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Lecture 1

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52 views26 pages

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

7k54j8x6tw
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Course name: Chemical and statistical measurements

Course code: Chem 1103


Course description:

This course is designed for teaching students how to


interpret analytical data, address the accuracy and precision
of the measurements
Course objectives:

By the completion of the course, students should know:


a. The meaning of accuracy and precision.
b. How to express their results statistically.
c. Distinguish between accepted values and rejected values
based on some credible tests
Course learning outcomes:

1. Knowledge and Understanding


Recognize the different ways of determining the accuracy and
precision of analytical data
Explain the importance of statistical measurements of analytical data
Describe the outliers in chemical measurements
2. Skills :
Interpret the analytical data in terms of accuracy and precision
Distinguish between accepted values and rejected values in chemical
measurements
3. Values:
Demonstrate commitment to professional and academic values, and
ethics in the field of statistical analysis
Course Assessment

Midterm Homework Final Exam Total


exam
30 20 50 100

Course References

Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, 6th


Edition by J. N. Miller, J. C. Miller.

Chemometrics Statistics and Computer Application in


Analytical Chemistry by Matthias Otto.
Week List of Topics
1 Accuracy and precision, there is a difference
2 Determine errors and indeterminate errors
3 Significant figures
4 Vacation (excel)
5 Ways of expressing accuracy. Standard deviation. The
confidence limit
6 Tests of significance. Rejection of a result: The Q test.
7 Midterm exam
8 Vacation( excel)
9 Linear least square method
10 Statistics of sampling
11 Vacation/ exercise
12 Final test
13 Final test
Lect 1 contents:
Introduction
Definition of analytical chemistry
It is a branch of chemistry which
deals with the study of theory and
practice of methods used to
determine composition of matter.

8
Where is Analytical Chemistry used?

medicine

geology biology

Analytical
Chemistry
Environmental Social
science science

Materials
science
Types of chemical analysis
Qualitative Analysis (identification)
Provides information about the elements and compounds
in a sample.

“Identifying what is in an unknown sample”

Quantitative Analysis
provides information about the amount of each substance
in a sample

“Identifying how much is present in


an unknown sample”
Important terms in
Analytical Chemistry

11
Analysis:
A process that provides chemical or
physical information about the constituents
1 (components) in the sample.

Analyte:
2 Is a substance that is of interest in a sample.

Matrix:
All other components in a sample except the
3 analyte.

12
Errors in quantitative analysis

Suppose we measure a mass four times and


obtain values of 55.9, 55.0, 56.0 and 59.0 kg.
All four values are different, because of the
errors inherent in the measurements, and the
fourth value (59 kg) is substantially different
from the other three.
Errors in quantitative analysis

Errors in chemical analyses are seldom, but they may


have equally serious effects. Among other applications,
analytical results are often used in the diagnosis of
disease, in the assessment of hazardous wastes and
pollution, in the solving of major crimes, and in the
quality control of industrial products.
Errors in these results can have serious personal and
societal effects.
This lecturer considers the various types of errors
encountered in chemical analyses and the methods we
can use to detect them.
Types of Error Gross
error

Random
error

Systematic
error
Types of Error

1. Gross Errors
They usually occur only occasionally, are often
large, and may cause a result to be either high
or low. Gross error leads to outliers.
This error causes the result differs
significantly from the rest of the results.
Examples include a complete instrument
breakdown, accidentally dropping or discarding a
crucial sample.
Such errors are normally easily recognized.
Types of Error

2.Random or Indeterminate Errors


The errors that affect the precision of measurement.
This type of error causes data to be scattered more or
less symmetrically around a mean value.
Types of Error

3.Systematic or Determinate Errors


The errors that affect the accuracy of a
result. This type of error causes the mean of a
set of data to differ from the accepted value.
A systematic error caused the results in a
series of replicate measurements to be all high
or all low.
Sources of Systematic Errors

1. Instrumental errors
Caused by unideal instrument behavior, by
faulty calibrations, or by use under
inappropriate conditions.
2. Method errors
Arise from unideal chemical or physical
behavior of analytical systems.

3. Personal errors
Results from the carelessness, inattention, or
personal limitations of the experimenter.
The distinction between random and systematic errors

Random errors Systematic errors


1. Cause replicate results to fall on 1. Cause all results to be affected
either side of a mean value. in one sense only, all too high or
2. Can be estimated using replicate all too low
measurements. 2. Cannot be detected simply by
3. Caused by both humans and using replicate measurements.
equipment. 3. Caused by both humans and
equipment.
statistical
methods
Mean

Mean( average): is the average of a set of values and


is sometimes called the arithmetic mean.

 xi
i=1
x =
N

Where
xi = individual values of x and
N = number of replicate measurements
Data 1
n= {10,11, 9, 5, 12, 13} Even Number

Data 2
n= {10, 11, 9, 5, 12} Odd number

10+11+9+5+12+13
=
6 = 10

10+11+9+5+12
= = 9.4
5
Median

Median: The statistical median is the middle number in a sequence of


numbers. To find the median, organize each number in order by size;
the number in the middle is the median.

Data 1
n= {10,11, 9, 5, 12, 13} Data 2
n= {10, 11, 9, 5, 12}
Rearrange data 1
n = { 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13} Rearrange data 2
10 +11 n = { 5, 9, 10, 11, 12}
median= = 10.5
2
Median =10
Median for data 1 is 10.5
Mode

Mode: The mode is the number that occurs most often within a set of
numbers.
Data 1
n= {10,11, 9, 5, 12, 13, 9, 12, 6, 8, 9, 10, 7, 9}

The mode =9

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