calculate
the composite index for the cost of making the cake in the year 2021 based on the year 2017. HOTS Applying
Diberi indeks gubahan bagi kos membuat sebiji kek pada tahun 2019 berasaskan tahun 2017 ialah 108 dan indeks gubahan bagi kos
membuat kek itu pada tahun 2021 berasaskan tahun 2019 ialah 115, hitung indeks gubahan bagi kos membuat kek itu pada tahun
2021 berasaskan tahun 2017.

174