Colorado

Colorado (/ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ, -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ KOL-ə-RAD-oh, -⁠RAH-doh,[8][9] other

variants;[10] Spanish: [koloˈɾaðo]) is a state in the Western United States. It is Colorado
one of the Mountain states, sharing the Four Corners region with Arizona, New State
Mexico, and Utah. It is also bordered by Wyoming to the north, Nebraska to the
northeast, Kansas to the east, and Oklahoma to the southeast. Colorado is
noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons,
plateaus, rivers, and desert lands. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky
Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the
western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is the eighth most extensive and 21st Flag
Seal
most populous U.S. state. The United States Census Bureau estimated the
population of Colorado at 5,877,610 as of July 1, 2023, a 1.80% increase since Nicknames: The Centennial State
Motto(s): Nil sine numine
the 2020 United States census.[11]
(English: Nothing without providence)
Anthem: Where the Columbines Grow and
The region has been inhabited by Native Americans and their ancestors for at
Rocky Mountain High[1]
least 13,500 years and possibly much longer. The eastern edge of the Rocky
Mountains was a major migration route for early peoples who spread
throughout the Americas. In 1848, much of the Nuevo México region was
annexed to the United States with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Pike's
Peak Gold Rush of 1858–1862 created an influx of settlers. On February 28,
1861, U.S. President James Buchanan signed an act creating the Territory of
Colorado,[2] and on August 1, 1876, President Ulysses S. Grant signed
Proclamation 230, admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state.[3] The
Spanish adjective "colorado" means "colored red" or "ruddy". Colorado is
nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it became a state 100 years (and four
weeks) after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.

Denver is the capital, the most populous city, and the center of the Front Range
Urban Corridor. Colorado Springs is the second most populous city of the state.
Residents of the state are known as Coloradans, although the antiquated
"Coloradoan" is occasionally used.[12][13] Major parts of the economy include
government and defense, mining, agriculture, tourism, and increasingly other
kinds of manufacturing. With increasing temperatures and decreasing water Map of the United States with Colorado
availability, Colorado's agriculture forestry, and tourism economies are highlighted
expected to be heavily affected by climate change.[14] Country United States
Before statehood Territory of Colorado[2]
Admitted to the August 1, 1876[3] (38th)
History Union
Capital Denver
The region that is today the State of Colorado has been inhabited by Native (and largest city)
Americans and their Paleoamerican ancestors for at least 13,500 years and Largest county or El Paso
possibly more than 37,000 years.[15][16] The eastern edge of the Rocky equivalent
Mountains was a major migration route that was important to the spread of Largest metro and Denver
urban areas
early peoples throughout the Americas. The Lindenmeier site in Larimer
County contains artifacts dating from approximately 8720 BCE. The Ancient Government
Pueblo peoples lived in the valleys and mesas of the Colorado Plateau in far • Governor Jared Polis (D)
• Lieutenant Dianne Primavera (D)
southwestern Colorado.[17] The Ute Nation inhabited the mountain valleys of
governor
the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Western Rocky Mountains, even as far Legislature General Assembly
east as the Front Range of the present day. The Apache and the Comanche also • Upper house Senate
inhabited the Eastern and Southeastern parts of the state. In the 17th century, • Lower house House of
the Arapaho and Cheyenne moved west from the Great Lakes region to hunt Representatives
across the High Plains of Colorado and Wyoming. Judiciary Supreme Court (list)
The Spanish Empire claimed Colorado as part of Nuevo México. The U.S. U.S. senators Michael Bennet (D)
acquired the territorial claim to the eastern Rocky Mountains with the John Hickenlooper (D)
U.S. House 5 Democrats
Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803. This U.S. claim conflicted with the delegation 3 Republicans (list)
claim by Spain to the upper Arkansas River Basin. In 1806, Zebulon Pike led a
Area
U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition into the disputed region. Colonel Pike
• Total 104,185[4] sq mi
and his troops were arrested by Spanish cavalrymen in the San Luis Valley the
(269,837 km2)
following February, taken to Chihuahua, and expelled from Mexico the • Land 103,718 sq mi
following July. (268,875 km2)
• Water 376 sq mi (962 km2)
The U.S. relinquished its claim to all land south and west of the Arkansas River 0.36%
and south of 42nd parallel north and west of the 100th meridian west as part of • Rank 8th
its purchase of Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. The
Dimensions
treaty took effect on February 22, 1821. Having settled its border with Spain, • Length 280 mi (451 km)
the U.S. admitted the southeastern portion of the Territory of Missouri to the • Width 380 mi (612 km)
Union as the state of Missouri on August 10, 1821. The remainder of Missouri
Elevation 6,800 ft (2,070 m)
Territory, including what would become northeastern Colorado, became an
Highest elevation 14,440 ft (4,401.2 m)
unorganized territory and remained so for 33 years over the question of slavery. (Mount Elbert[5][6][a])
After 11 years of war, Spain finally recognized the independence of Mexico with Lowest elevation 3,317 ft (1,011 m)
the Treaty of Córdoba signed on August 24, 1821. Mexico eventually ratified the (Arikaree River[6][a])
Adams–Onís Treaty in 1831. The Texian Revolt of 1835–36 fomented a dispute
Population (estimate as of July 1, 2023)
between the U.S. and Mexico which eventually erupted into the Mexican–
• Total 5,877,610
American War in 1846. Mexico surrendered its northern territory to the U.S. • Rank 21st
with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the war in 1848; this included much • Density 56.25/sq mi
of the western and southern areas of Colorado. (21.72/km2)
• Rank 37th
Most American settlers first traveled to Colorado through the Santa Fe Trail, • Median household $75,200[7]
which connected the U.S. to Santa Fe and the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro income
southward. Others were traveling overland west to the Oregon Country, the • Income rank 9th
new goldfields of California, or the new Mormon settlements of the State of Demonym Coloradan
Deseret in the Salt Lake Valley, avoided the rugged Southern Rocky Mountains, Language
and instead followed the North Platte River and Sweetwater River to South • Official language English
Pass (Wyoming), the lowest crossing of the Continental Divide between the Time zone UTC−07:00 (MST)
Southern Rocky Mountains and the Central Rocky Mountains. In 1849, the • Summer (DST) UTC−06:00 (MDT)
Mormons of the Salt Lake Valley organized the extralegal State of Deseret,
USPS abbreviation CO
claiming the entire Great Basin and all lands drained by the rivers Green, ISO 3166 code US-CO
Grand, and Colorado. The federal government of the U.S. flatly refused to
Latitude 37°N to 41°N
recognize the new Mormon government because it was theocratic and
Longitude 102.0467°W to
sanctioned plural marriage. Instead, the Compromise of 1850 divided the 109.0467°W
Mexican Cession and the northwestern claims of Texas into a new state and two
Website colorado.gov (http://col
new territories, the state of California, the Territory of New Mexico, and the
orado.gov)
Territory of Utah. On April 9, 1851, Hispano settlers from the area of Taos
Symbols of Colorado
settled the village of San Luis, then in the New Mexico Territory, as Colorado's
first permanent Euro-American settlement, further cementing the traditions of Slogan Colorful Colorado
New Mexican cuisine and New Mexico music in the developing Southern Rocky Amphibian Western tiger
Mountain Front.[18][19] salamander
Ambystoma mavortium
In 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas persuaded the U.S. Congress to divide the Bird Lark bunting
Calamospiza
unorganized territory east of the Continental Divide into two new organized melanocoryus
territories, the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska, and an Cactus Claret cup cactus
unorganized southern region known as the Indian Territory. Each new territory Echinocereus
was to decide the fate of slavery within its boundaries, but this compromise triglochidiatus
merely served to fuel animosity between free soil and pro-slavery factions. Fish Greenback cutthroat
trout
Oncorhynchus clarki
The gold seekers organized the Provisional Government of the Territory of somias
Jefferson on August 24, 1859, but this new territory failed to secure approval Flower Rocky Mountain
from the Congress of the United States embroiled in the debate over slavery. columbine
The election of Abraham Lincoln for the President of the United States on Aquilegia coerulea
November 6, 1860, led to the secession of nine southern slave states and the
threat of civil war among the states. Seeking to augment the political power of Grass Blue grama grass
the Union states, the Republican Party-dominated Congress quickly admitted Bouteloua gracilis
Insect Colorado Hairstreak
the eastern portion of the Territory of Kansas into the Union as the free State of Hypaurotis crysalus
Kansas on January 29, 1861, leaving the western portion of the Kansas Mammal Rocky Mountain
Territory, and its gold-mining areas, as unorganized territory. bighorn sheep
Ovis canadensis
Pet Colorado shelter pets
Territory act Canis lupus familiaris
and Felis catus
Thirty days later on February 28, 1861, outgoing U.S. President James
Reptile Western painted turtle
Buchanan signed an Act of Congress organizing the free Territory of Chrysemys picta bellii
Colorado.[2] The original boundaries of Colorado remain unchanged except for Tree Colorado blue spruce
government survey amendments. In 1776, Spanish priest Silvestre Vélez de Picea pungens
Escalante recorded that Native Americans in the area knew the river as el Rio Folk dance Square dance
Chorea quadra
Colorado for the red-brown silt that the river carried from the mountains.[20]
Fossil Stegosaurus
In 1859, a U.S. Army topographic expedition led by Captain John Macomb Stegosaurus armatus
located the confluence of the Green River with the Grand River in what is now Gemstone Aquamarine
Canyonlands National Park in Utah.[21] The Macomb party designated the Mineral Rhodochrosite
confluence as the source of the Colorado River. Rock Yule Marble
Ship USS Colorado (SSN-
On April 12, 1861, South Carolina artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter to start 788)
the American Civil War. While many gold seekers held sympathies for the Soil Seitz soil
Confederacy, the vast majority remained fiercely loyal to the Union cause. Sport Pack burro racing
(summer)
In 1862, a force of Texas cavalry invaded the Territory of New Mexico and Skiing and
snowboarding (winter)
captured Santa Fe on March 10. The object of this Western Campaign was to
Tartan Colorado state tartan
seize or disrupt Colorado and California's gold fields and seize Pacific Ocean
ports for the Confederacy. A hastily organized force of Colorado volunteers force-marched from Denver City, Colorado
Territory, to Glorieta Pass, New Mexico Territory, in an attempt to block the Texans. On March 28, the Coloradans and local
New Mexico volunteers stopped the Texans at the Battle of Glorieta Pass, destroyed their cannon and supply wagons, and
dispersed 500 of their horses and mules.[22] The Texans were forced to retreat to Santa Fe.
Having lost the supplies for their campaign and finding little support in New Mexico, the
Texans abandoned Santa Fe and returned to San Antonio in defeat. The Confederacy made
no further attempts to seize the Southwestern United States.

In 1864, Territorial Governor John Evans appointed the Reverend John Chivington as
Colonel of the Colorado Volunteers with orders to protect white settlers from Cheyenne and
Arapaho warriors who were accused of stealing cattle. Colonel Chivington ordered his
troops to attack a band of Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped along Sand Creek. Chivington The ruins of the Cliff Palace of Mesa
reported that his troops killed more than 500 warriors. The militia returned to Denver City Verde, photographed by Gustaf
in triumph, but several officers reported that the so-called battle was a blatant massacre of Nordenskiöld in 1891
Indians at peace, that most of the dead were women and children, and that the bodies of the
dead had been hideously mutilated and desecrated. Three U.S. Army inquiries condemned
the action, and incoming President Andrew Johnson asked Governor Evans for his
resignation, but none of the perpetrators was ever punished. This event is now known as the
Sand Creek massacre.

In the midst and aftermath of the Civil War, many discouraged prospectors returned to
their homes, but a few stayed and developed mines, mills, farms, ranches, roads, and towns
in Colorado Territory. On September 14, 1864, James Huff discovered silver near Argentine
Pass, the first of many silver strikes. In 1867, the Union Pacific Railroad laid its tracks west Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site
to Weir, now Julesburg, in the northeast corner of the Territory. The Union Pacific linked on the Santa Fe National Historic
up with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, to form Trail.

the First transcontinental railroad. The Denver Pacific Railway reached Denver in June of
 the following year, and the Kansas Pacific arrived two
months later to forge the second line across the
continent. In 1872, rich veins of silver were discovered
in the San Juan Mountains on the Ute Indian
reservation in southwestern Colorado. The Ute people
were removed from the San Juan Mountains the
following year.

The territories of New Mexico, Utah,

Kansas, and Nebraska before the Statehood
creation of the Territory of Colorado
The United States Congress passed an enabling act on Map of the Mexican Cession, with
March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the the white representing the territory
the United States received from
Territory of Colorado to become a state.[23] On August 1, 1876 (four weeks after the
Mexico (plus land ceded to the
Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation Republic of Texas) after the
admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker "Centennial Mexican–American War. Well over
State".[3] half of Colorado was received from
this treaty.
The discovery of a major silver lode near Leadville in 1878 triggered the Colorado Silver
Boom. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 invigorated silver mining, and Colorado's
last, but greatest, gold strike at Cripple Creek a few months later lured a new generation of gold seekers. Colorado women were
granted the right to vote on November 7, 1893, making Colorado the second state to grant universal suffrage and the first one
by a popular vote (of Colorado men). The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 led to a staggering collapse of the
mining and agricultural economy of Colorado, but the state slowly and steadily recovered. Between the 1880s and 1930s,
Denver's floriculture industry developed into a major industry in Colorado.[24][25] This period became known locally as the
Carnation Gold Rush.[26]

Twentieth and twenty-first centuries

Poor labor conditions and discontent among miners resulted in several major clashes
between strikers and the Colorado National Guard, including the 1903–1904 Western
Federation of Miners Strike and Colorado Coalfield War, the latter of which included the
Ludlow massacre that killed a dozen women and children.[27][28] Both the 1913–1914
Coalfield War and the Denver streetcar strike of 1920 resulted in federal troops intervening
to end the violence.[29] In 1927, the 1927-28 Colorado coal strike occurred and was
ultimately successful in winning a dollar a day increase in wages.[30][31] During it however
the Columbine Mine massacre resulted in six dead strikers following a confrontation with
Colorado Rangers.[32][33] In a separate incident in Trinidad the mayor was accused of
Mount of the Holy Cross,
deputizing members of the KKK against the striking workers.[34] More than 5,000 Colorado photographed by William Henry
miners—many immigrants—are estimated to have died in accidents since records were first Jackson in 1874
formally collected following an 1884 accident in Crested Butte that killed 59.[35]

In 1924, the Ku Klux Klan Colorado Realm achieved dominance in Colorado politics. With
peak membership levels, the Second Klan levied significant control over both the local and
state Democrat and Republican parties, particularly in the governor's office and city
governments of Denver, Cañon City, and Durango. A particularly strong element of the Klan
controlled the Denver Police.[36] Cross burnings became semi-regular occurrences in cities
such as Florence and Pueblo. The Klan targeted African-Americans, Catholics, Eastern
European immigrants, and other non-White Protestant groups.[37] Efforts by non-Klan
lawmen and lawyers including Philip Van Cise led to a rapid decline in the organization's
power, with membership waning significantly by the end of the 1920s.[36]
The Georgetown Loop of the
Colorado Central Railroad as
Colorado became the first western state to host a major political convention when the
photographed by William Henry
Democratic Party met in Denver in 1908. By the U.S. census in 1930, the population of
Jackson in 1899
Colorado first exceeded one million residents. Colorado suffered greatly through the Great
Depression and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, but a major wave of immigration following
World War II boosted Colorado's fortune. Tourism became a mainstay of the state economy, and
high technology became an important economic engine. The United States Census Bureau
estimated that the population of Colorado exceeded five million in 2009.

On September 11, 1957, a plutonium fire occurred at the Rocky Flats Plant, which resulted in the
significant plutonium contamination of surrounding populated areas.[38]

From the 1940s and 1970s, many protest movements gained momentum in Colorado,
predominantly in Denver. This included the Chicano Movement, a civil rights, and social
movement of Mexican Americans emphasizing a Chicano identity that is widely considered to have
begun in Denver.[39] The National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference was held in Colorado in
March 1969.[40]
16th Street in Denver in
In 1967, Colorado was the first state to loosen restrictions on abortion when governor John Love 1912
signed a law allowing abortions in cases of rape, incest, or threats to the woman's mental or
physical health. Many states followed Colorado's lead in loosening abortion laws in the
1960s and 1970s.[41]

Since the late 1990s, Colorado has been the site of multiple major mass shootings, including
the infamous Columbine High School massacre in 1999 which made international news,
where two gunmen killed 12 students and one teacher, before committing suicide. The
incident has spawned many copycat incidents.[42] On July 20, 2012, a gunman killed 12
people in a movie theater in Aurora. The state responded with tighter restrictions on
The ruins of the Ludlow Colony in
firearms, including introducing a limit on magazine capacity.[43] On March 22, 2021, a the aftermath of the 1914 massacre.
gunman killed 10 people, including a police officer, in a King Soopers supermarket in
Boulder.[44] In an instance of anti-LGBT violence, a gunman killed 5 people at a nightclub
in Colorado Springs during the night of November 19–20, 2022.[45]
Four warships of the U.S. Navy have been named the USS Colorado. The first USS Colorado
was named for the Colorado River and served in the Civil War and later the Asiatic
Squadron, where it was attacked during the 1871 Korean Expedition. The later three ships
were named in honor of the state, including an armored cruiser and the battleship USS
Colorado, the latter of which was the lead ship of her class and served in World War II in
the Pacific beginning in 1941. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the battleship USS
Colorado was located at the naval base in San Diego, California, and thus went unscathed.
The most recent vessel to bear the name USS Colorado is Virginia-class submarine USS
Colorado (SSN-788), which was commissioned in 2018.[46] Three 10th Mountain Division
skitroopers above Camp Hale in
February 1944

Geography
Colorado is notable for its diverse geography, which includes alpine mountains, high plains,
deserts with huge sand dunes, and deep canyons. In 1861, the United States Congress
defined the boundaries of the new Territory of Colorado exclusively by lines of latitude and
longitude, stretching from 37°N to 41°N latitude, and from 102°02′48″W to 109°02′48″W
longitude (25°W to 32°W from the Washington Meridian).[2] After 163 years of government
surveys, the borders of Colorado were officially defined by 697 boundary markers and 697
straight boundary lines.[47] Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah are the only states that have their
borders defined solely by straight boundary lines with no natural features.[48] The Skiers on Aspen Mountain in 1961
southwest corner of Colorado is the Four Corners Monument at 36°59′56″N,
109°2′43″W.[49][b] The Four Corners Monument, located at the place where Colorado, New
Mexico, Arizona, and Utah meet, is the only place in the United States where four states meet.[48]

Plains
Approximately half of Colorado is flat and rolling land. East of the Rocky Mountains is the
Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Colorado
at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet (1,020 to 2,290 m).[50] The Colorado
plains are mostly prairies but also include deciduous forests, buttes, and canyons.
Precipitation averages 15 to 25 inches (380 to 640 mm) annually.[51]

Eastern Colorado is presently mainly farmland and rangeland, along with small farming
villages and towns. Corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops. Most villages
and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is
available from both surface and subterranean sources. Surface water sources include the
South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams. Subterranean water is generally
accessed through artesian wells. Heavy usage of these wells for irrigation purposes caused
underground water reserves to decline in the region. Eastern Colorado also hosts a
considerable amount and range of livestock, such as cattle ranches and hog farms.[52]

Front Range
Roughly 70% of Colorado's population resides along the eastern edge of the Rocky
Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo,
Colorado. This region is partially protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the The arid high plains in Southeastern
Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The "Front Range" Colorado
includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Castle Rock, Colorado Springs, Pueblo,
Greeley, and other townships and municipalities in between. On the other side of the
Rockies, the significant population centers in western Colorado (which is known as "The Western Slope") are the cities of Grand
Junction, Durango, and Montrose.

Mountains
To the west of the Great Plains of Colorado rises the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains.
Notable peaks of the Rocky Mountains include Longs Peak, Mount Blue Sky, Pikes Peak,
and the Spanish Peaks near Walsenburg, in southern Colorado. This area drains to the east
and the southeast, ultimately either via the Mississippi River or the Rio Grande into the
Gulf of Mexico.

The Rocky Mountains within Colorado contain 53 true peaks and 58 named peaks[53] that
are 14,000 feet (4,267 m) or higher in elevation above sea level, known as fourteeners.[54]
Front Range Peaks west of Denver
These mountains are largely covered with trees such as conifers and aspens up to the tree
line, at an elevation of about 12,000 feet (3,658 m) in southern Colorado to about 10,500
feet (3,200 m) in northern Colorado. Above this tree line, only alpine vegetation grows.

Much of the alpine snow melts by mid-August except for a few snow-capped peaks and a
few small glaciers. The Colorado Mineral Belt, stretching from the San Juan Mountains in
the southwest to Boulder and Central City on the front range, contains most of the historic
gold- and silver-mining districts of Colorado. The 30 highest major summits of the Rocky
Mountains of North America are all within the state.

The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,437.6 feet (4,400.58 m) elevation in Lake County is the Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet
highest point in Colorado and the Rocky Mountains of North America.[5][55] Colorado is the (4,401.2 m) is the highest summit of
only U.S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree the Rocky Mountains and Colorado.
River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado, and into Cheyenne County, Kansas, is the lowest
in Colorado at 3,317 feet (1,011 m) elevation. This point, which is the highest low elevation
point of any state,[6][56] is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia.

Continental Divide
The Continental Divide of the Americas extends along the crest of the Rocky Mountains. The area of Colorado to the west of the
Continental Divide is called the Western Slope of Colorado. West of the Continental Divide, water flows to the southwest via the
Colorado River and the Green River towards the Gulf of California.
Within the interior of the Rocky Mountains are several large parks which are high broad basins. In
the north, on the east side of the Continental Divide is the North Park of Colorado. The North Park
is drained by the North Platte River, which flows north into Wyoming and Nebraska. Just to the
south of North Park, but on the western side of the Continental Divide, is the Middle Park of
Colorado, which is drained by the Colorado River. The South Park of Colorado is the region of the
headwaters of the South Platte River.

South Central region

In south-central Colorado is the large San Luis Valley, where the headwaters of the Rio Grande are
located. The northern part of the valley is the San Luis Closed Basin, an endorheic basin that
helped created the Great Sand Dunes. The valley sits between the Sangre De Cristo Mountains and
Grays Peak, at 14,278 feet
San Juan Mountains. The Rio Grande drains due south into New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. (4,352 m), is the highest
Across the Sangre de Cristo Range to the east of the San Luis Valley lies the Wet Mountain Valley. point on the Continental
These basins, particularly the San Luis Valley, lie along the Rio Grande Rift, a major geological Divide in North America.
formation of the Rocky Mountains, and its branches.

Western Slope
The Western Slope of Colorado includes the western face of the Rocky Mountains and all of
the area to the western border. This area includes several terrains and climates from alpine
mountains to arid deserts. The Western Slope includes many ski resort towns in the Rocky
Mountains and towns west to Utah. It is less populous than the Front Range but includes a
large number of national parks and monuments.
The high desert lands that make up
The northwestern corner of Colorado is a sparsely populated region, and it contains part of the San Luis Valley in Southern
the noted Dinosaur National Monument, which not only is a paleontological area, but is also Colorado
a scenic area of rocky hills, canyons, arid desert, and streambeds. Here, the Green River
briefly crosses over into Colorado.
The Western Slope of Colorado is drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries
(primarily the Gunnison River, Green River, and the San Juan River). The Colorado River
flows through Glenwood Canyon, and then through an arid valley made up of desert from
Rifle to Parachute, through the desert canyon of De Beque Canyon, and into the arid desert
of Grand Valley, where the city of Grand Junction is located.

Also prominent is the Grand Mesa, which lies to the southeast of Grand Junction; the high
San Juan Mountains, a rugged mountain range; and to the north and west of the San Juan Maroon Bells, at 14,163 ft
Mountains, the Colorado Plateau. (4,317 m), is part of White River
National Forest and a tourist
destination
Grand Junction, Colorado, at the confluence of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers, is the
largest city on the Western Slope. Grand Junction and Durango are the only major centers
of television broadcasting west of the Continental Divide in Colorado, though most
mountain resort communities publish daily newspapers. Grand Junction is located at the
juncture of Interstate 70 and US 50, the only major highways in western Colorado. Grand
Junction is also along the major railroad of the Western Slope, the Union Pacific. This
railroad also provides the tracks for Amtrak's California Zephyr passenger train, which
crosses the Rocky Mountains between Denver and Grand Junction.

The Western Slope includes multiple notable destinations in the Colorado Rocky
The Colorado National Monument
Mountains, including Glenwood Springs, with its resort hot springs, and the ski resorts of
near Grand Junction is made up of
Aspen, Breckenridge, Vail, Crested Butte, Steamboat Springs, and Telluride.
high desert canyons and sandstone
rock formations.
Higher education in and near the Western Slope can be found at Colorado Mesa University
in Grand Junction, Western Colorado University in Gunnison, Fort Lewis College in
Durango, and Colorado Mountain College in Glenwood Springs and Steamboat Springs.
The Four Corners Monument in the southwest corner of Colorado marks the common boundary of Colorado, New Mexico,
Arizona, and Utah; the only such place in the United States.

Climate
The climate of Colorado is more complex than states outside of the Mountain States region.
Unlike most other states, southern Colorado is not always warmer than northern Colorado.
Most of Colorado is made up of mountains, foothills, high plains, and desert lands.
Mountains and surrounding valleys greatly affect the local climate. Northeast, east, and
southeast Colorado are mostly the high plains, while Northern Colorado is a mix of high
plains, foothills, and mountains. Northwest and west Colorado are predominantly
mountainous, with some desert lands mixed in. Southwest and southern Colorado are a
complex mixture of desert and mountain areas.

Eastern Plains
The climate of the Eastern Plains is semi-arid (Köppen climate classification: BSk) with low
Köppen climate types of Colorado,
humidity and moderate precipitation, usually from 15 to 25 inches (380 to 640 millimeters)
using 1991-2020 climate normals
annually, although many areas near the rivers are semi-humid climate. The area is known
for its abundant sunshine and cool, clear nights, which give this area a great average diurnal
temperature range. The difference between the highs of the days and the lows of the nights can be considerable as warmth
dissipates to space during clear nights, the heat radiation not being trapped by clouds. The Front Range urban corridor, where
most of the population of Colorado resides, lies in a pronounced precipitation shadow as a result of being on the lee side of the
Rocky Mountains.[57]

In summer, this area can have many days above 95 °F (35 °C) and often 100 °F (38 °C).[58] On the plains, the winter lows
usually range from 25 to −10 °F (−4 to −23 °C). About 75% of the precipitation falls within the growing season, from April to
September, but this area is very prone to droughts. Most of the precipitation comes from thunderstorms, which can be severe,
and from major snowstorms that occur in the winter and early spring. Otherwise, winters tend to be mostly dry and cold.[59]

In much of the region, March is the snowiest month. April and May are normally the rainiest months, while April is the wettest
month overall. The Front Range cities closer to the mountains tend to be warmer in the winter due to Chinook winds which
warms the area, sometimes bringing temperatures of 70 °F (21 °C) or higher in the winter.[59] The average July temperature is
55 °F (13 °C) in the morning and 90 °F (32 °C) in the afternoon. The average January temperature is 18 °F (−8 °C) in the
morning and 48 °F (9 °C) in the afternoon, although variation between consecutive days can be 40 °F (22 °C).

Front Range foothills

Just west of the plains and into the foothills, there is a wide variety of climate types. Locations merely a few miles apart can
experience entirely different weather depending on the topography. Most valleys have a semi-arid climate, not unlike the
eastern plains, which transitions to an alpine climate at the highest elevations. Microclimates also exist in local areas that run
nearly the entire spectrum of climates, including subtropical highland (Cfb/Cwb), humid subtropical (Cfa), humid continental
(Dfa/Dfb), Mediterranean (Csa/Csb) and subarctic (Dfc).[60]

Extreme weather
Extreme weather changes are common in Colorado, although a significant portion of the extreme weather occurs in the least
populated areas of the state. Thunderstorms are common east of the Continental Divide in the spring and summer, yet are
usually brief. Hail is a common sight in the mountains east of the Divide and across the eastern Plains, especially the northeast
part of the state. Hail is the most commonly reported warm-season severe weather hazard, and occasionally causes human
injuries, as well as significant property damage.[61] The eastern Plains are subject to some of the biggest hail storms in North
America.[51] Notable examples are the severe hailstorms that hit Denver on July 11, 1990,[62] and May 8, 2017, the latter being
the costliest ever in the state.[63]

The Eastern Plains are part of the extreme western portion of Tornado Alley; some damaging tornadoes in the Eastern Plains
include the 1990 Limon F3 tornado and the 2008 Windsor EF3 tornado, which devastated a small town.[64] Portions of the
eastern Plains see especially frequent tornadoes, both those spawned from mesocyclones in supercell thunderstorms and from
less intense landspouts, such as within the Denver convergence vorticity zone (DCVZ).[61]

The Plains are also susceptible to occasional floods and particularly severe flash floods, which are caused both by
thunderstorms and by the rapid melting of snow in the mountains during warm weather. Notable examples include the 1965
Denver Flood,[65] the Big Thompson River flooding of 1976 and the 2013 Colorado floods. Hot weather is common during
summers in Denver. The city's record in 1901 for the number of consecutive days above 90 °F (32 °C) was broken during the
summer of 2008. The new record of 24 consecutive days surpassed the previous record by almost a week.[66]

Much of Colorado is very dry, with the state averaging only 17 inches (430 millimeters) of precipitation per year statewide. The
state rarely experiences a time when some portion is not in some degree of drought.[67] The lack of precipitation contributes to
the severity of wildfires in the state, such as the Hayman Fire of 2002. Other notable fires include the Fourmile Canyon Fire of
2010, the Waldo Canyon Fire and High Park Fire of June 2012, and the Black Forest Fire of June 2013. Even these fires were
exceeded in severity by the Pine Gulch Fire, Cameron Peak Fire, and East Troublesome Fire in 2020, all being the three largest
fires in Colorado history (see 2020 Colorado wildfires). And the Marshall Fire which started on December 30, 2021, while not
the largest in state history, was the most destructive ever in terms of property loss (see Marshall Fire).

However, some of the mountainous regions of Colorado receive a huge amount of moisture from winter snowfalls. The spring
melts of these snows often cause great waterflows in the Yampa River, the Colorado River, the Rio Grande, the Arkansas River,
the North Platte River, and the South Platte River.

Water flowing out of the Colorado Rocky Mountains is a very significant source of water for the farms, towns, and cities of the
southwest states of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada, as well as the Midwest, such as Nebraska and Kansas, and the
southern states of Oklahoma and Texas. A significant amount of water is also diverted for use in California; occasionally
(formerly naturally and consistently), the flow of water reaches northern Mexico.

Climate change
Climate change in Colorado encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric
carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Colorado.
In 2019 The Denver Post reported that "[i]ndividuals living in southeastern Colorado are more vulnerable to potential health
effects from climate change than residents in other parts of the state".[68] The United States Environmental Protection Agency
has more broadly reported:

"Colorado's climate is changing. Most of the state has warmed one or two degrees (F) in the last century. Throughout the
western United States, heat waves are becoming more common, snow is melting earlier in spring, and less water flows through
the Colorado River.[69][70] Rising temperatures[71] and recent droughts[72] in the region have killed many trees by drying out
soils, increasing the risk of forest fires, or enabling outbreaks of forest insects. In the coming decades, the changing climate is
likely to decrease water availability and agricultural yields in Colorado, and further increase the risk of wildfires".[73]

Records
The highest official ambient air temperature ever recorded in Colorado was 115 °F (46.1 °C) on July 20, 2019, at John Martin
Dam. The lowest official air temperature was −61 °F (−51.7 °C) on February 1, 1985, at Maybell.[74][75]
 Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Colorado cities[76]
(°F) (°C)

City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

34/−2 40/6 50/17 59/24 69/33 79/41 82/47 80/46 73/40 62/25 47/12 35/1
Alamosa
2/−19 4/−14 10/−8 15/−4 21/1 26/5 28/8 27/8 23/4 17/−4 8/−11 2/−17

43/18 45/20 52/26 60/33 69/43 79/51 85/57 82/56 75/47 63/36 51/25 42/18
Colorado Springs
6/−8 7/−7 11/−3 16/1 21/6 26/11 29/14 28/13 24/8 17/2 11/−4 6/−8

49/20 49/21 56/29 64/35 73/46 84/54 92/61 89/60 81/50 68/37 55/26 47/18
Denver
9/−7 9/−6 13/−2 18/2 23/8 29/12 33/16 32/16 27/10 20/3 13/−3 8/−8
38/17 45/24 57/31 65/38 76/47 88/56 93/63 90/61 80/52 66/40 51/28 39/19
Grand Junction
3/−8 7/−4 14/-1 18/3 24/8 31/13 34/17 32/16 27/11 19/4 11/−2 4/−7

47/14 51/17 59/26 67/34 77/44 87/53 93/59 90/58 82/48 69/34 56/23 46/14
Pueblo
8/−10 11/−8 15/−3 19/1 25/7 31/12 34/15 32/14 28/9 21/1 13/−5 8/−10

Extreme temperatures

Climate data for Colorado

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

84 88 96 100 107 114 115 112 108 100 90 88 115

Record high °F (°C)
(29) (31) (36) (38) (42) (46) (46) (44) (42) (38) (32) (31) (46)

−56 −61 −44 −30 −11 10 18 15 −2 −28 −37 −50 −61

Record low °F (°C)
(−49) (−52) (−42) (−34) (−24) (−12) (−8) (−9) (−19) (−33) (−38) (−46) (−52)

Source: Colorado Climate Center[77]

Earthquakes
Despite its mountainous terrain, Colorado is relatively quiet seismically. The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center is
located in Golden.

On August 22, 2011, a 5.3 magnitude earthquake occurred 9 miles (14 km) west-southwest of the city of Trinidad.[78] There
were no casualties and only a small amount of damage was reported. It was the second-largest earthquake in Colorado's
history, the largest being a magnitude 6.6 earthquake, recorded in 1882.[79] Four minor earthquakes rattled Colorado on
August 24, 2018, ranging from magnitude 2.9 to 4.3.[80] As of June 2020, there were 525 recorded earthquakes in Colorado
since 1973, a majority of which range 2 to 3.5 on the Richter scale.[81]

Fauna
A process of extirpation by trapping and poisoning of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) from Colorado in
the 1930s saw the last wild wolf in the state shot in 1945.[82] A wolf pack recolonized Moffat
County, Colorado in northwestern Colorado in 2019.[83] Cattle farmers have expressed concern
that a returning wolf population potentially threatens their herds.[82] Coloradans voted to
reintroduce gray wolves in 2020, with the state committing to a plan to have a population in the
state by 2022 and permitting non-lethal methods of driving off wolves attacking livestock and
pets.[84][85]

While there is fossil evidence of Harrington's mountain goat in Colorado between at least 800,000
years ago and its extinction with megafauna roughly 11,000 years ago, the mountain goat is not
native to Colorado but was instead introduced to the state over time during the interval between
1947 and 1972. Despite being an artificially-introduced species, the state declared mountain goats a
native species in 1993.[86] In 2013, 2014, and 2019, an unknown illness killed nearly all mountain Breckenridge naturalist
Edwin Carter with a
goat kids, leading to a Colorado Parks and Wildlife investigation.[87][88] mounted gray wolf killed in
the Colorado Rockies, ca.
1890–1900
The native population of pronghorn in Colorado has varied wildly over the last century, reaching a low of only 15,000
individuals during the 1960s. However, conservation efforts succeeded in bringing the stable population back up to roughly
66,000 by 2013.[89] The population was estimated to have reached 85,000 by 2019 and had increasingly more run-ins with the
increased suburban housing along the eastern Front Range. State wildlife officials suggested that landowners would need to
modify fencing to allow the greater number of pronghorns to move unabated through the newly developed land.[90] Pronghorns
are most readily found in the northern and eastern portions of the state, with some populations also in the western San Juan
Mountains.[91]

Common wildlife found in the mountains of Colorado include mule deer, southwestern red squirrel, golden-mantled ground
squirrel, yellow-bellied marmot, moose, American pika, and red fox, all at exceptionally high numbers, though moose are not
native to the state.[92][93][94][95] The foothills include deer, fox squirrel, desert cottontail, mountain cottontail, and
coyote.[96][97] The prairies are home to black-tailed prairie dog, the endangered swift fox, American badger, and white-tailed
jackrabbit.[98][99][100]

Government

State government
Like the federal government and all other U.S. states, Colorado's state State Executive Officers
constitution provides for three branches of government: the legislative, the Office Name Party
executive, and the judicial branches. Governor Jared Polis Democratic

The Governor of Colorado heads the state's executive branch. The current Lieutenant Governor Dianne Primavera Democratic
governor is Jared Polis, a Democrat. Colorado's other statewide elected Secretary of State Jena Griswold Democratic
executive officers are the Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (elected on a
Attorney General Phil Weiser Democratic
ticket with the Governor), Secretary of State of Colorado, Colorado State
Treasurer Dave Young Democratic
Treasurer, and Attorney General of Colorado, all of whom serve four-year
terms.
The seven-member Colorado Supreme Court is the state's highest court. The Colorado Court of Appeals, with 22 judges, sits in
divisions of three judges each. Colorado is divided into 22 judicial districts, each of which has a district court and a county court
with limited jurisdiction. The state also has specialized water courts, which sit in seven distinct divisions around the state and
which decide matters relating to water rights and the use and administration of water.

The state legislative body is the Colorado General Assembly, which is made up of two houses – the House of Representatives
and the Senate. The House has 65 members and the Senate has 35. As of 2023, the Democratic Party holds a 23 to 12 majority
in the Senate and a 46 to 19 majority in the House.

Most Coloradans are native to other states (nearly 60% according to the 2000 census),[101] and this is illustrated by the fact that
the state did not have a native-born governor from 1975 (when John David Vanderhoof left office) until 2007, when Bill Ritter
took office; his election the previous year marked the first electoral victory for a native-born Coloradan in a gubernatorial race
since 1958 (Vanderhoof had ascended from the Lieutenant Governorship when John Arthur Love was given a position in
Richard Nixon's administration in 1973).

Tax is collected by the Colorado Department of Revenue.

Politics
Colorado was once considered a swing state, but has become a relatively safe blue state in both state and federal elections. In
presidential elections, it had not been won until 2020 by double digits since 1984 and has backed the winning candidate in 9 of
the last 11 elections. Coloradans have elected 17 Democrats and 12 Republicans to the governorship in the last 100 years.

In presidential politics, Colorado was considered a reliably Republican state during the post-World War II era, voting for the
Democratic candidate only in 1948, 1964, and 1992. However, it became a competitive swing state in the 1990s. Since the mid-
2000s, it has swung heavily to the Democrats, voting for Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, Hillary Clinton in 2016, and Joe
Biden in 2020.
Colorado politics exhibits a contrast between conservative cities such as Colorado registered voters as of July 2, 2023[102]
Colorado Springs and Grand Junction, and liberal cities such as
Party Number of voters Percentage
Boulder and Denver. Democrats are strongest in metropolitan Denver,
the college towns of Fort Collins and Boulder, southern Colorado Unaffiliated 1,812,690 46.88%

(including Pueblo), and several western ski resort counties. The Democratic 1,052,739 27.23%
Republicans are strongest in the Eastern Plains, Colorado Springs, Republican 931,102 24.08%
Greeley, and far Western Colorado near Grand Junction.
Libertarian 39,800 1.03%

Colorado is represented by two members of the United States Senate: American Constitution 11,738 0.30%
Green 8,513 0.22%
Class 2, John Hickenlooper (Democratic), since 2021
Approval Voting 4,653 0.12%
Class 3, Michael Bennet (Democratic), since 2009
Unity 3,230 0.08%
Colorado is represented by eight members of the United States House
of Representatives: No Labels 1,341 0.03%

Center 922 0.02%

1st district: Diana DeGette (Democratic), since 1997
Total 3,866,728 100.00%
2nd district: Joe Neguse (Democratic), since 2019
3rd district: Lauren Boebert (Republican), since 2021
4th district: Greg Lopez (Republican), since 2024
5th district: Doug Lamborn (Republican), since 2007
6th district: Jason Crow (Democratic), since 2019
7th district: Brittany Pettersen (Democratic), since 2023
8th district: Yadira Caraveo (Democratic), since 2023
In a 2020 study, Colorado was ranked as the seventh easiest state for citizens to vote in.[103]

Significant initiatives and legislation enacted in Colorado

Colorado was the first state in the union to enact, by voter referendum, a law extending suffrage to women. That initiative was
approved by the state's voters on November 7, 1893.[104]
On the November 8, 1932, ballot, Colorado approved the repeal of alcohol prohibition more than a year before the Twenty-first
Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified.

Colorado has banned, via C.R.S. section 12-6-302, the sale of motor vehicles on Sunday since at least 1953.[105]

In 1972, Colorado voters rejected a referendum proposal to fund the 1976 Winter Olympics, which had been scheduled to be
held in the state. Denver had been chosen by the International Olympic Committee as the host city on May 12, 1970.[106]

In 1992, by a margin of 53 to 47 percent, Colorado voters approved an amendment to the state constitution (Amendment 2)
that would have prevented any city, town, or county in the state from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to
recognize homosexuals or bisexuals as a protected class.[107] In 1996, in a 6–3 ruling in Romer v. Evans, the U.S. Supreme
Court found that preventing protected status based upon homosexuality or bisexuality did not satisfy the Equal Protection
Clause.[108]

In 2006, voters passed Amendment 43, which banned gay marriage in Colorado.[109] That initiative was nullified by the U.S.
Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges.

In 2012, voters amended the state constitution protecting the "personal use" of marijuana for adults, establishing a framework
to regulate cannabis like alcohol. The first recreational marijuana shops in Colorado, and by extension the United States,
opened their doors on January 1, 2014.[110]

On 30 October 2019, Colorado became the first state to accept digital ID via its myColorado app.[111] The state-issued digital
identifications will be considered valid when Real ID enforcement begins in 2025, in line with the Real ID Act of 2005. By
November 2022 The Colorado Governor's Office of Information Technology announced that the myColorado app had over 1
million users.[112]
On December 19, 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled that Donald Trump was disqualified from the 2024 United States
presidential election in part due to his alleged incitement of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[113] On March 4, 2024,
the United States Supreme Court overruled the Colorado decision.[114]

Counties
The State of Colorado is divided into 64 counties. Two of these counties, the City and County of Broomfield and the City and
County of Denver, have consolidated city and county governments. Counties are important units of government in Colorado
since there are no civil townships or other minor civil divisions.

The most populous county in Colorado is El Paso County, the home of the City of Colorado Springs. The second most populous
county is the City and County of Denver, the state capital. Five of the 64 counties now have more than 500,000 residents, while
12 have fewer than 5,000 residents. The ten most populous Colorado counties are all located in the Front Range Urban
Corridor. Mesa County is the most populous county on the Colorado Western Slope.[c]
Pikes Peak and Garden of the Gods in El Paso County, Colorado
 The 16 most populous Colorado counties
2023 rank[c] County County seat Most populous city 2023 population[c]
1 El Paso County Colorado Springs Colorado Springs 744,215

2 City and County of Denver[d] 716,577

3 Arapahoe County [e] [f] 656,061

Littleton Aurora
4 Jefferson County Golden Lakewood 576,366

5 Adams County Brighton[g] Thornton[h] 533,365

6 Douglas County Castle Rock Highlands Ranch[i] 383,906

7 Larimer County Fort Collins Fort Collins 370,771

8 Weld County Greeley Greeley 359,442

9 Boulder County Boulder Boulder 326,831

10 Pueblo County Pueblo Pueblo 169,422

11 Mesa County Grand Junction Grand Junction 159,681

12 [j] 76,860
City and County of Broomfield
13 Garfield County Glenwood Springs Rifle 62,707

14 La Plata County Durango Durango 56,407

15 Eagle County Eagle Edwards[k] 54,381

16 Fremont County Cañon City Cañon City 50,318

Municipalities
Colorado has 273 active incorporated municipalities, comprising 198 towns, 73 cities, and two consolidated city and county
governments.[116][117] At the 2020 United States census, 4,299,942 of the 5,773,714 Colorado residents (74.47%) lived in one of
these municipalities. Another 714,417 residents (12.37%) lived in one of the 210 census-designated places, while the remaining
759,355 residents (13.15%) lived in the many rural and mountainous areas of the state.[11]

Colorado municipalities operate under one of five types of municipal governing authority. Colorado currently has two
consolidated city and county governments, 61 home rule cities, 12 statutory cities, 35 home rule towns, 161 statutory towns, and
one territorial charter municipality.

The most populous municipality is the City and County of Denver. Colorado has 12 municipalities with more than 100,000
residents, and 17 with fewer than 100 residents. The 16 most populous Colorado municipalities are all located in the Front
Range Urban Corridor. The City of Grand Junction is the most populous municipality on the Colorado Western Slope. The
Town of Carbonate has had no year-round population since the 1890 census due to its severe winter weather and difficult
access.[l]
The evening skyline of downtown Denver
 The 25 most populous Colorado municipalities

2023 rank[l] Municipality County 2023 population[l]

1 City and County of Denver 716,577

2 City of Colorado Springs El Paso County 488,664

3 City of Aurora Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties 395,052

4 City of Fort Collins Larimer County 170,376

5 City of Lakewood Jefferson County 155,961

6 City of Thornton Adams and Weld counties 144,922

7 City of Arvada Jefferson and Adams counties 121,414

8 City of Westminster Adams and Jefferson counties 114,875

9 City of Greeley Weld County 112,609

10 City of Pueblo Pueblo County 111,077

11 City of Centennial Arapahoe County 106,883

12 City of Boulder Boulder County 105,898

13 City of Longmont Boulder and Weld counties 98,630

14 Town of Castle Rock Douglas County 81,415

15 City of Loveland Larimer County 79,352

16 City and County of Broomfield 76,860

17 City of Grand Junction Mesa County 69,412

18 City of Commerce City Adams County 68,245

19 Town of Parker Douglas County 62,743

20 City of Littleton Arapahoe, Jefferson, and Douglas counties 44,451

 2023 rank[l] Municipality County 2023 population[l]
21 City of Brighton Adams and Weld counties 42,477

22 Town of Windsor Weld and Larimer counties 40,349

23 City of Northglenn Adams and Weld counties 38,164

24 Town of Erie Weld and Boulder counties 35,269

25 City of Englewood Arapahoe County 34,275

Unincorporated communities
In addition to its 272 municipalities, Colorado has 210 unincorporated census-designated
places (CDPs) and many other small communities. The most populous unincorporated
community in Colorado is Highlands Ranch south of Denver. The seven most populous
CDPs are located in the Front Range Urban Corridor. The Clifton CDP is the most populous
CDP on the Colorado Western Slope.[119]

Highlands Ranch, Colorado.

 The ten most populous census-designated places in Colorado

2020 rank[11] Census-designated place County 2020 census[11]

1 Highlands Ranch CDP Douglas County 103,444

2 Security-Widefield CDP El Paso County 38,639

3 Dakota Ridge CDP Jefferson County 33,892

4 Ken Caryl CDP Jefferson County 33,811

5 Pueblo West CDP Pueblo County 33,086

6 Columbine CDP Jefferson and Arapahoe counties 25,229

7 Four Square Mile CDP Arapahoe County 22,872

8 Clifton CDP Mesa County 20,413

9 Cimarron Hills CDP El Paso County 19,311

10 Sherrelwood CDP Adams County 19,228

Special districts
Colorado has more than 4,000 special districts, most with property tax authority. These districts may provide schools, law
enforcement, fire protection, water, sewage, drainage, irrigation, transportation, recreation, infrastructure, cultural facilities,
business support, redevelopment, or other services.

Some of these districts have the authority to levy sales tax as well as property tax and use fees. This has led to a hodgepodge of
sales tax and property tax rates in Colorado. There are some street intersections in Colorado with a different sales tax rate on
each corner, sometimes substantially different.

Some of the more notable Colorado districts are:

The Regional Transportation District (RTD), which affects the counties of Denver,
Boulder, Jefferson, and portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, and Douglas
Counties

The Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD), a special regional tax district with
physical boundaries contiguous with county boundaries of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder,
Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties
It is a 0.1% retail sales and uses tax (one penny on every $10). A Regional Transportation District A
According to the Colorado statute, the SCFD distributes the money to local Line train at Denver Union Station.
organizations on an annual basis. These organizations must provide for the
enlightenment and entertainment of the public through the production, presentation,
exhibition, advancement, or preservation of art, music, theater, dance, zoology,
botany, natural history, or cultural history.
As directed by statute, SCFD recipient organizations are currently divided into three
"tiers" among which receipts are allocated by percentage.
Tier I includes regional organizations: the Denver Art Museum, the Denver
Botanic Gardens, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, the Denver Zoo,
and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. It receives 65.5%.
Tier II currently includes 26 regional organizations. Tier II receives 21%. The Denver Museum of Nature and
Tier III has more than 280 local organizations such as small theaters, orchestras, Science, one the many
art centers, natural history, cultural history, and community groups. Tier III organizations funded by the
organizations apply for funding from the county cultural councils via a grant Scientific and Cultural Facilities
process. This tier receives 13.5%. District.
An 11-member board of directors oversees the distributions by the Colorado
Revised Statutes. Seven board members are appointed by county commissioners
(in Denver, the Denver City Council) and four members are appointed by the Governor of Colorado.
The Football Stadium District (FD or FTBL), approved by the voters to pay for and help build the Denver Broncos' stadium
Empower Field at Mile High.
Local Improvement Districts (LID) within designated areas of Jefferson and Broomfield counties.
The Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District, approved by voters to pay for and help build the Colorado
Rockies' stadium Coors Field.
 Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) taxes at varying rates in Basalt, Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, and Gunnison
County.

Statistical areas
Most recently on March 6, 2020, the Office of Management and Budget defined 21
statistical areas for Colorado comprising four combined statistical areas, seven metropolitan
statistical areas, and ten micropolitan statistical areas.[120]

The most populous of the seven metropolitan statistical areas in Colorado is the 10-county
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area with a population of 2,963,821
at the 2020 United States census, an increase of +15.29% since the 2010 census.[11] An enlargeable map of the 17 core-
based statistical areas of Colorado
The more extensive 12-county Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had a
population of 3,623,560 at the 2020 census, an increase of +17.23% since the 2010
census.[11]

The most populous extended metropolitan region in Rocky Mountain Region is the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor
along the northeast face of the Southern Rocky Mountains. This region with Denver at its center had a population of 5,055,344
at the 2020 census, an increase of +16.65% since the 2010 census.[11]

Demographics
The United States Census Bureau estimated the population of Colorado on July 1, 2023, at 5,877,610, a 1.80% increase since the
2020 United States census.[11]

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1860 34,277 —
 1870 39,864 16.3%
1880 194,327 387.5%
1890 413,249 112.7%
1900 539,700 30.6%
1910 799,024 48.0%
1920 939,629 17.6%
1930 1,035,791 10.2%
1940 1,123,296 8.4%
1950 1,325,089 18.0%
1960 1,753,947 32.4%
1970 2,207,259 25.8%
1980 2,889,964 30.9% Colorado population density map
1990 3,294,394 14.0%
2000 4,301,262 30.6%
2010 5,029,196 16.9%
2020 5,773,714 14.8%
2023 (est.) 5,877,610 [121] 1.8%
U.S. Decennial Census
 Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
[122] Non-Hispanic Total
Race and ethnicity
White 65.1% 69.4%
[m] — 21.9%
Hispanic or Latino
Black 3.8% 4.9%

Asian 3.4% 4.7%

Native American 0.6% 2.1%

Pacific Islander 0.2% 0.4%

Other 0.5% 1.5%

Colorado historical racial demographics

Racial composition 1970[123] 1990[123] 2000[124] 2010[125] 2020[126]

White (includes White Hispanics) 95.7% 88.2% 82.8% 81.3% 70.7%

Black 3.0% 4.0% 3.8% 4.0% 4.1%

Asian 0.5% 1.8% 2.2% 2.8% 3.5%

Native 0.4% 0.8% 1.0% 1.1% 1.3%

Native Hawaiian and

– – 0.1% 0.1% 0.2%
other Pacific Islander
Other race 0.4% 5.1% 7.2% 7.2% 8.0%

Two or more races – – 2.8% 3.4% 12.3%

Coloradan Hispanics and Latinos (of any race and heritage) made up 20.7% of the population.[127] According to the 2000
census, the largest ancestry groups in Colorado are German (22%), Mexican (18%), Irish (12%), and English (12%). Persons
reporting German ancestry are especially numerous in the Front Range, the Rockies (west-central counties), and Eastern
parts/High Plains.

Colorado has a high proportion of Hispanic, mostly Mexican-American, citizens in

Metropolitan Denver, Colorado Springs, as well as the smaller cities of Greeley and Pueblo,
and elsewhere. Southern, Southwestern, and Southeastern Colorado have a large number of
Hispanos, the descendants of the early settlers of colonial Spanish origin. In 1940, the U.S.
Census Bureau reported Colorado's population as 8.2% Hispanic and 90.3% non-Hispanic
White.[128] The Hispanic population of Colorado has continued to grow quickly over the
past decades. By 2019, Hispanics made up 22% of Colorado's population, and Non-Hispanic
Whites made up 70%.[129] Spoken English in Colorado has many Spanish idioms.[130]
Ethnic origins in Colorado
Colorado also has some large African-American communities located in Denver, in the
neighborhoods of Montbello, Five Points, Whittier, and many other East Denver areas. The
state has sizable numbers of Asian-Americans of Mongolian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Southeast Asian, and Japanese descent.
The highest population of Asian Americans can be found on the south and southeast side of Denver, as well as some on
Denver's southwest side. The Denver metropolitan area is considered more liberal and diverse than much of the state when it
comes to political issues and environmental concerns.

The population of Native Americans in the state is small. Native Americans are concentrated in metropolitan Denver and the
southwestern corner of Colorado, where there are two Ute reservations.[131]

The majority of Colorado's immigrants are from Mexico, India, China, Vietnam, Korea, Germany and Canada.[132]

There were a total of 70,331 births in Colorado in 2006. (Birth rate of 14.6 per thousand.) In 2007, non-Hispanic Whites were
involved in 59.1% of all births.[133] Some 14.06% of those births involved a non-Hispanic White person and someone of a
different race, most often with a couple including one Hispanic. A birth where at least one Hispanic person was involved
counted for 43% of the births in Colorado.[134] As of the 2010 census, Colorado has the seventh highest percentage of Hispanics
(20.7%) in the U.S. behind New Mexico (46.3%), California (37.6%), Texas (37.6%), Arizona (29.6%), Nevada (26.5%), and
Florida (22.5%). Per the 2000 census, the Hispanic population is estimated to be 918,899, or approximately 20% of the state's
total population. Colorado has the 5th-largest population of Mexican-Americans, behind
California, Texas, Arizona, and Illinois. In percentages, Colorado has the 6th-highest
percentage of Mexican-Americans, behind New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, and
Nevada.[135]

Birth data
In 2011, 46% of Colorado's population younger than the age of one were minorities,
meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic White.[136][137]
Map of counties in Colorado by
Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S.
and by their race, giving a higher overall number. census
Legend
Non-Hispanic White
40–50%
50–60%
60–70%
70–80%
80–90%
Hispanic or Latino
40–50%
50–60%
 Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
[138] [139] [140]
Race 2013 2014 2015 2016[141] 2017[142] 2018[143] 2019[144] 2020[145] 2021[146] 2022[147]
57,491 58,117 58,756
White: ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
(88.4%) (88.3%) (88.2%)

> Non-
39,872 40,629 40,878 39,617 37,516 36,466 36,022 34,924 36,334 35,076
Hispanic
(61.3%) (61.7%) (61.4%) (59.5%) (58.3%) (58.0%) (57.3%) (56.8%) (57.7%) (56.2%)
White

3,760 3,926 4,049 3,004 3,110 3,032 3,044 3,146 2,988 2,981
Black
(5.8%) (6.0%) (6.1%) (4.5%) (4.8%) (4.8%) (4.8%) (5.1%) (4.7%) (4.8%)
2,863 3,010 2,973 2,617 2,611 2,496 2,540 2,519 2,490 2,450
Asian
(4.4%) (4.6%) (4.5%) (3.9%) (4.1%) (4.0%) (4.0%) (4.1%) (4.0%) (3.9%)

American
793 (1.2%) 777 (1.2%) 803 (1.2%) 412 (0.6%) 421 (0.7%) 352 (0.6%) 365 (0.6%) 338 (0.5%) 323 (0.5%) 336 (0.5%)
Indian

Pacific
... ... ... 145 (0.2%) 145 (0.2%) 155 (0.2%) 168 (0.3%) 169 (0.3%) 202 (0.3%) 203 (0.3%)
Islander
Hispanic
17,821 17,665 18,139 18,513 18,125 17,817 18,205 18,111 18,362 18,982
(of any
(27.4%) (26.8%) (27.2%) (27.8%) (28.2%) (28.3%) (29.0%) (29.4%) (29.2%) (30.4%)
race)

Total 65,007 65,830 66,581 66,613 64,382 62,885 62,869 61,494 62,949 62,383
Colorado (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
In 2017, Colorado recorded the second-lowest fertility rate in the United States outside of New England, after Oregon, at 1.63
children per woman.[142] Significant contributing factors to the decline in pregnancies were the Title X Family Planning
Program and an intrauterine device grant from Warren Buffett's family.[148][149]

Language
The English language, the official language of the state, is the most commonly spoken language in Colorado.[150] The second
most commonly spoken language in the state is the Spanish language.[151] The Colorado River Numic language, also known as
the Ute dialect, is still spoken in Colorado.

Religion
Major religious affiliations of the people of Colorado as of 2014 were 64% Christian, of whom there are 44% Protestant, 16%
Roman Catholic, 3% Mormon, and 1% Eastern Orthodox.[153] Other religious breakdowns according to the Pew Research
Center were 1% Judaism, 1% Muslim, 1% Buddhist, and 4% other. Secular Coloradans made up 29% of the population.[154] In
2020, according to the Public Religion Research Institute, Christianity was 66% of the population. Judaism was also reported
to have increased in this separate study, forming 2% of the religious landscape, while the religiously unaffiliated were reported
to form 28% of the population in this separate study.[155] In 2022, the same organization reported 61% was Christian (39%
Protestant, 19% Catholic, 2% Mormon, 1% Eastern Orthodox), 2% New Age, 1% Jewish, 1% Hindu, and 34% religiously
unaffiliated.

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the largest Christian denominations by the number of adherents in
2010 were the Catholic Church with 811,630; multi-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 229,981; and the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 151,433.[156] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives determined the largest
Christian denominations were Catholics (873,236), non/multi/inter-denominational Protestants (406,798), and Mormons
(150,509).[157] Throughout its non-Christian population, there were 12,500 Hindus, 7,101 Hindu Yogis, and 17,369 Buddhists at
the 2020 study.

Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church was the first permanent Catholic parish in modern-day Colorado and was constructed
by Spanish colonists from New Mexico in modern-day Conejos.[158] Latin Church Catholics are served by three dioceses: the
Archdiocese of Denver and the Dioceses of Colorado Springs and Pueblo.
The first permanent settlement by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
in Colorado arrived from Mississippi and initially camped along the Arkansas River just east of
the present-day site of Pueblo.[159]

Health
Colorado is generally considered among the healthiest states by behavioral and healthcare
researchers. Among the positive contributing factors is the state's well-known outdoor
recreation opportunities and initiatives.[160] However, there is a stratification of health
metrics with wealthier counties such as Douglas and Pitkin performing significantly better
Religious self-identification,
relative to southern, less wealthy counties such as Huerfano and Las Animas.[161] per Public Religion
Research Institute's 2022
Obesity American Values
Survey[152]
According to several studies, Coloradans have the lowest rates of obesity of any state in the
US.[162] As of 2018, 24% of the population was considered medically obese, and while the Protestantism (39%)
lowest in the nation, the percentage had increased from 17% in 2004.[163][164] Catholicism (19%)
Mormonism (2%)
Eastern Orthodoxy (1%)
Life expectancy
Unitarianism/Universalism
According to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association, residents of (1%)
Colorado had a 2014 life expectancy of 80.21 years, the longest of any U.S. state.[165] Unaffiliated (34%)
New Age (2%)
Judaism (1%)
Homelessness Hinduism (1%)
East Asian Related Religion
(2%)
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 10,397 homeless people in
Colorado.[166][167]

Economy
In 2019 the total employment was 2,473,192. The number of employer establishments is
174,258.[168]

The total state product in 2015 was $318.6 billion.[169] Median Annual Household Income in 2016
was $70,666, 8th in the nation.[170] Per capita personal income in 2010 was $51,940, ranking
Colorado 11th in the nation.[171] The state's economy broadened from its mid-19th-century roots in
mining when irrigated agriculture developed, and by the late 19th century, raising livestock had
become important. Early industry was based on the extraction and processing of minerals and
agricultural products. Current agricultural products are cattle, wheat, dairy products, corn, and
hay.

The federal government operates several federal facilities in the state, including NORAD (North
American Aerospace Defense Command), United States Air Force Academy, Schriever Air Force Denver Energy Center lies
in the Denver financial
Base located approximately 10 miles (16 kilometers) east of Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort
district along 17th Street,
Carson, both located in Colorado Springs within El Paso County; NOAA, the National Renewable known as the "Wall Street
Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology in of the West"
Boulder; U.S. Geological Survey and other government agencies at the Denver Federal Center near
Lakewood; the Denver Mint, Buckley Space Force Base, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the
Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Denver; and a federal Supermax Prison and other federal
prisons near Cañon City. In addition to these and other federal agencies, Colorado has abundant National Forest land and four
National Parks that contribute to federal ownership of 24,615,788 acres (99,617 km2) of land in Colorado, or 37% of the total
area of the state.[172]
In the second half of the 20th century, the industrial and service sectors expanded greatly.
The state's economy is diversified and is notable for its concentration on scientific research
and high-technology industries. Other industries include food processing, transportation
equipment, machinery, chemical products, the extraction of metals such as gold (see Gold
mining in Colorado), silver, and molybdenum. Colorado now also has the largest annual
production of beer in any state.[173] Denver is an important financial center.

The state's diverse geography and majestic mountains attract millions of tourists every year,
including 85.2 million in 2018. Tourism contributes greatly to Colorado's economy, with Corn growing in Larimer County
tourists generating $22.3 billion in 2018.[174]

Several nationally known brand names have originated in Colorado factories and laboratories. From Denver came the
forerunner of telecommunications giant Qwest in 1879, Samsonite luggage in 1910, Gates belts and hoses in 1911, and Russell
Stover Candies in 1923. Kuner canned vegetables began in Brighton in 1864. From Golden came Coors beer in 1873, CoorsTek
industrial ceramics in 1920, and Jolly Rancher candy in 1949. CF&I railroad rails, wire, nails, and pipe debuted in Pueblo in
1892. Holly Sugar was first milled from beets in Holly in 1905, and later moved its headquarters to Colorado Springs. The
present-day Swift packed meat of Greeley evolved from Monfort of Colorado, Inc., established in 1930. Estes model rockets
were launched in Penrose in 1958. Fort Collins has been the home of Woodward Governor Company's motor controllers
(governors) since 1870, and Waterpik dental water jets and showerheads since 1962. Celestial Seasonings herbal teas have been
made in Boulder since 1969. Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory made its first candy in Durango in 1981.

Colorado has a flat 4.63% income tax, regardless of income level. On 3 November 2020 voters authorized an initiative to lower
that income tax rate to 4.55 percent. Unlike most states, which calculate taxes based on federal adjusted gross income,
Colorado taxes are based on taxable income—income after federal exemptions and federal itemized (or standard)
deductions.[175][176] Colorado's state sales tax is 2.9% on retail sales. When state revenues exceed state constitutional limits,
according to Colorado's Taxpayer Bill of Rights legislation, full-year Colorado residents can claim a sales tax refund on their
individual state income tax return. Many counties and cities charge their own rates, in addition to the base state rate. There are
also certain county and special district taxes that may apply.
Real estate and personal business property are taxable in Colorado. The state's senior property tax exemption was temporarily
suspended by the Colorado Legislature in 2003. The tax break was scheduled to return for the assessment year 2006, payable
in 2007.

As of December 2018, the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.[177]

The West Virginia teachers' strike in 2018 inspired teachers in other states, including Colorado, to take similar action.[178]

Agriculture
Corn is grown in the Eastern Plains of Colorado. Arid conditions and drought negatively impacted yields in 2020[179] and
2022.[180]

Natural resources
Colorado has significant hydrocarbon resources. According to the Energy Information
Administration, Colorado hosts seven of the largest natural gas fields in the United States,
and two of the largest oil fields. Conventional and unconventional natural gas output from
several Colorado basins typically accounts for more than five percent of annual U.S. natural
gas production. Colorado's oil shale deposits hold an estimated 1 trillion barrels (160 km3)
of oil—nearly as much oil as the entire world's proven oil reserves.[181] Substantial deposits
of bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coal are found in the state.

Uranium mining in Colorado goes back to 1872, when pitchblende ore was taken from gold An oil well in western Colorado
mines near Central City, Colorado. Not counting byproduct uranium from phosphate,
Colorado is considered to have the third-largest uranium reserves of any U.S. state, behind
Wyoming and New Mexico. When Colorado and Utah dominated radium mining from 1910 to 1922, uranium and vanadium
were the byproducts (giving towns like present-day Superfund site Uravan their names).[182] Uranium price increases from
2001 to 2007 prompted several companies to revive uranium mining in Colorado. During the 1940s certain communities–
including Naturita and Paradox–earned the moniker of "yellowcake towns" from their relationship with uranium mining. Price
drops and financing problems in late 2008 forced these companies to cancel or scale back the uranium-mining project. As of
2016, there were no major uranium mining operations in the state, though plans existed to restart production.[183]

Electricity generation
Colorado's high Rocky Mountain ridges and eastern plains offer wind power potential, and geologic activity in the mountain
areas provides the potential for geothermal power development. Much of the state is sunny and could produce solar power.
Major rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains offer hydroelectric power resources.

Culture

Arts and film

List of museums in Colorado
List of theaters in Colorado
Music of Colorado
Several film productions have been shot on location in Colorado, especially prominent
Westerns like True Grit, The Searchers, City Slickers, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
and My Life With the Walter Boys. Several historic military forts, railways with trains still History Colorado Center in Denver
operating, and mining ghost towns have been used and transformed for historical accuracy
in well-known films. There are also several scenic highways and mountain passes that
helped to feature the open road in films such as Vanishing Point, Bingo and Starman. Some Colorado landmarks have been
featured in films, such as The Stanley Hotel in Dumb and Dumber and The Shining and the Sculptured House in Sleeper. In
2015, Furious 7 was to film driving sequences on Pikes Peak Highway in Colorado. The TV adult-animated series South Park
takes place in central Colorado in the titular town. Additionally, The TV series Good Luck Charlie was set, but not filmed, in
Denver, Colorado.[184] The Colorado Office of Film and Television has noted that more than 400 films have been shot in
Colorado.[185]

There are also several established film festivals in Colorado, including Aspen Filmfest and Aspen Shortsfest, Boulder
International Film Festival, Castle Rock Film Festival, Denver Film Festival, Festivus Film Festival, Mile High Horror Film
Festival, Moondance International Film Festival, Mountainfilm in Telluride, Rocky Mountain Women's Film Festival, and
Telluride Film Festival.

Many notable writers have lived or spent extended periods in Colorado. Beat Generation writers Jack Kerouac and Neal
Cassady lived in and around Denver for several years each.[186] Irish playwright Oscar Wilde visited Colorado on his tour of the
United States in 1882, writing in his 1906 Impressions of America that Leadville was "the richest city in the world. It has also
got the reputation of being the roughest, and every man carries a revolver."[187][188]

Cuisine
Colorado is known for its Southwest and Rocky Mountain cuisine, with Mexican restaurants found throughout the state.

Boulder was named America's Foodiest Town 2010 by Bon Appétit.[189] Boulder, and Colorado in general, is home to several
national food and beverage companies, top-tier restaurants and farmers' markets. Boulder also has more Master Sommeliers
per capita than any other city, including San Francisco and New York.[190] Denver is known for steak, but now has a diverse
culinary scene with many restaurants.[191]

Polidori Sausage is a brand of pork products available in supermarkets, which originated in Colorado, in the early 20th
century.[192]
The Food & Wine Classic is held annually each June in Aspen. Aspen also has a reputation as the culinary capital of the Rocky
Mountain region.[193]

Wine and beer

Colorado wines include varietals that have attracted favorable notice from outside the state.[194] With wines made from
traditional Vitis vinifera grapes along with wines made from cherries, peaches, plums, and honey, Colorado wines have won top
national and international awards for their quality.[195] Colorado's grape growing regions contain the highest elevation
vineyards in the United States,[196] with most viticulture in the state practiced between 4,000 and 7,000 feet (1,219 and
2,134 m) above sea level. The mountain climate ensures warm summer days and cool nights. Colorado is home to two
designated American Viticultural Areas of the Grand Valley AVA and the West Elks AVA,[197] where most of the vineyards in
the state are located. However, an increasing number of wineries are located along the Front Range.[198] In 2018, Wine
Enthusiast Magazine named Colorado's Grand Valley AVA in Mesa County, Colorado, as one of the Top Ten wine travel
destinations in the world.[199]

Colorado is home to many nationally praised microbreweries,[200] including New Belgium Brewing Company, Odell Brewing
Company, Great Divide Brewing Company, and Bristol Brewing Company. The area of northern Colorado near and between the
cities of Denver, Boulder, and Fort Collins is known as the "Napa Valley of Beer" due to its high density of craft breweries.[201]

Marijuana and hemp

Colorado is open to cannabis (marijuana) tourism.[202] With the adoption of the 64th state amendment in 2012, Colorado
became the first state in the union to legalize marijuana for medicinal (2000), industrial (referring to hemp, 2012), and
recreational (2012) use. Colorado's marijuana industry sold $1.31 billion worth of marijuana in 2016 and $1.26 billion in the
first three-quarters of 2017.[203] The state generated tax, fee, and license revenue of $194 million in 2016 on legal marijuana
sales.[204] Colorado regulates hemp as any part of the plant with less than 0.3% THC.[205]
On April 4, 2014, Senate Bill 14–184 addressing oversight of Colorado's industrial hemp program was first introduced,
ultimately being signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper on May 31, 2014.[206]

Medicinal use
On November 7, 2000, 54% of Colorado voters passed Amendment 20, which amends the Colorado State constitution to allow
the medical use of marijuana.[207] A patient's medical use of marijuana, within the following limits, is lawful:

(I) No more than 2 ounces (57 g) of a usable form of marijuana; and

(II) No more than twelve marijuana plants, with six or fewer being mature, flowering plants that are producing a usable form
of marijuana.[208]
Currently, Colorado has listed "eight medical conditions for which patients can use marijuana—cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS,
muscle spasms, seizures, severe pain, severe nausea and cachexia, or dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy".[209] While
governor, John Hickenlooper allocated about half of the state's $13 million "Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund"[210] to
medical research in the 2014 budget.[211] By 2018, the Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund was the "largest pool of pot
money in the state" and was used to fund programs including research into pediatric applications for controlling autism
symptoms.[212]

Recreational use
On November 6, 2012, voters amended the state constitution to protect "personal use" of marijuana for adults, establishing a
framework to regulate marijuana in a manner similar to alcohol.[213] The first recreational marijuana shops in Colorado, and by
extension the United States, opened their doors on January 1, 2014.[110]

Transportation
 Colorado's primary mode of transportation (in terms of passengers) is its highway system.
Interstate 25 (I-25) is the primary north–south highway in the state, connecting Pueblo,
Colorado Springs, Denver, and Fort Collins, and extending north to Wyoming and south to
New Mexico. I-70 is the primary east–west corridor. It connects Grand Junction and the
mountain communities with Denver and enters Utah and Kansas. The state is home to a
network of US and Colorado highways that provide access to all principal areas of the state.
Many smaller communities are connected to this network only via county roads.

A Colorado state welcome sign Denver International Airport (DIA) is the third-busiest
domestic U.S. and international airport in the world by
passenger traffic.[214] DIA handles by far the largest
volume of commercial air traffic in Colorado and is the busiest U.S. hub airport between
Chicago and the Pacific coast, making Denver the most important airport for connecting
passenger traffic in the western United States.

Public transportation bus services are offered both intra-city and inter-city—including the
Denver metro area's RTD services. The Regional Transportation District (RTD) operates the
The main terminal of Denver
popular RTD Bus & Rail transit system in the Denver Metropolitan Area. As of
International Airport evokes the
January 2013 the RTD rail system had 170 light-rail vehicles, serving 47 miles (76 km) of peaks of the Front Range.
track. In addition to local public transit, intercity bus service is provided by Burlington
Trailways, Bustang, Express Arrow, and Greyhound Lines.

Amtrak operates two passenger rail lines in Colorado, the California Zephyr and Southwest Chief. Colorado's contribution to
world railroad history was forged principally by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad which began in 1870 and wrote
the book on mountain railroading. In 1988 the "Rio Grande" was acquired, but was merged into, the Southern Pacific Railroad
by their joint owner Philip Anschutz. On September 11, 1996, Anschutz sold the combined company to the Union Pacific
Railroad, creating the largest railroad network in the United States. The Anschutz sale was partly in response to the earlier
merger of Burlington Northern and Santa Fe which formed the large Burlington Northern
and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), Union Pacific's principal competitor in western U.S.
railroading. Both Union Pacific and BNSF have extensive freight operations in Colorado.

Colorado's freight railroad network consists of 2,688 miles of Class I trackage. It is integral
to the U.S. economy, being a critical artery for the movement of energy, agriculture, mining,
and industrial commodities as well as general freight and manufactured products between
the East and Midwest and the Pacific coast states.[215]

In August 2014, Colorado began to issue driver licenses to aliens not lawfully in the United The westbound and eastbound
States who lived in Colorado.[216] In September 2014, KCNC reported that 524 non-citizens California Zephyrs meet in the
Glenwood Canyon.
were issued Colorado driver licenses that are normally issued to U.S. citizens living in
Colorado.[217]

Education
The first institution of higher education in the Colorado Territory was the Colorado Seminary, opened on November 16, 1864,
by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The seminary closed in 1867 but reopened in 1880 as the University of Denver. In 1870, the
Bishop George Maxwell Randall of the Episcopal Church's Missionary District of Colorado and Parts Adjacent opened the first
of what become the Colorado University Schools which would include the Territorial School of Mines opened in 1873 and sold
to the Colorado Territory in 1874. These schools were initially run by the Episcopal Church.[218] An 1861 territorial act called
for the creation of a public university in Boulder, though it would not be until 1876 that the University of Colorado was
founded.[219] The 1876 act also renamed Territorial School of Mines as the Colorado School of Mines.[220] An 1870 territorial
act created the Agricultural College of Colorado which opened in 1879.[221] The college was renamed the Colorado State College
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1935, and became Colorado State University in 1957.
The first Catholic college in Colorado was the Jesuit Sacred Heart College, which was founded in New Mexico in 1877, moved to
Morrison in 1884, and to Denver in 1887. The college was renamed Regis College in 1921 and Regis University in 1991.[222] On
April 1, 1924, armed students patrolled the campus after a burning cross was found, the climax of tensions between Regis
College and the locally-powerful Ku Klux Klan.[223]

Following a 1950 assessment by the Service Academy Board, it was determined that there was a need to supplement the U.S.
Military and Naval Academies with a third school that would provide commissioned officers for the newly independent Air
Force. On April 1, 1954, President Dwight Eisenhower signed a law that moved for the creation of a U.S. Air Force
Academy.[224] Later that year, Colorado Springs was selected to host the new institution. From its establishment in 1955, until
the construction of appropriate facilities in Colorado Springs was completed and opened in 1958, the Air Force Academy
operated out of Lowry Air Force Base in Denver. With the opening of the Colorado Springs facility, the cadets moved to the new
campus, though not in the full-kit march that some urban and campus legends suggest.[225] The first class of Space Force
officers from the Air Force Academy commissioned on April 18, 2020.[226]

Indigenous People
See Indigenous People of Colorado

The two Native American reservations remaining in Colorado are the Southern Ute Indian
Reservation (1873; Ute dialect: Kapuuta-wa Moghwachi Núuchi-u) and Ute Mountain Ute
Indian Reservation (1940; Ute dialect: Wʉgama Núuchi).

The two abolished Indian reservations in Colorado were the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian
Reservation (1851–1870) and Ute Indian Reservation (1855–1873).
The Southern Ute Tribal
Administration Building
Military installations
The major military installations in Colorado include:

Buckley Space Force Base (1938–)

Air Reserve Personnel Center (1953–)
Fort Carson (U.S. Army 1942–)
Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (1983–)
Peterson Space Force Base (1942–)
Fort Carson
Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station (1961–)
Schriever Space Force Base (1983–)
United States Air Force Academy (1954–)
Former military posts in Colorado include:

Spanish Fort (Spanish Army 1819–1821)

Fort Massachusetts (U.S. Army 1852–1858)
Fort Garland (U.S. Army 1858–1883)
Camp Collins (U.S. Army 1862–1870)
Peterson Space Force Base
Fort Logan (U.S. Army 1887–1946)
Colorado National Guard Armory (1913–1933)
Fitzsimons Army Hospital (U.S. Army 1918–1999)
Denver Medical Depot (U.S. Army 1925–1949)[227]
Lowry Air Force Base (1938–1994)
Pueblo Army Air Base (1941–1948)
Rocky Mountain Arsenal (U.S. Army 1942–1992)
Pueblo Chemical Depot (U.S. Army 1942–2024)
 Camp Hale (U.S. Army 1942–1945)
La Junta Army Air Field (1942–1946)
Leadville Army Air Field (1943–1944)

United States Air Force Academy

Protected areas
Colorado is home to 4 national parks, 9 national monuments, 3 national historic sites, 2
national recreation areas, 4 national historic trails, 1 national scenic trail, 11 national
forests, 2 national grasslands, 44 national wildernesses, 3 national conservation areas, 8
national wildlife refuges, 3 national heritage areas, 26 national historic landmarks, 16
national natural landmarks, more than 1,500 National Register of Historic Places, 1 wild
and scenic river, 42 state parks, 307 state wildlife areas, 93 state natural areas, 28 national
recreation trails, 6 regional trails, and numerous other scenic, historic, and recreational
areas.
Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain
National Park.

Sports
Colorado has five major professional sports leagues, all based in the Denver metropolitan area.
Colorado is the least populous state with a franchise in each of the major professional sports
leagues.

The Colorado Springs Snow Sox professional baseball team is based in Colorado Springs. The team
is a member of the Pecos League, an independent baseball league which is not affiliated with Major
or Minor League Baseball.[228][229]
The Colorado Rockies
The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb is a major hill climbing motor race held on the Pikes Peak baseball club at Coors Field
Highway.

Empower Field at Mile High

in Denver, home field of the
Denver Broncos and the
Denver Outlaws
The Cherry Hills Country Club has hosted several professional golf tournaments, including the
U.S. Open, U.S. Senior Open, U.S. Women's Open, PGA Championship and BMW Championship.

Professional sports teams

Team Home First game Sport League

Colorado Avalanche Denver October 6, 1995 Ice hockey National Hockey League Ball Arena, home of the
Denver Nuggets, the
American Hockey
Colorado Eagles Loveland October 17, 2003 Ice hockey Colorado Avalanche, and
League
the Colorado Mammoth
National Lacrosse
Colorado Mammoth Denver January 3, 2003 Lacrosse
League

Commerce
Colorado Rapids April 13, 1996 Soccer Major League Soccer
City
Colorado Rapids 2 Denver March 27, 2022 Soccer MLS Next Pro

Colorado Rockies Denver April 5, 1993 Baseball Major League Baseball

Colorado Springs Colorado

March 28, 2015 Soccer USL Championship
Switchbacks FC Springs
Pacific Rugby Dick's Sporting Goods Park,
Denver Barbarians Denver Spring 1967 Rugby union
Premiership home of the Colorado
American Rapids
Denver Broncos Denver September 9, 1960 National Football League
football

National Basketball
Denver Nuggets Denver September 27, 1967 Basketball
Association
Glendale Raptors Glendale Fall 2006 Rugby union Major League Rugby

Grand
Grand Junction Rockies June 18, 2012 Baseball Pioneer League
Junction

Northern Colorado
Windsor April 6, 2022 Soccer USL League One
Hailstorm FC
 Team Home First game Sport League

Northern Colorado Owlz Windsor May 25, 2022 Baseball Pioneer League

Colorado
Rocky Mountain Vibes June 2019 Baseball Pioneer League
Springs

College athletics
Weidner Field in Colorado
The following universities and colleges participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Springs, home of the
Division I. Colorado Springs
Switchbacks FC
NCAA Division I athletic programs in Colorado

Team School City Conference

Air Force Falcons United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs Mountain West[n]

Colorado Buffaloes University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Big 12[o]

Colorado State Rams Colorado State University Fort Collins Mountain West

Denver Pioneers University of Denver Denver NCHC / Summit[p]

Northern Colorado Bears University of Northern Colorado Greeley Big Sky[q]

Colorado College Tigers Colorado College Colorado Springs NCHC / Mountain West[r]

See also

Environment portal

Geography portal
 Government portal

History portal
United States
portal
Colorado portal

Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado

Footnotes
a. Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
b. The official Four Corners Monument is located at 36°59'56.31608″N, 109°2'42.62075"W, 574 feet (175 m) southeast of the
37°N, 109°02′48″W location Congress originally designated.
c. United States Census Bureau estimates of county population as of July 1, 2023,[115]
d. As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Denver is its own county seat.[116]
e. Littleton, Colorado also extends into Jefferson and Douglas counties.
f. Aurora, Colorado also extends into Adams and Douglas counties.
g. Brighton, Colorado also extends into Weld County.
h. Thornton, Colorado also extends into Weld County.
i. Highlands Ranch, Colorado is a census-designated place.
j. As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Broomfield is its own county seat.[116]
k. Edwards, Colorado is a census-designated place.
 l. United States Census Bureau estimates of municipal population as of July 1, 2022[118]
m. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
n. Several Air Force teams participate in other conferences, or as independents, in sports that the MW does not sponsor:
Boxing, a men-only sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent.
Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent.
Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
Men's ice hockey competes in Atlantic Hockey.
Men's lacrosse competes in the ASUN Conference.
Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference.
Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the Western Athletic Conference.
Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.
o. Several Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big 12 does not sponsor:
Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski
Association.
p. Several Denver teams participate in other conferences in sports that The Summit League does not sponsor:
Women's gymnastics competes in the Big 12 Conference.
Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.
Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the Big East Conference.
Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski
Association.
q. Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor:
Baseball competes in the Summit League.
Women's swimming & diving competes in the Western Athletic Conference.
Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.
 r. Colorado College, otherwise an NCAA Division III member, has two Division I teams. Men's ice hockey competes in the
National Collegiate Hockey Conference and women's soccer competes in the Mountain West.

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214. "The top 10 busiest airports in the world revealed" (https://aci.aero/2022/04/11/the-top-10-busiest-airports-in-the-world-reve
aled/). Airports Council International. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
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States.aspx). Aar.org. Archived from the original (https://www.aar.org/keyissues/Pages/Railroads-And-States.aspx) on June
6, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
216. Nicholson, Kieran (August 1, 2014). "Immigrants here illegally begin receiving Colorado driver licenses" (http://www.denver
post.com/news/ci_26257608/immigrants-here-illegally-begin-receiving-colorado-driver-licenses). Denver Post. Retrieved
August 1, 2014.
217. "524 Non-Citizens Received Regular Colorado Driver's Licenses, DMV Says" (http://denver.cbslocal.com/2014/09/12/524-n
on-citizens-received-regular-colorado-drivers-licenses-dmv-says/). KCNC. Denver. September 12, 2014. Retrieved
February 19, 2015.
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219. Chelsey Parrott-Sheffer (ed.). "University of Colorado" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Colorado).
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
220. "Colorado School of Mines" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colorado-School-of-Mines). Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Retrieved March 25, 2021.
221. "Colorado State University" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colorado-State-University-Colorado). Encyclopaedia
Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
222. "Our History" (https://www.regis.edu/about/history-mission/our-history). Regis University. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
223. Graham, Luke (Fall 2017). "The Hooded Empire: Remembering the Catholic Clash with the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s" (http
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Further reading
Explore Colorado, A Naturalist's Handbook, The Denver Museum of Natural History and Westcliff Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1-
56579-124-X for an excellent guide to the ecological regions of Colorado.
The Archeology of Colorado, Revised Edition, E. Steve Cassells, Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado, 1997, trade
paperback, ISBN 1-55566-193-9.
Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains, Merrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback,
ISBN 1-55566-227-7.
Gunther, John (1947). "–But Scenery Is Not Enough". Inside U.S.A.. New York City, London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 213–
226 (https://archive.org/details/insideusa00gunt/page/213).
The Tie That Binds, Kent Haruf, 1984, hardcover, ISBN 0-03-071979-8, a fictional account of farming in Colorado.
 Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites, Claude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press,
2002, hardcover, 160 pages, ISBN 0-89658-591-3
Blevins, Jason (December 9, 2015). "Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism, state survey says" (http://www.de
nverpost.com/business/ci_29225304/marijuana-has-huge-influence-colorado-tourism-state-survey). Denver Post. Retrieved
September 20, 2021.

External links

State government
State of Colorado (https://www.colorado.gov/)
Colorado Tourism Office (https://www.colorado.com/other-tourism-organizations/colorado-tourism-office)
History Colorado (https://www.historycolorado.org/)
Colorado Encyclopedia (https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/) (partly sponsored by History Colorado)

Federal government
Energy & Environmental Data for Colorado (https://web.archive.org/web/20080516020504/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/stat
e_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=CO)
USGS Colorado state facts, real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Colorado (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0070218175148/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=CO)
United States Census Bureau (https://www.census.gov/)
Colorado QuickFacts (https://web.archive.org/web/20150512074548/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/08000.html)
2000 Census of Population and Housing for Colorado (http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_pr
ofile/Colorado/2kh08.pdf)
USDA ERS Colorado state facts (https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=08&
 StateName=Colorado)
Colorado State Guide, from the Library of Congress (https://guides.loc.gov/colorado-state-guide)

Other
List of searchable databases produced by Colorado state agencies (https://web.archive.org/web/20120212023536/http://wik
is.ala.org/godort/index.php/Colorado) hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable
Colorado County Evolution (https://web.archive.org/web/20070205102713/http://www.stanwyck.com/cogenweb/cocounties.
html)
Ask Colorado (https://web.archive.org/web/20100725045834/http://www.askcolorado.org/)
Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection (CHNC) (https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/)
Mountain and Desert Plants of Colorado and the Southwest (http://swcoloradowildflowers.com/),
Climate of Colorado (http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/COLORADO.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160407
210955/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/COLORADO.htm) April 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Geographic data related to Colorado (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/161961) at OpenStreetMap
Holocene Volcano in Colorado (Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program) (http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?
vn=328010&vtab=Background)

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