GEMS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India, F. No Northern/2015/1-2474317051)

NH-2, Jogiya More, Ratanpura, Aurangabad, Bihar – 824 121

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

2018506 – Computer Hardware & Networking Lab

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, BIHAR

IV SEMESTER DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGG.
(Effective from Session 2021-2024 Batch)

LABORATORY MANUAL
Prepared By
Ms. Jenita
Lecturer
 INDEX

Sl. No Content Page No

1. Teaching and Examinations Scheme

2. Syllabus -SBTE, Bihar

3. Course Outcomes

4. Identify motherboard components

5. RAM identification, removal, installation.

6. CMOS setup.

7. Print a summary of your system Hardware.

8. Upgrading memory.

9. Hard drive, optical drive installation.

10. How to recover lost data on a hard drive.

Troubleshooting keyboard ,monitor, printer-

a) a few keys do not work.
b) The keyboard does not work at all.
11. c) key continuous to repeat after being released.
d) key produces wrong character.
e) Power light (led) does not go on, no picture.
f) Power LED light is on no picture power up .
g) Power on but the monitor displays the wrong character.

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 Printer Problems
9.1 laser printer:
a) Printer never leaves warm-up mode.
b) Paper Jam message is displayed
12. c) Printed messages are distorted
9.2 DMP
a) Print head moves back and forth but nothing prints.
b) Print self test works but printing from a computer application
does not work etc.,

13. Installation of operating system

14. Installation of Network card.

15. Preparing the UTP cable for cross and direct connections using a
crimping tool.

16. Installation of a switch and connecting systems to a network switch.

17. Installation of a modem (internal, external or USB) and connecting to the

internet.

18. Using FTP for uploading and downloading files.

19. Installation and configuring the proxy server for internet access.

Faculty In-charge HOD/CSE

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 TEACHING AND EXAMINATIONS SCHEME

LABORATORY NAME Computer Hardware & Networking Lab

LABORATORY CODE 2018506

TEACHING
Periods per Week 02
SCHEME

Hours of Exam. 03

Internal(A) 15
Practical (ESE)
External(B) 35

EXAMINATION-SC
HEME Total Marks (A+B) 50

Pass Marks in the Subject 20

Credits 02

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 Computer Hardware & Networking Lab (2018506)
(CSE. ENGG. GROUP) Syllabus -SBTE, Bihar

Practical Outcomes: After completing the course, the students will understand
●
List of Practicals

1 Identify motherboard components

2 RAM identification, removal, installation.

3 CMOS setup.

4 Print a summary of your system Hardware.

5 Upgrading memory.

6 Hard drive, optical drive installation.

7 How to recover lost data on a hard drive.

8 Troubleshooting keyboard ,monitor, printer-

a) a few keys do not work.
b) The keyboard does not work at all.
c) key continuous to repeat after being released.
d) key produces wrong character.
e) Power light (led) does not go on, no picture.
f) Power LED light is on no picture power up .
g) Power on but the monitor displays the wrong character.

9 Printer Problems
9.1 laser printer:
a) Printer never leaves warm-up mode.
b) Paper Jam message is displayed
c) Printed messages are distorted
9.2 DMP
a) Print head moves back and forth but nothing prints.
b) Print self test works but printing from a computer application does
not work etc.,

10 Installation of operating system

11 Installation of Network card.

12 Preparing the UTP cable for cross and direct connections using a crimping
tool.

13 Installation of a switch and connecting systems to a network switch.

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 14 Installation of a modem (internal, external or USB) and connecting to the
internet.

15 Using FTP for uploading and downloading files.

16 Installation and configuring the proxy server for internet access.

Course Outcomes

Upon Completion of this course , the students will able to acquire the following Practical Skills :

Bloom's
Course Outcomes:
Taxonomy
Level
CO313.1 3
Maintain wired computer network topologies.

CO313.2 Use the relevant network model for the specified data
2
communication system.
CO313.3 Maintain relevant transmission medium and modem for data
3
transmission.
CO313.4 Analyze error detection/correction and flow control of data in the
2
data network.
CO313.5 Configure the network component and assign an IP address. 2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level

1 - Remembering 2- Understanding 3- Applying 4- Analyzing 5- Evaluating 6- Creating

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 UNIT – 01

Identify motherboard components

Aim :

To identify the motherboard components.

Procedure :

Motherboard :
A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. The motherboard is a
computer's central communications backbone connectivity point, through which all components and
external peripherals connect.

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit) chip

CPU is the electronic circuitry in a computer that executes instructions that make up a program. It is
also known as a central processor or the main processor. The CPU executes the basic logic,
arithmetic, controlling as well as input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the
desktop programs.

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2. RAM (Random Access Memory) slots
RAM is a kind of computer memory that can be read and written. It is mainly used to save data and
machine code. A RAM device permits data to be read or written in nearly the same amount of time no
matter where the data’s physical location is in the memory. Compared to the direct-access storage
devices like hard drives, CD/DVD and magnetic tapes, RAM media is much faster for data reading
and writing.
3. Southbridge/northbridge
They are the two chips in the core logic chipset on the motherboard. Typically, the southbridge
implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a northbridge/southbridge chipset computer
architecture.
The northbridge, also known as host bridge or Memory Controller Hub, is connected directly to the
CPU via the front-side bus (FSB). It is responsible for tasks requiring the highest performance.
Together with the southbridge, they manage communications between the CPU and other
motherboard components.
4. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
BIOS, also called system BIOS, PC BIOS or ROM BIOS, is firmware that is used to perform
hardware initialization during the booting process; and to provide runtime services for operating
systems and programs. The BIOS firmware is the first software to run when powered on; it is
re-installed on a PC’s system board.
5. I/O port
Input/output ports are the connections between the CPU and peripheral devices on a motherboard.
There are two complementary methods to perform input and output processes: memory-mapped I/O
(MMIO) and port-mapped I/O (PMIO). Alternatively, you can use dedicated I/O processors, called
channels on mainframe computers, which execute their own instructions.
6. USB (Universal Serial Bus)
USB is an industry standard that creates specifications for connectors, cables and protocols for
connection; power supply (interfacing) and communication among computers, computer peripherals
as well as other desktops. There are a great many USB hardware including several different
connectors, of which USB-C is the latest kind.
7. CPU slot
A CPU slot, also called a CPU socket or Processor socket, contains one or more mechanical
components that provide mechanical and electrical connections between the PCB and a
microprocessor (CPU). Therefore, you can install a CPU on a motherboard without soldering.
8. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slot
Peripheral Component Interconnect is a local computer bus for connecting hardware to a computer. It
supports all the functions of a processor bus. PCI is usually called Conventional PCI to distinguish it
from its successor PCI Express (PCIe, PCI-e or PCI-E).
PCI Express is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard designed to replace the older
PCI, PCI-X and AGP bus standard. It is a general-use motherboard interface for the graphics card,
SSDs, hard drives, Wi-Fi as well as Ethernet hardware connections.
9. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) slot
AGP was designed as a high-speed point-to-point channel for connecting a video card (graphics card)
to a computer system. Primarily, it was used to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
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AGP is originally designed to be a descendant of the PCI series of connections for video cards. Yet, it
was replaced by the PCIe slots.
10. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) slot
ISA is the 16-bit internal bus of IBM PC/AT and similar computers that are based on Intel 80286 and
its immediate successors during the 1980s. It was backward compatible with the 8-bit bus of the
8088-based IBM PC.
There once was an attempt to extend ISA into a 32-bit bus, called Extended Industry Standard
Architecture (EISA). The attempt wasn’t very successful and the EISA was largely replaced by the
later VESA Local Bus and the PCI bus.
11. Parallel port
A parallel port is a kind of interface for attaching peripherals on desktops. The name of this kind of
port is derived from the way the data is sent. That is, the parallel ports send multiple bits of data at the
same time. Serial interfaces, on the contrary, send bits of data at once. To achieve parallel data
transfer, there are multiple data lines in the parallel port cables. The parallel port cable is larger than
the cable of a contemporary serial port, which only has one data line within.
12. FDC (Floppy-Disk Controller)
FDC is a special-purpose chip and associated disk controller circuitry. It controls and directs reading
from and writing to a computer’s floppy disk drive (FDD).
13. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) controller
The devices used for connecting IDE, Ethernet, FireWire, USB and other systems can be called host
adapters. So, the IDE controller refers to the host adapter. A host adapter, also called a host controller
or a host bus adapter (HBA), connects a computer (acting as the host system) to other network and
storage devices.
14. CMOS (Complementary Metal-oxide-semiconductor) battery
CMOS battery, also called memory battery, clock battery or real-time clock (RTC), is generally a
CR2032 lithium coin cell. The lifespan of the CMOS battery is estimated to be three years when the
power supply unit (PSU) is unplugged or switched off.
15. Power supply connector
A power supply provides the necessary electrical power to let the computer to work. It takes standard
110-Volt AC (Alternative Current) power to DC (Direct Current) power of 12 Volt, 5 Volt, 3.3 Volt,
etc.
16. Mouse and keyboard ports
All computers have a keyboard port connected directly to the motherboard. There are two types of
connectors. The oldest one is a special DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) connector while the
newest one is the mini DIN PS/2-style connector. Many PCs use the PS/2-style connectors for both
keyboard and mouse; and the connectors are marked clearly for different usage.
17. DIP (Dual In-line Package) switch
A DIP switch is a manual electric switch packaged with others in a standard dual in-line package. The
term may refer to an individual switch or the whole unit. The DIP switch is designed to be used on a
printed circuit board (motherboard) together with other electronic motherboard components. It is
usually used to customize the behavior of an electronic device for specific situations.

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18. Jumper
A jumper is a short length of conductor that is used to close, open or bypass part of an electronic
circuit. Typically, jumpers are used to set up or configure printed circuit boards like the motherboard.
19. Heat sink/heatsink (cooling system)
A heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by parts of the motherboard
into a fluid medium like liquid or air. The fluid medium will dissipate away from the device. Thus,
the temperature of the device is kept within a tolerable range. On the motherboard, the heatsink is
usually used to cool CPU, GPU (graphics processing unit), chipsets and RAM modules.
20. Clock generator
A clock generator is an electronic oscillator (circuit) that produces a clock signal for usage in
synchronizing a circuit’s operation. The clock signal ranges between high and low frequencies, thus
creating a metronome for the coordination of actions.

Result :

The identification of motherboard components has been done successfully.

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 UNIT – 02

RAM identification, removal, installation.

Aim:

To identify RAM , Removal and Installation of RAM.

Procedure:
Methods to identify ram type in computer/laptop.

1. How to identify ram type physically

2. How to identify ram through computer/PC without opening case

Method 1 – how to identify ram DDR physically

To determine ram type of PC you have to open the computer CPU case and on the
motherboard you will see RAM installed. remove the ram chip and check the label stuck on it. you
will see the module name printed on it.
Find out and compare it from below details
DDR: PC-1600 to PC-3200
DDR2: PC2-3200 to PC2-8500
DDR3: PC3-6400 to PC3-17000
In this way you can identify ram ddr type physically. If there is not sticker sticked on the ram chip
then you can check the notch over the ram chip
The differences between RAM types is where the break in the gold plates. Refer below picture for
details.

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Method 2:- How to identify RAM type in Computer without opening CPU case.
The former method consists of the ways to know ram type physically but that process has
some limitation i.e. you had to open case of computer/Laptop and if sticker due to some reason in not
present on ram chip, you will not be able to determine ram type.
To deal with this limitation, a solution exist is explaining you another method in which you will get to
know ram type guaranteed and without opening case.
Method 2 : – determine ram in pc using inbuilt option in pc
Step 1 : Right-click on the taskbar and click on task manager to open task manager or press Ctrl Alt
Del simultaneously and click on task manager.
Step 2 : Now after opening the task manager, click on the performance tab and then click on memory.
Step 3 : Here you will see the memory along with its typeNote – This method does not work for all,
like in my computer it doesn’t works its shows only ram size i.e. 4 Gb but not type.

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Those, whom the above method does not work for, can follow another method that will surely work.
This method doesn’t work on my computer.
Removal or Installation of RAM
1. Power off the workstation using the procedures described in the section.
2. Remove the left-side access panel using the procedure described in the section.
3. Gently lay the system on its right side on a stable, non-slip surface.
4. Identify the location from which you will remove a DIMM.
5. To remove a DIMM press down on the ejector levers at both ends of the DIMM socket
Figure : Removing a DIMM

6. Lift the DIMM and set it aside on an antistatic surface.

7. Choose the next step.
○ If you are installing a new DIMM
○ If you are finished, close the workstation and prepare it for operation using the
procedures described in the section.

To Install DIMMs

This procedure describes the correct procedure for installing DIMMs.

1. Power off the workstation using the procedure described in the section.
2. Remove the left-side access panel using the procedure described in the section.
3. Gently lay the system on its right side on a stable, non-slip surface.
4. Identify the location into which you will install a DIMM.
Ensure that the locking tabs are rotated to the open position.
5. Align the DIMM with the proper slot.
6. Press both ends of the DIMM downward into the slot until both locking levers click into place
This action locks the DIMM in the slot.

13
 Figure Installing a DIMM

7. Ensure that both locking levers are in the fully upright and locked position.
8. Repeat the above steps for each DIMM that you want to replace.
9. To close the system, perform the steps in the section
10. Boot the workstation and watch the boot messages on the monitor.
Watch the monitor for the prompt that instructs you to press F2 to enter the BIOS Setup utility.
11. When the BIOS prompt appears press F2.
The BIOS Setup utility main menu appears.
12. Use the Memory Configuration screen to verify that the total amount of memory installed in
the workstation is seen by the system.

Result:

This has been accomplished successfully in identifying, removing, and installing RAM.

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 UNIT – 03

CMOS setup

Aim:
To

Procedure :

To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key or combination of keys during the
initial startup sequence. Most systems use "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "Ctrl-Esc" or "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to
enter setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display that tells you "Press ___ to
Enter Setup."
Once you have entered setup, you will see a set of text screens with a number of options. Some of
these are standard, while others vary according to the BIOS manufacturer. Common options include:
● System Time/Date - Set the system time and date
● Boot Sequence - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating system
● Plug and Play - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; should be set to "Yes" if
your computer and operating system both support it
● Mouse/Keyboard - "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard," "Auto-Detect Mouse"...
● Drive Configuration - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives
● Memory - Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory address
● Security - Set a password for accessing the computer
● Power Management - Select whether to use power management, as well as set the amount
of time for standby and suspend
● Exit - Save your changes, discard your changes or restore default settings
Be very careful when making changes to setup. Incorrect settings may keep your computer from
booting. When you are finished with your changes, you should choose "Save Changes" and exit. The
BIOS will then restart your computer so that the new settings take effect.
The BIOS uses CMOS technology to save any changes made to the computer's settings. With this
technology, a small lithium or Ni-Cad battery can supply enough power to keep the data for years. In
fact, some of the newer chips have a 10-year, tiny lithium battery built right into the CMOS chip!
1

15
16
Result :

CMOS setup has been completed successfully.

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 UNIT – 04

Print a summary of your system Hardware

Aim :

To print the summary of system Hardware.

Procedure :
System Information is Alternatively called msinfo32, System Information is an executable file
first included with Microsoft Windows 98 and included with all versions of Windows since then. This
program gives Windows users a comprehensive listing of the computer specifications (specs),
including hardware, resources, software, and Internet settings.
To open System Information in Windows
Windows 11 users
On the Windows taskbar, click the magnifying glass icon. In the text field at the top of the search
window, type msinfo32 and press Enter.
Windows 8 and Windows 10 users
Click Start or press the Windows key, type msinfo32 or system information, and press Enter.
Windows Vista and Windows 7 users
Click Start and search for system information.
Windows XP, Windows ME, and Windows 98 users
Click Start, Programs, Accessories, System Tools, and System Information. Alternatively, you can
open Run, type winmsd, and press Enter.

What does Windows System Information look like?

Below is an example picture of what the Microsoft System Information window may look like on your
computer.

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What is shown in System Information?
Below is a complete overview of what the Windows System Information window can display, with links to
related pages.

System Summary
The opening System Summary has a helpful summary of the overall computer, as shown in our example below.

Item Value

OS Name Microsoft Windows 10 Pro

Version 10.0.19041 Build 19041

Other OS Description Not Available

OS Manufacturer Microsoft Corporation

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System Name COMPHOPE

System Manufacturer Dell Inc.

System Model XPS 8300

System Type x64-based PC

System SKU

Processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2600 CPU @3.40GHz, 3401 Mhz, 4 Core(s), 8

Logical Processor(s)

BIOS Version/Date Dell Inc. A06, 10/17/2011

SMBIOS Version 2.6

Embedded Controller Version 255.255

BIOS Mode Legacy

BaseBoard Manufacturer Dell Inc.

BaseBoard Product 0Y2MRG

BaseBoard Version A00

Platform Role Workstation

Secure Boot State Unsupported

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PCR7 Configuration Binding Not Possible

Windows Directory C:\WINDOWS

System Directory C:\WINDOWS\system32

Boot Device \Device\HarddiskVolume1

Locale United States

Hardware Abstraction Layer Version = "10.0.19041.488"

User Name COMPHOPE\Hope

Time Zone Mountain Standard Time

Installed Physical Memory 8.00 GB

(RAM)

Total Physical Memory 7.98 GB

Available Physical Memory 1.88 GB

Total Virtual Memory 32.0 GB

Available Virtual Memory 18.7 GB

Page File Space 24.0 GB

Page File C:\pagefile.sys

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 Kernel DMA Protection Off

Virtualization-based security Not enabled

Device Encryption Support Reasons for failed automatic device encryption: TPM is not usable, PCR7
binding is not supported, Hardware Security Test Interface failed, and the
device is not Modern Standby, Un-allowed DMA capable bus/device(s)
detected, Disabled by policy, TPM is not usable

Hyper-V - VM Monitor Mode Yes

Extensions

Hyper-V - Second Level Yes

Address Translation
Extensions

Hyper-V - Virtualization Yes

Enabled in Firmware

Hyper-V - Data Execution Yes

Protection

Result :
The summary of system hardware has been successfully printed.

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 UNIT – 05

Upgrading memory
Aim:
To Upgrade Memory.
Procedure:
Step 1 - Gathering Supplies
Clear off your installation space and make sure you’re working in a static-safe environment. Remove
any plastic bags or papers from your workspace. Then, you’ll need the following items:
● Your desktop computer
● Crucial® desktop memory
● Screwdriver
● Owner’s manual

Step 2 - Shut Down Your Desktop Computer

Because your files, documents, and data are on your storage drive, not your Random Access Memory
(RAM), they remain unaffected during this process.
Step 3 - Unplug the Power Cable
This includes any cables and accessories plugged into the computer
Step 4 - Hold the Power Button for Five Seconds
This discharges any residual electricity still in the system.
Step 5 - Open the Case
For instructions about opening your specific system, consult its owner’s manual. You can also take
pictures as you work through the process to see where cables or screws are attached to make it easier
to put back together.

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Step 6 - Ground Yourself
Touch an unpainted metal surface – this is an extra safeguard that protects your computer memory
and components from static damage during the installation process.

Step 7 - Remove Existing Memory Modules

Press down on the clips on the sides of each module, the clip mechanism will push the memory
module up. You can then pull the module completely out.

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Step 8 - Install Memory
Holding the modules along the edges, align the notches on the module with the ridge in the slot, then
apply even pressure and firmly press the module in. It usually takes about 30 pounds of pressure to
fully install the module.

Step 9 - Close the Computer Case

Step 10 - Plug the Power Cable in

Result:
Upgrading memory has been completed successfully.

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 UNIT – 06

Hard drive, optical drive installation.

Aim :
To install Hard Drive and Optical Drive
Procedure :
Installing a Hard Drive
The general procedures for installing any hard drive are similar, but the exact steps and the sequence
of steps vary depending on the type of drive you are installing PATA or SATA and the particulars of
your case. The basic steps required to install a hard drive are:
1. Configure the drive as a master or slave device (PATA only).
2. Mount the drive in the chassis.
3. Connect the data cable to the drive and to the PATA or SATA interface.
4. Connect a power cable to the drive. Before you remove the case panels to install the hard
drive:
5. Restart the system and run BIOS Setup. Note the current configuration which ATA and SATA
ports are in use and the descriptions of the devices that are connected to them. Alternatively,
use a diagnostic program such as Everest Home Edition to determine the current configuration
of your drives and interfaces.
6. If you are also installing a PATA or SATA interface card or RAID adapter, configure that card
per the maker's instructions and attach the cables to it. If that card will replace some or all of
the embedded PATA or SATA interfaces, use CMOS Setup to disable those interfaces.
Some cases use fixed drive bays, which are a fixed part of the chassis structure. A hard drive is
installed in a fixed drive bay either by sliding the drive into the bay and securing it by inserting
screws through the chassis and into the drive or by attaching drive rails to the drive and sliding the
drive and rail assembly into channels in the chassis. Depending on the mounting arrangements, you
may or may not need to attach rails to the hard drive before installing it.
Other cases use removable drive cage or drive tray assemblies, in which you first secure the drive to
the removable assembly and then insert the assembly into the chassis. If your case uses removable
drive trays, securing the drive to the tray is one of the first installation steps.

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The exact method used to secure the drive in the removable drive tray varies. Many drive trays use
four screws that are inserted through the base of the drive tray and into the drive. Other drive trays
use screws inserted through the side of the tray. A few use spring-steel clips with projections that seat
in the screw holes of the drive, clamps that hold the drive securely with friction, or sliding locking tab
arrangements. If your case uses removable drive trays of any sort, make sure to insert the drive
oriented so that the data and power connectors are accessible when the tray is reinstalled in the
chassis.

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Once you remove the cover and decide where and how you will physically install the drive, take the
following steps:
1. If you are also adding a PATA or SATA interface card or RAID adapter, install the card in an
available slot and route the data cable(s) to the hard drive bay area.
2. (PATA only) If BIOS Setup did not report the details of installed drives, visually examine them to
determine how they are configured and to which ATA interface they connect. Depending on the
existing configuration, you may be able to add the new drive to a free channel, or you may need to
reconfigure existing drives and/or move them to another interface. Follow the recommendations in
the article "Assigning masters and slaves" to configure the drive or drives.
3. Decide what to do with the existing hard drive:
● If you are replacing a failed hard drive, disconnect the data and power cables from the existing
drive, and remove the drive from the chassis.
● If you are replacing a drive that still functions but you need to copy data from it to the new
hard drive, leave the old drive in place for the time being. If the old drive occupies the drive
bay you need for the new drive, remove the old drive and set it on top of the chassis or
elsewhere within reach of the data and power cables. Make sure the drive is oriented normally
horizontal or vertical rather than at an angle or upside down. If necessary, use a sheet of paper
or cardboard underneath the drive to prevent electrical shorts. Connect the data and power
cables so that you can use the drive temporarily to copy data from it to the new drive.
● If you are adding a drive and will continue using the old drive, decide where to install the new
drive and whether to make it the primary drive or secondary drive. For example, if you are

28
 adding a large drive to store your audio and video collection, you may decide to install the
new drive on the secondary channel, leaving the configuration of the old drive unchanged.
Conversely, if you plan to use the new drive as the boot drive and for primary storage and the
old drive for secondary storage, you may decide to install the new drive on the primary
channel and move the old drive to the secondary channel.
4. After you have configured the new drive (and reconfigured the old one, if necessary), mount and
secure the new drive and connect the data cable to the drive. If the drive mounts directly to the
chassis, it is often easier to connect the data cable to the drive before you mount the drive. If the drive
mounts to a removable drive tray, it may be easier to connect the data cable to the drive after you
mount the drive tray in the chassis. If the drive is a PATA model, make sure that the stripe on the data
cable is aligned with pin 1 on the drive data connector.

5. If it is not already connected, connect the other end of the data cable to the motherboard, as shown
in Figure 7-10. Connect an SATA drive that is primary to the lowest numbered SATA interface
(usually 0, but sometimes 1). Connect an SATA drive that is secondary to the lowest available SATA
interface. (On a system with a primary PATA drive and secondary SATA drive, use SATA interface 0
or higher.) Any PATA hard drive should be configured as a master device if at all possible. Connect a
PATA drive that is primary as primary master, and a PATA drive that is secondary as secondary
master.

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6. Connect a power cable to the drive, as shown in Figure 7-11. Although it is not a major issue, we
prefer to use a dedicated power cable for a hard drive whenever possible, rather than sharing a power
cable among two or more drives.

7. Leave the cover off for now, and give the system a quick visual check to make sure that everything
is connected properly. Connect the keyboard, mouse, and monitor if you'd previously disconnected
them, then turn on the power to start the smoke test. You should hear the new drive spin up. If it's

30
difficult to tell (which it often is with newer drives), you can put your fingertip against the drive and
feel it spinning up.
8. The new drive should appear on the BIOS boot screen as the system boots. If that screen flashes
past too quickly or your system doesn't display configuration details on the boot screen, run CMOS
Setup and use it to verify that the new drive is detected correctly. If the new drive is not detected, take
the following steps until the problem is resolved:
1. Restart the system, run BIOS Setup, and look for an option named Auto Detect or something
similar. Choose that option to force drive detection.
2. Power down the system. Verify that the data cable is connected to the drive and interface, that
the power cable is connected, and that both cables are seated firmly. If the drive is a PATA
model, verify that you are using an 80-wire UltraATA cable and that the colored stripe on the
cable corresponds to pin 1 on the drive and interface.
3. Restart the system, run BIOS Setup, and verify that the interface to which you connected the
drive is enabled.
4. Power down the system and substitute another data cable.
5. Power down the system and connect the data cable to a different interface.
6. If the drive is a PATA model and shares the cable with another device, power down the system
and disconnect the other device temporarily. If the second device is another hard drive that is
configured as master, temporarily reconfigure the new drive as master for testing.
7. If the drive is an SATA model and the motherboard uses a chipset that predates SATA, you
will need to install SATA drivers from a floppy. Note that even some very recent
motherboards use older chipsets that are not SATA-aware, so the age of the system is no
indication as to whether it supports SATA natively. These older motherboard designs add
SATA support by using a standalone SATA controller chip that is not integrated with the main
chipset. SATA drives connected to such a motherboard require drivers to be installed manually
before the system can access the SATA drive.
9. Once the system recognizes the new drive, use Windows or a third-party utility to partition and
format the new drive. We generally use the disk preparation software that is bundled with the hard
drive, such as the Maxtor MaxBLAST utility
To install or upgrade to an optical drive, you'll need the following:
● SATA Optical Drive: IDE is the old connection format for optical drives, but has been
completely replaced by SATA. Modern motherboards no longer support IDE, so in the rare
chance you're installing an old optical drive in a newer PC, you'll need an IDE to SATA
adapter.
● Computer Case With 5.25" Drive Bay: Due to falling demand for physical media, not all
modern cases come with a 5.25" drive bay, so make sure your particular case does have one
before buying an optical drive.
● Phillips-head Screwdriver (Size 2)

31
 ● 1 SATA Data Cable: These come with some optical drives, but not OEM ones (just the bare
drive). If you have an OEM optical drive, good news is most motherboards come with at least
2 SATA data cables.
● 1 SATA power cable: All modern power supplies come with SATA power cables.

1. Locate Spare 5.25" Drive Bay and Remove Cover

Some cases will have multiple 5.25" drive bays, so first decide which one you want to use to install
your optical drive.
The drive bays in a case have covers on them to protect your PC from dust, so before installing an
optical drive you need to remove the cover on the drive bay you want to use.

2. Mount Optical Drive Into 5.25" Drive Bay

Depending on your case, you may have to remove the front panel of the case to be able to slide the
optical drive into place. For our DeepCool Matrexx 30 case used in this guide, we don't need to
remove the cover, but if your optical drive won't fit through the front of your case with the front panel
attached, go ahead and remove it.

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3. Line Up Holes and Screw Optical Drive in Place
Match up the holes on the side of the drive with the holes on the case's drive bay. Then screw the
optical drive into place using M3 screws provided by either your optical drive (if it came with any) or
your case (check your case manual to know which ones are M3; same ones used for installing SATA
hard drives). You should use 4 screws to fully secure the optical drive in place, however in some
cases you won't be able to reach the holes on the rear side and so 2 screws will have to suffice.

4. Connect Optical Drive to Motherboard (With SATA Data Cable)

Once your CD/DVD/Blu-ray drive is securely installed in your computer case, you need to connect 2
cables. The first of which is the SATA data cable which plugs into the back of the optical drive and
into a SATA port on the motherboard.

33
5. Connect Optical Drive to Power Supply (With SATA Power Cable)
Now all that's left is to take one of the SATA power cables from the power supply and connect it into
the back of the optical drive.
If you're building a new PC from scratch and haven't reached the section on installing the power
supply, then you can just do this later on once you've installed the power supply in the case (but don't
forget otherwise your optical drive won't work).

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Result :
Hard drive, optical drive installation has been completed successfully.

35
 UNIT – 07

How to recover lost data on a hard drive.

Aim :
To recover Lost Data on a Hard Drive.
Procedure :
Common Data Loss Scenarios on Hard Drive
● Deletion is the most common scenario for data loss on a hard drive. You usually delete your
file (document, photo, video, email message, audio, or archive file) by pressing the Delete
key, then later empty your Recycle Bin without peeking into its stored content, or use Shift +
Delete key combination to remove a file from your PC. Later, you realize, you need those
deleted files back and suffer from data loss.
● Formatting is another likely scenario for data loss on a hard drive. Usually when you format
your PC at the time of installing Windows or format a non-boot volume or external hard drive,
you back up its stored content beforehand. Data loss occurs when you don't have a backup and
the hard drive is formatted either accidentally or purposefully.
● Corruption of a hard drive is yet another data loss scenario. When an internal hard drive
turns corrupt, your PC won't boot due to damage in master boot record or boot configuration
data. For the external hard drive, corruption in the file system makes it inaccessible but is
visible in Disk Management as RAW. If partition data turns corrupt, one or more drive
partitions are lost. Reasons for corruption can be a power outage, virus, bad sectors, improper
ejection of external hard drives, incomplete data saving on the hard drive, etc.
● Crashing is also another common data loss scenario on a hard drive. When system software
crashes, Windows throws a blue screen of death (BSOD) and the internal hard drive data turns
inaccessible. Also, when any application software freezes or stops responding, ending the task
by using Task Manager won't save the app's unsaved data, thus resulting in data loss.
● Failure is an inevitable data loss scenario on a hard drive. Hard drive fails automatically after
its lifespan. But it can also fail earlier due to mishandling, electric surge, fire, or water that
creates bad sectors, damages its internal components, or makes the drive dead. Data loss from
a physical failure of a hard drive can't be stopped but the drive's backup can be a savior.
Methods to Retrieve Data from Hard Drive

1. Use Recycle Bin

Recycle Bin stores the records of your deleted files temporarily. So, when you delete a file on your
PC by using the Delete key, you can immediately press the Control + Z key combination to undo the
operation. If you've deleted your file earlier, then you can't undo it. In such a case, open the Recycle
Bin to look for your deleted file. When you find your file, right-click on it, and select Restore to
return the file to its original location.
This method won't work in case you've used Shift + Delete key combination, emptied your Recycle
Bin, or deleted a file from an external hard drive, as the file's record is not saved in Recycle Bin and

36
is removed immediately. Then a backup or a data recovery software can help retrieve your deleted
data from a hard drive.
2. Use App's Inbuilt Recovery Feature
Applications such as Microsoft Outlook stores deleted emails on your hard drive in the Deleted Items
folder. If you've deleted an email message accidentally on Outlook, immediately press Control + Z
keys to undo the deletion. Or else, go to the Deleted Items folder from the left pane of Outlook and
drag and drop the message to the Inbox folder.
If the message is also deleted from the Deleted Items folder, then open the Deleted Items folder, and
in the Home tab, click Recover Deleted Items from Server. Select the required email message and
click OK to get back the deleted message on the Deleted Items folder.
3. Use File History Backup Drive
When you have backed up your PC hard drive before data loss by using File History, you can use the
File History backup drive to restore your deleted files. For an external hard drive, File History won't
work. In such a case, a clone of the external hard drive, backup of important files to yet another
external hard drive, or a data recovery software can help retrieve your lost data from the external hard
drive.
4. Use OneDrive
If you have synced your important folders on your PC hard drive to OneDrive, the proprietary cloud
storage drive from Microsoft, you can use your OneDrive account to access your synced data from
anywhere, anytime by using the Internet.
5. Use Windows Data Recovery Software
A Windows data recovery software can help you to retrieve data from your internal or external hard
drive that is subjected to deletion, formatting, corruption, or software failure. Steps are as follows:
● Download and install the *trial version Stellar Data Recovery Standard for Windows on your
PC.
● Run the software. On the Select What To Recover screen, toggle on the required types of data,
then click Next.
● On the Recover From screen, select the hard drive, toggle on Deep Scan, and then click Scan.
● Once the scan is over, preview the scanned files, select all those that are required, and then
click Recover.
● On the dialog box, click Browse to specify a distinct save location preferably an external hard
drive, then click Save.
● Once data recovery is over, verify the recovered data from the saved location.
*The trial version of Stellar Data Recovery Standard for Windows allows unlimited free drive scan
and file preview. But to save your recoverable files, you need to activate the software. The best part is
the software offers a 30-day money-back guarantee, so activate it with full confidence.
To retrieve data from the hard drive of a dead computer, extract the storage device then connect it to
another working computer as an external drive. If the data is accessible, copy all your files to another

37
external storage medium. If the drive is inaccessible, use the recommended software to scan and
recover your data.
6. Use Data Recovery Service
Data recovery service is useful in case of failure of a hard drive due to any physical data loss
situations. If your hard drive has undergone physical damage, then don't try any unreliable data
recovery method. Instead, go for the best data recovery service with the following attributes:
● Has ISO certified service center
● Uses Class 100 clean room
● Guarantees data recovery after analysis
● Provides secure & reliable service
● Provides complete data confidentiality
● Has no recovery no charge policy
● Provides free shipping of hard drive

Result:
The recovery of lost data on a hard drive has been successful.

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 UNIT – 08

Troubleshooting keyboard ,monitor, printer

Aim :
To troubleshoot the below listed problems
a) a few keys do not work.
b) The keyboard does not work at all.
c) key continuous to repeat after being released.
d) key produces wrong character.
e) Power light (led) does not go on, no picture.
f) Power LED light is on no picture power up .
g) Power on but the monitor displays the wrong character.
Procedure :
a) A few keys do not work :
When the keys on a keyboard don't work, it's usually due to mechanical failure. If this is the case, the
keyboard needs to be replaced. However, sometimes non-functioning keys can be fixed. The
following sections contain common issues and their causes, with methods to try and repair those
problems.
● One or more keys do not work.
● Function keys are not working.
● Keys on the number pad are not working.

One or more keys do not work

Dust, dirt, hair, and other debris can fall into the keyboard over time and obstruct a key's movement
or interfere with its circuitry.
Try removing the key that isn't working, and clean the area under and around it.
You can also try blowing away any debris in the spaces between the keys using a can of compressed
air or an air compressor.

Function keys are not working

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If the function keys are not working, the problem may be you have a function lock or F-Lock key that
needs to be toggled. The F-Lock key is used to turn on or off the F keys (F1 through F12) or
secondary functions of the F keys.
Some keyboards may label the F-Lock key as the Fn key

Keys on the number pad are not working

If the keys on the number pad don't work or are behaving oddly (e.g., moving your cursor), press the
Num Lock key. Num Lock is used to switch between the primary function (numbers) and secondary
functions (arrow keys, Home, Delete, etc.) of the numeric keypad.
If your keyboard has an LED indicator for the Num Lock key, the light should be turned on when the
numbers can be typed.
b) The keyboard does not work at all.
The computer is frozen: If the computer or an app is frozen or locked up, you won’t be able to type.
The keyboard is disconnected: The keyboard may have been unplugged, ran out of batteries, or the
wireless connection may have been disrupted.
The intended text field isn’t selected: If the text field you’re trying to type in has been deselected,
your keyboard will either not type or it will be typing somewhere off-screen (so it appears like it's not
working).
Software or driver problems: Your keyboard driver or some other software issue may be preventing
the keyboard from working.

How to Fix It When a Keyboard Won't Type

If your keyboard isn't working, try these fixes:
Restart your computer. If your computer is responsive, use the mouse to restart it. After it reboots,
check to see if the keyboard has started to work.
If the computer isn’t responsive, then you’ll have to try to fix your frozen computer before you can
proceed. Once the computer is responsive again, you can proceed with the restart.
Check your keyboard connection. If you’re using a USB keyboard, try unplugging it and plugging
it back in. If that doesn’t work, try plugging it into a different USB port or into a different computer
to see if that works.
You can also check to see if a different USB cable works if your keyboard uses a detachable USB
cable.
Make sure you have the correct text field selected. Click directly in the text field where you want
to type, then try typing again.
If you have accidentally clicked outside the text field where you want to type, your computer won't be
accepting any key presses or it will send the type to the wrong place. Even if the app you want to type
in is on the screen, it may not be the focus app.
Disable sticky and filter keys. If your keyboard seems to work but is behaving unexpectedly and
doesn't type the keys you are pressing, you may be able to fix it by disabling sticky, filter, and toggle
keys.
Navigate to Settings > Accessibility > Keyboard, and disable sticky keys, filter keys, and toggle keys.

40
Try selecting a different text field. Open a new app, and try to type in that app.
For example, if you were trying to type in a word processor, try opening your web browser, click in
the URL bar, and see if you can type there. If you can, then close and restart the first app to see if that
fixes the problem.
Check the wireless connection, if your keyboard is wireless. If the keyboard connects using a
wireless USB dongle, try removing the dongle and plugging it back in.
If it connects via Bluetooth, try turning the Bluetooth on your computer on and off, and check to
make sure that your keyboard connects. You may need to pair your keyboard again if it doesn’t
connect.
Clean the keyboard. If your keyboard is dirty, that can keep it from working correctly. Dirty
keyboards will typically have some stuck keys while having others that work, so this is more likely to
be your problem if some of the keys work.
c) Key continuous to repeat after being released
If your Keyboard is typing the same character continuously without pressing the key physically, then
some of these suggestions will help you fix the problem. The problem could be physical or due to a
software issue.

Keyboard key stuck typing the same character

If you face this problem, try these suggestions:
1. Clean the keyboard physically
2. Update or reinstall the Keyboard driver
3. Run Keyboard Troubleshooter
4. Change the Repeat Rate
5. Turn off Filter keys
6. Reset keyboard settings back to default
7. Troubleshoot in Clean Boot State
8. Reset the BIOS to defaults
9. Take it for repairs.
d) Key produces the wrong character.

Run the keyboard troubleshooter. Windows 10 has a dedicated troubleshooting tool that lets users
fix common issues that might affect their computers. Go to Settings > Update & Security > select
Troubleshoot. Locate the keyboard troubleshooter and run it. After the scan, follow the
troubleshooting instructions on the screen. Restart your computer and check if the problem persists.

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As always, scan for viruses, malware, etc. Viruses can be the source of many issues. Your keyboard
might type the wrong characters due to malware infections. Remember, keyloggers are common and
they can change your keyboard settings. Keyloggers are often undetected, but they can cause various
keyboard issues. Check out a good antivirus guide for software recommendations.
Uninstall keyboard drivers. You will normally never need to do this, but sometimes simply
updating the drivers for your keyboard or uninstalling and reinstalling them can help. Go to Start >
type ‘Device Manager’> double click on the first option. Locate the keyboard driver, right-click, and
select Uninstall. Do not reinstall the driver. Reboot your computer. The driver should install it on its own.
Check to see if this fixes the issue.

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e) Power light (led) does not go on, no picture :
It may seem obvious, but first, make sure the monitor is turned on. If you don't see a power
LED (blue, green, or orange light) on the monitor's front or bottom, press the power button again. If
no light comes on after several attempts, proceed to the next section.
Before a monitor can be turned on, it must be connected correctly with the power cord and
data cord.
Locate the monitor power button
Once a monitor is connected to the computer, the next step is locating the power button.
Unfortunately, there is no standard for where a monitor power button is placed but should be in one of
the following locations.
● The front of the monitor, below the screen, commonly on the bottom right corner.
● The top or bottom edge of the monitor, commonly on the top-left or bottom-right side.
● The Left or right side edge of the monitor.
● Bottom center of the monitor.
When the monitor power button is pressed correctly on a properly connected monitor, an
LED (light-emitting diode) on the monitor should illuminate. If the computer is powered on and
sending a signal, a picture on the monitor should be seen.

43
 If pressing the power button does nothing, make sure the power cable is firmly connected
to the back of the monitor and the computer. If the cable appears to be firmly connected and it's
connected to a known good power outlet, the monitor is likely defective.
If your LCD displays no image at all and you are certain that it is receiving power and
video signal, first adjust the brightness and contrast settings to higher values.
If that doesn't work, turn off the system and LCD, disconnect the LCD signal cable from
the computer, and turn on the LCD by itself. It should display some sort of initialization screen, if
only perhaps a "No video signal" message.
If nothing lights up and no message is displayed, contact technical support for your LCD
manufacturer. If your LCD supports multiple inputs, you may need to press a button to cycle through
the inputs and set it to the correct one.
f) Power LED light is on no picture power up
Fix 1: Force restart your computer
Fix 2: Check if your monitor is working
Fix 3: Reconnect your monitor to your computer
Fix 4: Disconnect your peripherals
Fix 1: Force restart your computer
If nothing happens after turning your PC on and off a couple of times, that could indicate hardware
problems. Skip to Fix 2 and see how to fix them.
If you boot into Automatic Repair, select Troubleshoot > Advanced options > Startup settings >
Restart > Safe Mode with Networking, then follow the instructions below to see how to fix potential
issues with your system.
Fix 2: Check if your monitor is working
If your computer starts but displays nothing, you should check if your monitor is working properly.
Check the power light of your monitor to verify that it’s turned on.
If your monitor won’t turn on, unplug the power adapter of your monitor, and then plug it back into
the power outlet. If the problem still exists, you need to bring your monitor to the repair shop.
If your monitor works fine, move on to the fix below.
Fix 3: Reconnect your monitor to your computer
A poor connection between your monitor and your computer might also be the cause of your
problem. In this case, reconnecting the two devices is very likely the solution to your problem. Here
is how to do it:
1) Press and hold the power button until your computer turns off.
2) Unplug the video cable which connects your monitor to the computer.
3) Check the port connectors on your computer and on the monitor.
If any connector on your device is bent or damaged, you’ll need to take the device to a repair shop.

44
4) Check to see if your video cable is damaged. If the video cable is fine, reconnect your computer to
your monitor. Or, if you have another video cable available, try connecting the two devices using the
new cable.
5) Try turning on your computer to see if it can boot normally.
Fix 4: Disconnect your peripherals
Sometimes, certain peripherals connected to your computer may also cause the black screen issue.
Try disconnecting all your peripherals to see if that’s the core problem. Here is how to do it:
1) Press and hold the power button until your computer turns off.
2) Disconnect all peripherals (your printer, scanner, mouse, etc.).
3) Try turning on your computer again.
g) Power on but the monitor displays the wrong character.

This might be the issue of incompatible graphic/display driver or some incorrect settings
Method 1: Hardware and devices troubleshooter
The built-in hardware and devices troubleshooter can automatically detect and fix most of the
incorrect settings and errors that could cause issues with hardware. I would suggest you to run this
troubleshooter to check if there is any issue with the display adapter. Refer to these steps:
a) Open Control Panel
b) Click on Troubleshooting and select the view option on the left pane.
c) Click on Hardware and devices troubleshooter and follow the prompts.
Method 2:
If the issue persists , then most probably the issue is caused due to a corrupt driver or a misconfigured
driver. I would suggest you to download the drivers from the manufacturer’s website and reinstall
them by following these steps:
a) Press Windows key + X, select Device manager.
b) Expand the “Display adapters” section and locate the display adapter.
c) Right click the device and select “Properties”.
d) Click on the driver tab to check the current driver installed for that device.
45
e) Click on the uninstall button to uninstall that driver.
f) Restart the computer, now windows will load the generic display driver for this device. Check if
the issue persists with the generic driver.
g) If yes, then install the latest driver that you downloaded and check.

Result :
Troubleshooting on keyboard and monitor has been completed successfully.

46
 UNIT – 09

Printer Problems

Aim :
To troubleshoot following printer problems
Laser printer:
a) Printer never leaves warm-up mode.
b) Paper Jam message is displayed
c) Printed messages are distorted
DMP
d) Print head moves back and forth but nothing prints.
e) Print self test works but printing from a computer application does not work etc.

Procedure :
Laser printer :
a) Printer never leaves warm-up mode.

1. Remove the power cord.

2. Open the front cover and remove and reinsert the cartridges.
3. Before you close the front cover, (not quite sure if this is applicable to your model or not) check to
see if there is any kind of 'safety switch ', which would be operated by the cover being closed. If there
is, it may be that it has become dislodged or disconnected.
4. Ensure that the front cover is closed securely.
5. Reconnect the power cord and switch on the printer.
b) Paper Jam message is displayed

When a paper misfeed occurs in a copy job, the machine displays the message [Paper JAM] and
misfeed area(s) on the screen.
The Start LED turns orange on the control panel, and machine operation cannot be continued until
all the locations are cleared.

47
[JAM Position]screen

No. Name Description

1 Message area Detailed instructions to remove mishandled paper is displayed.
2 Jam number Indicates a position of paper jam.
3 [Illustration] Press this key to display a screen that explains the first
preference method of fixing a problem, along with illustrations.

48
[Illustration] screen

No. Name Description

1 Message area Explains in words the process to remove jammed paper, as
shown in the illustrations.
2 Illustration Displays the process to remove jammed paper in preferential
order using illustrations.
3 [Next]/[Previous] Displayed when there are multiple illustrations. Press the key
to move to the next or previous screen.
4 [JAM Position] To return to the [JAM Position] screen, press this key.
All the misfeed locations will be indicated by flashing/lighting numbers and arrows on this screen.
Flashing number and arrow indicate the jammed position of the highest priority.
Action to remove mishandled paper is displayed in the message area.
Pressing [Illustration] will display the screen to explain how to clear a paper jam.
When clearing mishandled paper, heed the following precautions:
Do not turn off the main power switch or sub power switch while removing mishandled paper.
Otherwise, the trays or conveyance fusing unit cannot be withdrawn.
If mishandled paper is left in the feeding inlet/outlet of the main body, the lever [M1] cannot be
turned down rightward to draw out the conveyance fusing unit. Never turn down the lever [M1]
forcibly.
When removing mishandled paper, be sure to leave no torn paper inside the machine.

49
When attempting to pull out the stacker of Finisher FS-532 to clear paper jams, you may not be able
to do so because it is locked.

Also, when attempting to return the pulled-out stacker to the original position, you may not be able to
do so because it is locked.

In either case, turn the knob [FS8] of the stacker. It will release the lock to allow for subsequent
operations.

50
 c) Printed messages are distorted

When printing on paper that is even slightly moist from humidity, ink can become smudged
on the paper, colors can run together, and text or images can be distorted. Check if the paper is moist
and try replacing the paper in the printer to see if print quality improves.

Driver related issue

If a printer is printing unreadable text or strange characters, you may be experiencing a driver related
issue. Download the latest drivers for your printer and install them. For a list of printer manufacturers
and links to the driver sections on their websites, see our printer drivers index.

Dirty or misaligned print heads

Your printer may be printing fuzzy, blurry, or other faint text because of dirty print heads. All modern
printers have a self-cleaning mode, which cleans the print heads, and additional internal equipment
used in the printing process. If you use your printer often or have had it for more than one year, we
recommend running the printer's cleaning function. Consult your printer's documentation for details
on how to run the cleaning function, as it differs for each printer brand and model.

Ink cartridge issues

If you have been using the same cartridge for more than a few months, you may want to check the ink
or toner levels. On most modern printers, you can check these levels using software or a light
indicator on the front of the machine (consult the owner's manual for details on indicator lights).

Laser printer hardware issues

A laser printer has several hardware components that could cause issues with print quality. One piece
of hardware to check is the toner cartridge and drum assembly. Most laser printers include the drum
with the toner cartridge. The drum itself can be defective, which results in toner misapplied to paper,
or smudged toner due to too much toner applied to the paper. A defective drum can also cause print
lines to appear on paper, often in the same place on each piece of paper. Multiple print lines can
appear on paper, evenly spaced between each other.

51
The toner cartridge itself may have toner "leaking" from it, causing excess toner to get on the paper
and other parts of the laser printer. Leaking toner, in general, can make a mess on the paper and inside
the printer.
DMP
d) Print head moves back and forth but nothing prints.

If the print head is moving and nothing prints, try these solutions:
● Print a nozzle check pattern. If the pattern does not print correctly, clean the print head again.
(If the printer has not been used for a long time the nozzles may be clogged.)
● If you see the message Circulating ink on the product's LCD screen, the printer is
automatically circulating the White or Metallic Silver ink packs to prevent sedimentation.
Wait a few moments for the message to disappear or press the pause/cancel to cancel the
process.
e) Print self test works but printing from a computer application does not work etc.,

Problems are more common with remote print requests that are going from a print client to a
print server. You should make sure that network access between the print server and print clients is
enabled.
If the network is running the Network Information Service Plus (NIS+), see for instructions
to enable access between systems. If the network is not running the Network Information Service
(NIS) or NIS+, before you set up print servers and print clients, include the Internet address and
system name for each client system in the /etc/hosts file on the print server. Also, the IP address and
system name for the print server must be included in the /etc/hosts file of each print client system.

Result :

The printer troubleshooting has been successfully completed.

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 UNIT – 10

Installation of operating system

Aim :
To install the Operating system.

Procedure :

What is an Operating System?

In simple words, Operating System is system software that is required to run applications,
programmes and utilities.
Let’s see a step by step guide to installing an operating system

Create a window installation media

If you order any window whether it is window 10 or the latest one that’s window 11. You will receive
a window installation disc along with your brand new PC. If you don’t receive a DVD disc of
window installation, then still you can install an Operating system on your PC. Let’s look deep, how
to create window installation media.
Requirement:
● Minimum 8 GB of Pen Drive.

53
 ● A computer with an internet connection.
You need to download windows of your choice whether it’s 10 or 11. You can download it from the
official website of Microsoft. After you have successfully downloaded the .exe file, Please follow the
steps below:
Steps to create installation media
● Plugin a flash drive
● Download a tool MediaCreationTool.exe
● Run it, and click on accept
● Select installation media ( DVD/ISO, USB Drive) from another PC and click next
● Select your language, windows edition and PC architecture and click NEXT
● Now, you need to select the USB Pen drive and click NEXT

Backup your files (optional)

It’s an optional step to do, like in case you are updating your current operating system to the latest.
You are required to take back up. You can back up your files to Google Drive, DropBox, One Drive,
USB Flash Drive and other external hard drives. Otherwise, You can leave it as it is.
For a new installation, you don’t need to do anything with this option.

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Insert Window installation media to Computer

Now, It’s time to insert a media installation (USB or DVD) into your computer. Make sure all the
windows files have been copied to your flash drive.

55
Boot the computer

As you are ready click on the windows icon and choose the option “Shut down or sign out” and then
“Restart“. as your pc reboot, you need to press F10, F11, F12, or ESC in order to enter the boot menu.
Note: These keys might be different in your computer because every computer is manufactured
differently.
I guess this might help you.
If you own an old computer, you can press F1, F2, F3, or ESC to enter the BIOS (Basic Input Output
System).

56
Select the USB Drive

Select BIOS Features option

In Boot Options Priorities, Select the Boot Option #1. Click it and select the flash drive option.
Install Now

57
After you select the right USB option for window installation. You will see a screen appearing
“Install now”. Click on “Install now” and continue to the next step.

Enter your windows product key and click next

You must have the windows product key. But it’s okay if you don’t have one right now, you can skip
this step while choosing the option “I don’t have a product key“. But, at the end of the installation, it
will ask you for the product key. You can find your product key in your email if you have bought it
from Microsoft officially. or if you have bought it in DVD format, You can find the key in its
envelope. Well, if you haven't bought it till now you need to buy it for a seamless experience.

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Select the edition of window you want to install

Windows operating system comes in two-bit options 32-bit and 64-bit. x86 denotes 32-bit and x64
denotes 64-bit.
Difference between 32-bit and 64-bit
● “The 32 bit OS can store and handle less data than the 64 bit OS. it addresses a maximum of
4,294,967,296 bytes (4 GB) of RAM. The 64 bit OS, on the other hand, can handle more data
than the 32 bit OS.”
● x86 or 32-bit operating systems support only 32-bit software programmes.
● x64 or 64-bit operating systems support both 32-bit and 64-bit software programmes.
So, as per your need. You can choose which version is most suitable for you. If you still don’t know
which version of the operating system to install, then you can go for “Windows 10 Home” , a mostly
used OS for personal computers. So, after you have decided which version of OS to install, now click
“NEXT”.

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Accept License Term “I accept the license terms”

Before proceeding further, you are required to accept the license terms and then click next to continue
the installation.

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Choose: Custom install window only or Upgrade:

Upgrade: This option is useful if you are installing the latest OS to your existing supporting versions
of the operating system.
Custom Installation: This option is useful if you are installing OS to your brand new or existing
computer, which doesn’t have an OS.

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Select a drive or partition

Choose the correct partition where you are going to install your operating system and then click on
“Delete”.

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Select a drive with unallocated space and click “Next”

Choose the drive with unallocated space and click “Next” to continue the installation of windows.
This might take little time to copy data to your hard drive, as it’s done you can move on to the next
step.

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Remove the USB flash drive and restart your computer.

As you can see, you have successfully installed the operating system to your PC. Now, You can
remove the USB flash drive and restart your computer.
Let’s now talk about how to set up windows.

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Setting Up Windows

For setting up windows, you required only a few steps as mentioned below:
● Verify your region and keyboard input
● Connect to your Wireless network.
● Select for Personal Use or Organizational use and click next

Sign in to Windows
● Click “Accept” to Set up Cortana
● Click “Yes” and follow instructions to set up the Windows timeline
● Choose your privacy settings and click “Accept“

Result :

Installation of Operating System has been successfully completed.

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 UNIT – 11

Installation of Network card

Aim:
To install Network Card

Procedure :
Installing Network Card

1) Power down the PC and remove the AC power cord and the computer case.
2) Find an available Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot on the motherboard and
remove slot insert if one exists.
3) Carefully remove the network card from its static-proof plastic envelope, and slide it into the
slot.
4) Seat the card in the slot firmly with gentle pressure along the length of the card, especially
right about the slot itself.

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 5) Slowly screw the card to the computer frame, but do not over tighten.
6) Close the computer case and plug your computer in and power it up.
Verify Windows XP recognizes the new card.
1) Click Start, then click the Control Panel.
2) In Category View (vs. Classic View) click Performance and Maintenance.
3) Click the "System" icon at the bottom of the window.
4) Click the Hardware tab.
5) Click the Device Manager Button.
6) Double-click Network Adapters.It should display the name of your Ethernet card.
7) Next, double click the name of your Ethernet adapter.If the text in the "Device Status" box
says "This device is working properly.", then you successfully installed the card and are
finished.
8) If the text in the "Device status" box doesn't say "This device is working properly.", then write
down on a piece of paper what it says and continue with the next step.
9) Click the Troubleshoot. Button and follow instructions.

Result :

The Installation of Network Card has been successfully completed.

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 UNIT – 12

Preparing the UTP cable for cross and direct connections using a crimping tool
Aim :

To Prepare the UTP cable for cross and direct connections using a crimping tool

Procedure :

UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. UTP cable is a 100 ohm copper cable that
consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted pairs surrounded by an outer jacket. They have no metallic
shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but unprotected against electrical interference. The
twist helps to improve its immunity to electrical noise and EMI.
For horizontal cables, the number of pairs is typically 4 pairs as shown below.

For backbone cables, the number of pairs will typically be some increment of 25, because multi-pair
UTP cables are constructed in a 25-pair binder group. A sample backbone UTP cable is shown below.

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 Twisting the wires together enables the currents to balance, i.e. in one wire the current is
moving in one direction and in the other wire of the pair the current is going in the other, enabling the
overall fields around the twisted pair to cancel.

Straight-Through Wired Cables

Straight-Through refers to cables that have the pin assignments on each end of the cable. In
other words, Pin 1 connector A goes to Pin 1 on connector B, Pin 2 to Pin 2, etc. Straight-Through
wired cables are most commonly used to connect a host to a client. When we talk about cat5e patch
cables, the Straight-Through wired cat5e patch cable is used to connect computers, printers, and other
network client devices to the router switch or hub (the host device in this instance).

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Crossover Wired Cables

Crossover wired cables (commonly called crossover cables) are very much like
Straight-Through cables with the exception that TX and RX lines are crossed (they are at opposite
positions on either end of the cable). Using the 568-B standard as an example below, you will see that
Pin 1 on connector A goes to Pin 3 on connector B. Pin 2 on connector A goes to Pin 6 on connector
B, etc. Crossover cables are most commonly used to connect two hosts directly. Examples would be
connecting a computer directly to another computer, connecting a switch directly to another switch,
or connecting a router to a router. Note: While in the past, when connecting two host devices directly,
a crossover cable was required. Nowadays, most devices have auto-sensing technology that detects
the cable and device and crosses pairs when needed.

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HOW TO MAKE AN ETHERNET CABLE

1. Cut into the plastic sheath about 1 inch (2.5 cm) from the end of the cut cable. The crimping
tool has a razor blade that will do the trick with practice.
2. Unwind and pair the similar colors.
3. Pinch the wires between your fingers and straighten them out as shown. The color order is
important to get correct.

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4. Use scissors to make a straight cut across the 8 wires to shorten them to 1/2 Inch (1.3 cm)
from the cut sleeve to the end of the wires.
5. Carefully push all 8 unstripped colored wires into the connector. Note the position of the blue
plastic sleeve. Also note how the wires go all the way to the end.
6. A view from the top. All the wires are all the way in. There are no short wires.
7. CRIMPING THE CABLE: carefully place the connector into the Ethernet Crimper and cinch
down on the handles tightly. The copper splicing tabs on the connector will pierce into each of the
eight wires. There is also a locking tab that holds the blue plastic sleeve in place for a tight
compression fit. When you remove the cable from the crimper, that end is ready to use.
8. For a standard "Straight Through" cable, repeat all steps and wire color order on the other end
of cable. For a crossover cable, the other end will have a different color order as shown by the
crossover picture above.

Result :

Preparing the UTP cable for cross and direct connections using a crimping tool is done successfully.

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 UNIT – 13

Installation of a switch and connecting systems to a network switch

Aim :
To Install a switch and connecting systems to a network switch.
Procedure :
Network switches for home and small office use are typically stand-alone units, while switches for
larger networks are usually rack-mounted. Either way, they typically use either Cat5 or Cat6 ethernet
cables. Switches allow multiple computers to connect to a single Internet connection, but rather than
simply passing the signal through, like a network hub, a switch can manage that network traffic.
Switches differ in the way they handle network traffic, but all of them are installed in a very similar
way.

Step 1
Connect your modem to your Internet input line. Whether it is DSL, cable or satellite, your modem is
the device that brings the signal into your network.

Step 2
Connect one end of an Ethernet cable to your modem. This will most likely be a Cat 5 or Cat 6
Ethernet cable. Connect the other end to your switch. Although not required, it's a good idea to
connect this end to Slot 1 on your switch so you can quickly differentiate between incoming and
outgoing cables.

Step 3
Connect one end of another Ethernet cable to a different slot on your switch. Connect the other end of
this cable to the Ethernet slot on a computer you wish to connect to the Internet.

Step 4
Repeat Step 3 for all computers you wish to connect.

Switch with one modem and two computers connected.

If the router you bought only has 4 Ethernet LAN ports, you can use a network switch to
expand the wired network so that you can connect more computers or devices like that. Before using
a network switch, let’s suppose that the connection is like the picture shown below:

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Then, you can connect the Ethernet LAN port from the router to one of the normal ports on the
network switch by using crossover cable. If there is an uplink port on the switch, you can connect it to
the router's Ethernet LAN port using straight cable. After that, you can connect other devices (for
example, computer and notebook) to the switch’s normal port by using straight cable, finally they are
all connected to the network and able to access the internet.

Result :
Installation of a switch and connecting systems to a network switch was completed successfully.

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 UNIT – 14

Installation of a modem (internal, external or USB) and connecting to the internet

Aim :

To install a modem (internal, external or USB) and connect to the internet.

Procedure :

How to install a modem for your home or workplace Internet.

Preparing to Install
Make sure that your modem will work with your Internet subscription. While rare, some modems
encounter issues when paired with a specific Internet company (e.g., Comcast). Double-check your
modem's compatibility with your current Internet subscription before buying (if possible).
If you find that your modem won't work with your current subscription, try to exchange the modem
for a different one that will work, or switch your Internet subscription.

Find your room's cable output. The cable output resembles a metal cylinder with a small hole in the
middle and screw threads all around the sides. You'll usually find cable outputs in the wall near the
floor in living rooms and bedrooms.
● In some cases, there will already be a cable connected to the cable outlet.

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Decide on a place to mount the modem. The modem should be relatively high up (e.g., on top of a
bookshelf), and it will need to be close enough to the cable output that you can connect it without
stretching or bending the cable.
● You'll also need to have a power outlet nearby.

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A modem generally requires a coaxial cable to connect to the cable output, as well as a power cable
to connect to an electrical outlet. Both of these cables should come with your modem, but if you
bought it used, you may need to find replacement cables.
● If you plan on attaching the modem to a router, you will also need an Ethernet cable.
● Consider buying a longer coaxial cable if the one that you have is too short to allow you to
mount your modem properly.

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Read your modem's instructions. Each modem is unique, and yours may require additional setup
outside of this article's capacity. Reading your modem's manual will help make you aware of any
additional steps that you have to take to install the modem.
Installation
Attach one end of the coaxial cable to the cable output. The coaxial cable has a connection that
resembles a needle on each end. This will plug into the cable output. Make sure that you screw the
coaxial cable onto the cable outlet to ensure that the connection is solid.

Attach the other end of the cable to the input on your modem. On the back of the modem, you
should see an input that resembles the cable output cylinder. Attach the free end of the coaxial cable
to this input, making sure to tighten as needed.

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Plug your modem's power cable into an electrical outlet. A wall socket or a surge protector will
do. It's important to plug the cable into the power outlet before connecting it to the modem, since
connecting the power cable to the modem first can cause damage.

Insert the modem power cable's free end into the modem. You'll usually find the power cable
input port at the bottom of the back of the modem, but check your modem's documentation to confirm
if you can't find the power port.

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Place your modem in its spot. With the cables attached, gently move your modem into its
designated position. You shouldn't feel any resistance from the cables.

Attach the modem to a router. If you have a Wi-Fi router that you want to use in conjunction with
your modem, plug one end of an Ethernet cable into the square port on the back of the modem, then
plug the other end into the "INTERNET" (or similarly labeled) square port on the back of the router.
As long as the router is plugged into a power source, the router should immediately light up.
● Give your modem and router a few minutes to boot up before attempting to connect to Wi-Fi.
● You can also connect your computer directly to your modem via Ethernet if you have an
Ethernet port enabled computer (ex. A PC or Ethernet Adapter for most Macs)
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Result :
Installation of a modem (internal, external or USB) and connecting to the internet has been
completed successfully.

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 UNIT – 15

Using FTP for uploading and downloading files.

Aim :

To upload and download files using FTP.

Procedure :

If you want to build a website, you need the web server to save data (your website
presentation) there. Mostly you have stored all data on your computer. So you must transfer them to
the server. The common way to upload data to the server is using FTP client. FTP (File Transfer
Protocol) is used to transfer data from one computer (your personal computer) to another computer
(web server). FTP client looks like a File Manager and you can copy (upload, download) files here
from one computer to another computer.
Installation:
● Run FileZilla Client installation file, e.g.: FileZilla_3.0.4.1_win32-setup.exe (Windows)
● Follow the installation instructions.
Usage:
● Run FileZilla Client.
● First, you must add your website information: Go to File - Site Manager:
○ Click on New Site button and add required information in General folder:
■ Host - hostname of your website
■ Servertype - mostly FTP - File Transfer Protocol
■ Logontype - Normal
■ User - your username
■ Password - your password.
○ Click on the OK button to save the changes.
● Now information about your site is stored.
● You can connect your website (server) now.
● Click on File - Site Manager, Select your site and click on Connect button.

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Uploading or downloading files:
● You are now connected to your server. On the left side of the client, there are files which are
saved on your personal computer. On the right side of the client, there are files which are
saved on the web server.
● Click the right mouse button on file(s) on the left side of the client and select Upload. Your
file(s) will be uploaded to the server.
● Click the right mouse button on file(s) on the right side of the client and select Download.
Your file(s) will be downloaded to your computer.

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Result :

Uploading and downloading files using FTP has been completed successfully.

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 UNIT – 16

Installation and configuring the proxy server for internet access

Aim :
To Install and configure the proxy server for internet access.
Procedure :
A proxy server is one that receives requests intended for another server and that acts on the
behalf of the client (as the client proxy) to obtain the requested service. It is often used when the
client and the server are incompatible for direct connection. For example, the client may be unable to
meet the security authentication requirements of the server but may be required to access some
services. It may also be used for screening purposes to enable the administrator to control access to
undesirable sites. The proxy server may also be used for caching purposes, which enables faster
access to frequently used websites. All the computers connected to the LAN access the Internet
through a single IP address, resulting in improved security simply because the number of ports
exposed is reduced.

Proxy servers work on the seventh layer (the Application Layer) of the OSI model, thus
tending to be application dependent unlike firewalls that work at lower layers. They are also more
difficult to install and maintain than firewalls, as proxy functions for each application protocol like
HTTP, SMTP, or SOCKS must be configured individually. However, a properly configured proxy
server improves network security and performance. Since proxy servers function at the OSI
Application layer, their filtering capabilities are relatively intelligent. For example, proxy web servers
can check the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of outgoing requests for Web pages by inspecting
HTTP, GET and POST messages. Using this feature, network administrators can bar access to illegal
domains but allow access to other sites. Ordinary firewalls, in contrast, cannot see Web domain
names inside those messages. Likewise, ordinary routers can filter incoming data traffic by port
number or network address, but proxy servers can also filter based on application content inside the
messages.

WinProxy
One of the most popular proxy servers available for Windows based systems is WinProxy.
One of the reasons for its popularity is that no software has to be installed on the client systems. This
is possible since WinProxy is a transparent proxy server, meaning that it also provides NAT (Network
Address Translation). Due to this, the client system is virtually unaware of the proxy server’s
existence. Apart from the usual caching and security features, it also supports important protocols like

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HTTP, Real Audio/Video, Mail, FTP, NNTP News, Telnet, Socks, Secure Sockets, DNS, IMAP 4,
etc.
The WinProxy Server may be installed and configured as follows:
1. Install the TCP/IP protocol on all systems connected to the network.
2. Run the Install Wizard. The first screen is the product registration screen, which requires the
user to enter the product key.
3. The next two screens require information about the Internet connection. Select the
connection’s type and name.
4. Enter the username and password of the Internet connection to be used.
5. WinProxy then configures the internal and external IP addresses. It automatically assigns a
unique address to each device on the LAN as internal addresses. The IP address that the ISP
assigns to the modem/router is taken as the external address.
6. WinProxy then prompts the user to disconnect from the Internet if he/she is already
connected.
7. In the final step, WinProxy works through all the steps and verifies that all operations have
been performed properly.

Result :
Installation and configuring the proxy server for internet access has been completed.

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