IPv4 Subnetting

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Why Subnet?
Before Subnetting
Network Host
After Subnetting
Network Subnet Host

1.A way of breaking networks into smaller more manageable pieces

2.More efficiently use IP addresses
3.Reduces the amount of wasted space
4.Reduce the size of a broadcast domains
5.Better bandwidth utilization

2
Subnetting
Network Network Network Host
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 00000101 . 00100010 . 000 0 1 0 11

Subnet Host

1. Subnet addresses include:

◦ The Class A, Class B, or Class C network portion
◦ A subnet field
◦ A host field

2. Subnet field and the host field are created from the original host portion
3. Provides addressing flexibility
4. To create a subnet address:
◦ Network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion
◦ Designates them as the subnet field (gives up control)

3
 What is a Subnet Mask?
Class B Default Subnet Mask Class B Subnet Mask with
255.255.0.0 4 bits borrowed
255.255.240.0 Allowed
1.Formal name: Extended Network Prefix Numbers

2.Tells the network devices which part of an address is the network 0- 0

field and which part is the host field 1- 128
3.32 bits long and 4 octets, just like an IP address 2- 192
4.Bits are always borrowed from the left most available bit 3- 224

5.Allowed numbers: 255, 254, 248, 240, 224, 192, 128, 0 4- 240
5- 248
6.Step to determine the subnet mask:
◦ Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form 6- 252
◦ Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s 7- 254
◦ Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s
◦ Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation 8- 255

4
Subnet Mask
If you have a class C address:
1.How many bits are used without subnetting?
24 or /24
2. What is the subnet mask?
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 or 255.255.255.0
N . N . N . H
3. If you borrowed 4 bits, how many are used?
28 or /28

4. What is the subnet mask?

11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 or 255.255.255.240
5
Examples of Subnet Mask
What is the Subnet Mask for this IP address?

1. 194.78.112.6/28 255.255.255.240

2. 117.23.8.3/10 255.192.0.0

3. 156.132.64.12/20 255.255.240.0

4. 208.150.112.16/30 255.255.255.252

5. 91.118.125.2/16 255.255.0.0

6
Useable Subnets and Host
MEMORIZE

1.Formula for calculating USEABLE Subnets (borrowed bits):

2b = useable subnets
2. Formula for calculation USEABLE Hosts (unused bits):

2u - 2 = useable hosts
7
Calculating Subnets and Hosts
Example: Class C network, borrowing 3 bits:
1.What is the subnet mask?
255.255.255.224
2. How many useable subnets?
2b= ? 23 = 8 useable subnets
3. How many useable hosts per subnet?
2u-2= ? 25 (32) - 2 = 30 useable hosts
Possible number of hosts

8
Boolean Operations
1.The term "operations" in mathematics refers to rules that define
how one number combines with other numbers
2.Boolean operators for binary numbers:
◦ AND is like multiplication  NAND is the AND with a reversed outcome
◦ OR is like addition  NOR is the OR with a reversed outcome
◦ NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1

3.In order to route a data packet, the router must first determine the
destination network/subnet address by performing a logical AND
using the destination host's IP address and the subnet mask
4.Result will be the network/subnet/wire address
9
ANDing
Find the network address for this class B IP:
1.180.160.120.8/18

2.What the subnet mask? 255.255.192.0

3.Change IP to binary 10110100.10100000.01111000.00001000

4.Change SM to binary 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000

5.AND function 10110100.10100000.01000000.00000000

6.Convert back to decimal
180.160.64.0
7.Network address

10
Classful Subnetting
THINGS YOU MUST ALWAYS FIND
THINGS YOU KNOW BY DEFAULT: OUT FIRST BEFORE FINDING YOUR
IP’S:
1.Class 1.Bits Borrowed
2.Formulas 2.Number of subnets
3.Default Mask 3.Numbers of hosts
4.Subnet Mask
5.Increment (Possible number of hosts)

11
An IP address of 196.112.48.0 with the most
hosts:
1.Bits Borrowed 1

2.Subnet Mask 255.255.255.128

3.Number of subnets 21 = 2 useable

4.Numbers of hosts 27 (128) - 2 = 126 useable

5.Increment 128

12
An IP address of 196.112.48.0 with 2 bits
borrowed would have:
1.Bits Borrowed 2

2.Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192

3.Number of subnets 22 = 4 useable

4.Numbers of hosts 26 (64) - 2 = 62 useable

5.Increment 64

13
An IP address of 196.112.48.0/27:
1.Bits Borrowed 3

2.Subnet Mask 255.255.255.224

3.Number of subnets 23 = 8 useable

4.Numbers of hosts 25 (32) - 2 = 30 useable

5.Increment 32

14
A class C address 196.112.48.12 with 4 bits
borrowed would have:
1.Bits Borrowed 4

2.Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240

3.Number of subnets 24 = 16 useable

4.Numbers of hosts 24 (16) - 2 = 14 useable

5.Increment 16

15
An IP address of 196.112.48.0/29:
1.Bits Borrowed 5

2.Subnet Mask 255.255.255.248

3.Number of subnets 25 = 32 useable

4.Numbers of hosts 23 (8) - 2 = 6 useable

5.Increment 8

16
An IP address of 196.112.48.0 with the most
subnets:
1.Bits Borrowed 6

2.Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252

3.Number of subnets 26 = 64 useable

4.Numbers of hosts 22 (4) - 2 = 2 useable

5.Increment 4

17
 Class C Subnetting Bits
Formula = N.N.N.H Default Slash = /24 Default Mask = 255.255.255.0

Bits Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6

Slash Notation /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252

Number of
2 4 8 16 32 64
subnets
Numbers of
126 62 30 14 6 2
Usable hosts
Increment 128 64 32 16 8 4

18
Class C Subnetting Chart
196.112.48.0/26 Class C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0
Subnet Network Useable Broadcast
Number Address Range Address
SN0 196.112.48.0 196.112.48.1 – 196.112.48.62 196.112.48.63

SN1 196.112.48.64 196.112.48.65 – 196.112.48.126 196.112.48.127

SN2 196.112.48.128 196.112.48.129 – 196.112.48.190 196.112.48.191

SN3 196.112.48.192 196.112.48.193 – 196.112.48.254 196.112.48.255

256

19
20
Private Addresses
The following rages are available for private addressing:
Class A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

1.Found in each class

2.Preserve IP addresses used on the Internet
3.Not routable or useable on the Internet
4.Added security
5.Used by:
◦ Hosts that use network address translation (NAT)
◦ Proxy server to connect to a public network
◦ Hosts that do not connect to the Internet at all

21
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
1.Feature of modern operating systems
2.Automatically self-configures an IP address and subnet mask when
a DHCP server isn't available
3.IP address range: 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254
4.Configures a default class B subnet mask of 255.255.0.0
5.Used until a DHCP becomes available
6.APIPA cannot be routed over the Internet

22