NETWORK ANALYSIS LAB, EED

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Banjara Hills Road No 3, Hyderabad 34
www.mjcollege.ac.in
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL OF

“NETWORK ANALYSIS LAB”

For

B.E. III SEM (EIE)

2021-22

Prepared by: Mr.Mohammed Jaffar

(Asst.Prof EED)

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL ENGG. DEPARTMENT

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LIST OF EXPERIMENT

NETWORK ANALYSIS LAB (PC453EE)

CYCLE - I
1. Charging and discharging characteristics of RC series circuit

2. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems.

3. Verification of Superposition theorem

4. Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem.

5. Characteristics of Linear, Non-Linear and Bilateral Elements.

CYCLE - II

6. Frequency Response of a R-L-C Series Circuit

7. Frequency Response of a R-L-C Parallel Circuit

8. Impedance and Admittance Parameters of Two Port Network

9. ABCD and Hybrid Parameters of Two Port Network

10. Measurement of power by Two Wattmeter Method.

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EXPERIMENT 1

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING CHARACTERISTICS OF RC SERIES CIRCUIT

AIM: Draw the charging and discharging characteristics of series RC circuit.

APPARATUS:

1. Regulated power supply ( 0 – 30 )V 01

2. Digital Voltmeter 01

3. Stop watch. 01

4. RC Network Board 01

5. Connecting wires As per required

THEORY:

When an increasing DC voltage is applied to a discharged capacitor, the capacitor draws a

charging current and “charges up”, and when the voltage is reduced, the capacitor discharges in
the opposite direction. Because capacitors are able to store electrical energy they act like small
batteries and can store or release the energy as required.
The charge on the plates of the capacitor is given as: Q = CV. This charging (storage) and
discharging (release) of a capacitors energy is never instant but takes a certain amount of time to
occur with the time taken for the capacitor to charge or discharge to within a certain percentage
of its maximum supply value being known as its Time Constant ( τ ).
If a resistor is connected in series with the capacitor forming an RC circuit, the capacitor will
charge up gradually through the resistor until the voltage across the capacitor reaches that of the
supply voltage. The time also called the transient response, T
This transient response time T, is measured in terms of τ = R x C, in seconds, where R is the
value of the resistor in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in Farads.
CHARGING:

Fig -1

Applying KVL across the RC circuit ( Fig.1) and solving, we get,

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( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

The equation gives the variation of voltage across the capacitor with the time i.e. the charging of
the capacitor. See also Fig.2. which gives charging curve i.e. the relation between voltage and
time during charging.

Fig- 2

Differentiating equation (2)

⁄ ( )

( ) ( )

If this rate of rise (Eqn.4.) is maintained, then the time taken to reach voltage would be

This time is known as Time constant ( ) of the circuit. ie. the time constant of
the RC circuit is defined as time during which the voltage across the capacitor would have
reached its maximum value VS had it maintained its initial rate of rise.

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From equation (3) at

⁄
( ) ( ) ( ⁄ )

( )

Hence, time constant may be defined as the time during which capacitor voltage actually rises to
0.632 of its final value.

DISCHARGING:

Fig- 3 Fig-4

Referring to fig.3

⁄
( ) (5)

( ) ( )

⁄
( ) ( )

⁄
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

From (6) at t= = ( )

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Equation (6) gives the relation between the voltage and time during discharging. The tangent on
the discharging curve at t=0, (Fig.4) yields the time constant and the voltage across the capacitor
will be 0.368 of the full voltage at t= .

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Fig-5

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in Fig.5.

2. Note the values of the Resistor and Capacitor and hence determine the theoretical time
constant of the circuit RC

3. Switch on the RPS and adjust it to a voltage of 5V.

4. Simultaneously close the switch SW and start the stop clock.

5 Take the readings of the capacitor voltage every 15 secs. Continue this for 4-5 time constants.

6. Replace RPS by a short circuit and simultaneously restart stop clock.

7. Take readings of capacitor voltage every 1.5secs for 4-5 time constants.

8. Plot the charging and discharging curves (Vs versus t)

9. From charging curve, find the time taken to reach 0.632 ( ). Compare this with the
theoretical value. Also observe that the tangent of the curve at t=0 touches the horizontal line
from Vs at t=

10. Draw the tangent at t=0 on the discharging curve and note the time when it touches the X-
axis ( ). Compare this with the theoretical value. Also observe that the voltage at t= is
equal to 0.368 Vs.

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OBSERVATION:

SUPPLY VOLTAGE = ------------ V

CHARGING DISCHARGING
Time(sec) Charging voltage (V) Time(sec) Discharging voltage(V)

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 2

VERIFICATION OF THEOREMS (A) THEVENINS THEOREM (B) NORTON

THEOREM

AIM: To verify Thevenin‟s Theorem and Norton‟s Theorem.

APPARATUS:

1. Regulated power supply (0 – 30)V 01

2. Digital multimeter 01
3. Resistance network board 01
4. Connecting wires as per required

THEORY:

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Fig:1
Any linear bilateral network with respect to two terminals (A and B) can be replaced by a single voltage
source Vth in series with a single resistance Rth. Where, Vth is the open circuit voltage across the load
terminals and Rth is the internal resistance of the network as viewed back into the open circuited network
from the terminals A and B with voltage sources and current sources replaced by their internal
resistances. Then the current in the load resistance is given by,

IL= Vth/ (Rth + RL)

NORTON’S THEOREM:

Fig:2

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Any linear bilateral network with respect to a pair of terminals (A and B) can
be replaced by a single current source IN in parallel with a single resistance RN.Where,IN is the
short circuit current in between the load terminals and RN(=Rth) is the internal resistance of the
network as viewed back into the open circuited network from the terminals A and B with voltage
sources and current sources replaced by their internal resistances. Then the current in the load
resistance is given by,

IL= IN RN / (RN+RL)

(A)THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

To find Thevenin‟s Voltage:

Fig:3

To find Thevenin‟s Resistance:

Fig:4

To find load current :

Fig-5

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.3 and apply suitable voltage. Note down the open circuit
voltage (Vth).
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.4 and note the Thevenin‟s resistance Rth by means of a
multimeter.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.5.For a particular value of load resistance R L, keeping the
voltage of RPS at the same value as in step1, note the value of the current. Verify the current
value obtained by applying the Thevenin‟s theorem i.e IL should be equal to Vth / (Rth+RL).
4. Repeat step3 for various values of load resistances and compare with the calculated values, as
obtained by applying Thevenin‟s theorem.
5. Vary the input voltage and take three sets of readings (step 2 need not be repeated as long as the
network is not changed).

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Rth=

S. No. Vs (V) Vth (V) RL (kΩ)) IL (Measured Value) IL (Theoretical Value)

(B)NORTON’S THEOREM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig-6 (To find Norton’s current, Isc / IN)

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Fig – 7 (To find Norton’s Resistance, RN)

Fig – 8 (To find load current, IL)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.6 and by applying suitable voltage through RPS,
determine the short circuit current (IN / Isc.).
2. Note down the load currents for various values of load resistance (RL) and compare with
the theoretical values obtained using Norton‟s equivalent circuit.
3. Repeat steps 1 & 2 for various values of source voltages.
(Note RN is same as Rth obtained in Thevenin‟s equivalent circuit).

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR NORTON’S THEOREM:

RN =

S. No. Vs (V) Isc/IN RL (kΩ)) IL (Measured Value) IL (Theoretical Value)

(mA) (mA) (mA)

Result:

Discussion of Result:

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EXPERIMENT 3

VERIFICATION OF SUPER POSITION THEOREM

AIM: To verify Super Position Theorem.

APPARATUS:

1. Regulated power supply (0 – 30V) 01

2. Digital multimeter 01
3. Resistance network board 01
4. Connecting wires as per required

THEORY:

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

In a bilateral network consisting of a number of sources, the response in any branch is

equal to sum of the responses due to individual sources taken one at a time with all other sources
reduced to zero. When a network consists of several sources, this theorem helps us to find the
current in any branch easily, considering only one source at a time.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig-9 (Using Both sources)

Fig-10 (Using first source)

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Fig-11 (Using second source)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.9.

2. Adjust the voltage of the source (1) to 5V and that of source (2) to

10V.Note the current (I) read by the ammeter.

3. Disconnect source (2) and short the terminals as in fig(10) with source

Voltage (1) at 5V read the ammeter current (I1).

4. Disconnect source and short the terminals as in fig(11).With source (2)

voltage at 10V read the ammeter current (I2).

5. Verify the equation I = I1 + I2.

6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 for different voltages.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR SUPER POSITION THEOREM:

S. No V1 (V) V2 (V) I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I=I1+I2 (mA)

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 4

VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

APPARATUS:

1. Regulated power supply (0 – 30V) 01

2. Digital multimeter 01
3. Decade resistance box 01
4. Resistance network board 01
5. Connecting wires as per required

THEORY:
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

A resistance load will absorb Maximum power from a network when its resistance equals
to the resistance of the network as viewed from the output terminals with all the sources removed
leaving behind their internal resistances if any.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig-12
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.12

2. Vary the load resistance RL from values lower than Ri and measure the current IL.
Calculate the power output in each case (P =I L2 RL)
3. Tabulate the readings of RL, IL and power P.
4. Plot the curve RL versus power
5. From the curve, observe that Maximum power occurs when RL=Ri

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Ri = ________ ; Vs = _______________

S. No R (Ω) I (mA) P I (mW)

EXPECTED GRAPHS:

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THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

PL(max) =

Condition for maximum power transferred through the load is, RL = RS

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 5
CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR AND NON LINEAR ELEMENT

LINEAR ELEMENT

AIM: To conduct a suitable experiment for verifying the characteristic of linear element.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

l RPS 0-30V DC
2 Ammeter 0-l0mA MC 3
3 Voltmeter 0-10V MC 3
4 Resistor 1Kohm --- 3
S Bread board --- --- 1
6 Connecting wires --- --- As required

THEORY:

OHM’S LAW:
Ohm‟s law states that at constant temperature the current flow through a conductor is directly
Proportional to the potential difference between the two ends of the conductor.

V=IR
Where R is a constant and is called the resistance of the conductor

FORMULA:
V = IR

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. For various values of Voltage V, note the values of current I
4. Draw a graph of Voltage Vs Current.
5. The Slope of the graph gives the resistance value.
6. Ohm„s law is verified by measuring the value of R using millimetre and comparing with
experimental values

OBSERVATION:

S.NO VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(inA) R = V/I (f2)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULT:

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NON-LINEAR ELEMENT

AIM: Study of V-I characteristics of a Diode

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Diode Characteristics Kit ----- ---- 1

2 DRPS 0-30V DC 1

3 Ammeter 0-200mA MC 1

4 Voltmeter 0-20V DC 1

5 Connecting wires ---- --- As required

THEORY :

A PN junction diode conducts only in one direction. It is an example of unilateral

element. The V-I characteristics of the diode are curve between voltage across the diode
and current through the diode. When external voltage is zero, circuit is open and the
potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the circuit current is zero.
When P-type (Anode) is connected to +e terminal and N type (cathode) is connected to -
ve terminal of the supply voltage, is known as forward bias. The potential barrier is
reduced, when diode is in the forward biased condition. At some forward voltage, the
potential barrier altogether eliminated and current starts flowing through the diode and
also in the circuit. The diode is said to be in ON state. The current increases with
increasing forward voltage. When N-type (cathode) is connected to +ve terminal and P-
type (Anode) is connected to the -ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as reverse
bias and the potential barrier across the junction increases. Therefore, the junction
resistance becomes very high and a very small current (reverse saturation current) flows in
the circuit. The diode is said to be in OFF state. The reverse bias current is due to
minority charges carriers. An ideal PN junction Diode is a two terminal po1arity sensitive
device that has zero resistance (diode conducts) when it is forward biased and infinite

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resistance (diode doesn‟t conduct) when it is reverse biased. Due to this characteristic, the
diode finds number of applications as 1. Rectifiers in DC power supply, 2. Switch in digital
circuits, 3. Clamping, Clipping circuits network used in TV Receiver, 4. Demodulation
(detector) circuits.

Forward Biasing: When P-type semiconductor is connected to the +ve terminal and N-type to
-ve terminal of voltage source. Nearly zero resistance is offered to the flow of current.

Reverse biasing: When P-type semiconductor is connected to the -ve terminal and N - type to
+ve Terminal. Nearly zero current flow in this condition.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the ckt. as show in fig.

2. Vary the value of input dc supply in steps.
3. Note down the ammeter & voltmeter readings for each step.
4. Plot the graph of Voltage Vs Current
5. Connect the ckt. as shown in fig.
6. Repeat the same steps for reverse biased

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO. When Diode Is Forward When Diode Is Reverse

Biased Biased
Current(naA) Voltagc(V) Current Voltage(V)
[pA)
1.
2.
3.

GRAPH:

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULT:

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EXPERIMENT 6

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

AIM: To determine the resonant frequency of a series circuit.

APPARATUS:

1. Series R-L-C Circuit Board 01

2. Connecting Wires as per required

3. Digital Voltmeter 02

4. Digital Ammeter 01

5. Signal Generator

THEORY:

Fig-1 Fig-2

We know that the net reactance of a series RLC circuit is

and √R (X XC ) √R X

If for some frequency of the applied voltage then and

and and they are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction

(phase). Then the voltage is in phase with VR and it acts as a pure resistive circuit. The
frequency at which the net reactance is zero is given from the relation or

X X 0 (or) X X

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Then the impedance of circuit is equal to the holmic resistance R and the current has a maximum
value of and is in phase with ‟. (Refer the vector diagram of Fig.2). The condition is
known as series resonance and frequency at which it occurs is called resonant frequency .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig- 3 Fig-4

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 3.

2. Fix the frequency at a particular point (i.e. 5000HZ).
3. Note down the current, VL & VC.
4. Vary the frequency with the help of a signal generator in steps of 5000HZ.
5. Note the corresponding values of I, VL, VC.
6. Plot the curve frequency VS, I, VL, VC. (Fig.4)
7. From the graph find the value of the frequency at which the current is maximum. This
is the resonant frequency. Also note at , VL=VC.
8. Verify the above value with the theoretical value.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No. f(Hz) I(mA) X (Ω) XC (Ω) V (V) V (V)

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 7

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT

AIM: To determine the resonant frequency of a parallel circuit.

APPARATUS:

1. Parallel R-L-C Circuit Board 01

2. Connecting Wires as per required

3. Ammeter 01

4. Signal Generator

THEORY:

let us define about parallel RLC circuits.

Resonance takes place when VL = -VC and this situation occurs when the two reactances are
equal, XL = XC. The admittance of a parallel circuit is given as:

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Resonance occurs when XL = XC and the imaginary parts of Y become zero. Then:

Notice that at resonance the parallel circuit produces the same equation as for the series
resonance circuit. Therefore, it makes no difference if the inductor or capacitor are connected in
parallel or series.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Expected Graph

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 3.

2. Fix the frequency at a particular point (i.e. 5000HZ).
3. Vary the frequency with the help of a signal generator in steps of 5000HZ.
4. Note down the current
5. Plot the curve frequency VS I
6. From the graph find the value of the frequency at which the current is minimum. This
is the resonant frequency.
7. Verify the above value with the theoretical value.

OBSERVATIONS

S. No. f(Hz) I(mA) X (Ω) XC (Ω)

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THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 8

IMPEDANCE(Z) AND ADMITTANCE(Y) PARAMETERS OF TWO PORT NETWORK

AIM: To determine Z and Y parameters for a two port network.

APPARATUS:

1. Two port network board 01

2. Digital ammeters 02

3. Connecting wires as per required

4. Regulated power supply 01

THEORY:

A two port network (fig1) can be represented by

(a) Open circuit impedance parameters (Z).

(b) Short circuit admittance parameters(Y)

(c) ABCD parameters.

(d) Hybrid parameters (h)

Fig-1 Fig-2

The various input-output relationships between the voltages and currents may be described by
the following matrix equations.

Any set of above four types of parameters may be used to describe the network as far as its
behaviour at the external terminals is concerned.

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DETERMINATION OF Z-PARAMETERS:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Fig- 3

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.3.

2. For different values of input voltages, obtain the values of V1, I1 and V2 with port
2 open circuited (i2=0)
3. Connect the source of port 2 and open circuiting port 1, as in Fig 4.

Obtain the values of V2, I2, and V1. (I1=0)

FORMULAE

Calculate the Z-parameters using the following relations.

Z11=V1/I1 |I2=0 Driving point impedance at port 1.

Z21=V2/I1 |I2=0 Transfer impedance.

Z12=V1/I2 |I1=0 Transfer impedance

Z22=V2/I2 |I1=0 Driving point impedance at port 2.

DETERMINATION OF Y-PARAMETERS:

Fig-4

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PROCEDURE:

1. Short circuit the port 2 (fig. 3) through an ammeter and apply voltage at port 1 (V2=0).
2. Obtain the values of V1, I1, and I2 for different values of supply voltages.
3. Short circuit the port 1 through an ammeter and apply voltage at port 2.Note the values
of V2, I2 and I1 for various values of V2. (V1=0)

FORMULAE

Calculate the Y-parameters using the following relations.

Y11=I1/V1 |V2=0 Driving point admittance at port 1

Y21=I2/V1 |V2=0 Transfer admittance.

Y12=I1/V2 |V1=0 Transfer admittance

Y22=I2/V2 |V1=0 Driving point admittance at port 2.

Relation of Y parameter in terms of Z parameter

Y11= Z22 / ∆

Y12= -Z12 /∆

Y21= -Z21 / ∆

Y22= Z11 / ∆

OBSERVATION TABLE:

1) I1 = 0

V1 (V) V2 (V) I2 (A)

2) I2 = 0

V1 (V) V2 (V) I1 (A)

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3) V1 = 0

I1 (A) I2 (A) V2 (V)

4) V2 = 0

I1 (A) I2 (A) V1 (V)

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 9

ABCD AND HYBRID PARAMETERS OF TWO PORT NETWORK

AIM: To determine ABCD and h parameters for a two port network.

APPARATUS:

1. Two port network board 01

2. Digital ammeters 02

3. Connecting wires as per required

THEORY:

A two port network (fig1) can be represented by

(a) Open circuit impedance parameters (Z).

(b) Short circuit admittance parameters(Y)

(c) ABCD parameters.

(d) Hybrid parameters (h)

Fig-1 Fig-2

The various input-output relationships between the voltages and currents may be described by
the following matrix equations.

Any set of above four types of parameters may be used to describe the network as far as its
behaviour at the external terminals is concerned.

CALCULATION OF ABCD PARAMETERS :

Obtain the ABCD parameters by using the following relations from the readings obtained in
expt. 1 and expt. 2.
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A=V1/V2 |I2=0

B=V1/-I2 |V2=0 .

C=I1/V2 |I2=0

D=I1/-I2 |V2=0

Relation of ABCD parameter in terms of Z parameter

A = Z11 / Z12

B ∆ / 21

C = 1 / Z12 =

D = Z22 / Z21

CALCULATION OF h-PARAMETERS :

Obtain the hybrid(h) parameters using the following relations from the readings obtained in
expt. 1and expt. 2.

h11=V1/I1 |V2=0

h12=V1/V2 |I1=0

h21=I2/I1 |V2=0

h22=I2/V2 |I1=0

Relation of h parameter in terms of Z parameter

h11 ∆ / 22

h12 = -Z21/ Z22

h21 = Z12/ Z22

h22 = 1 / Z22=

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

1) I1 = 0

V1 (V) V2 (V) I2 (A)

2) I2 = 0

V1 (V) V2 (V) I1 (A)

3) V1 = 0

I1 (A) I2 (A) V2 (V)

4) V2 = 0

I1 (A) I2 (A) V1 (V)

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 10

MEASUREMENT OF POWER BY TWO WATTMETER METHOD

AIM: Measurement of power in a three phase system by two wattmeter method

APPARATUS:

1. Three Phase Resistive load

2. Ammeters 0-10 A,MI (1 No)
3. Wattmeter‟s 5/10 A, 300/600V (2 No)
4. Voltmeter 0-600V,MI.(1 No)
5. Connecting wires

THEORY: Surprisingly, only two single phase wattmeters are sufficient to measure the total
power consumed by a three-phase balanced circuit. The two wattmeters are connected as shown
in figure. The current coils are connected in series with two of the lines. The pressure (or voltage
) coils of the two wattmeters are connected between that line and reference.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

a) Star Connected System

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b) Delta Connected System

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Keep the three phase variac at its zero position.
3. Switch on the main supply.
4. Increase the voltage supplied to the circuit by changing the positions of variac so that all
the meters give readable deflection.
5. Note down readings of all the meters

Observation Table

a) Star Connection

S. No Voltage(V) Current(A) W1 (W) W2 (W) P= W1+ W2 (W) P √3VICosƟ (W)

b) Delta Connection

S. No Voltage(V) Current(A) W1 (W) W2 (W) P= W1+ W2 (W) P √3VICosƟ (W)

RESULT:

DISCUSSION Of RESULT:

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