SECTION 2.

6 Implicit Differentiation 169

To find y" we differentiate this expression for y' using the Quotient Rule and remem-
bering that y is a function of x:
,, d ( _x' \ y3 (d/dx)(x 3 ) - x 3 (d/dx)(y 3 )
y - -
dx \ y (y3 )2
y 3 3x 2 - x 3(3y2y')
y6
If we now substitute Equation 3 into this expression, we get
X 3)
3x2y3 - 3X3Y 2(_
Y it = \y
y6
3(x 2y4 + x6 ) 3x 2(y4 + x 4 )
y7 y7
But the values of x and y must satisfy the original equation x4 + y4 = 16. So the
answer simplifies to
3x2(16) x2
y"= - 7 =-48—
Y y7

Figure 10 shows the graph of the

curve X4 + y 4 = 16 of Example 4.
Notice that it's a stretched and
flattened version of the circle
x 2 + y2 = 4. For this reason it's
sometimes called afat circle. It starts
out very steep on the left but quickly
becomes very flat. This can be seen
from the expression

x3 W
)'
y FIGURE 10

2.6 Exercises
1-4 X
(a) Find y' by implicit differentiation. 9. 10. y5 + x 2y 3 = 1 + X4
x+y
(b) Solve the equation explicitly for y and differentiate to get y'
in terms of x. 11. sinx+ cosy =2x-3y 12. y sin(x2) = x sin(y2)
(c) Check that your solutions to parts (a) and (b) are consistent
by substituting the expression for y into your solution for 13. sin(x + y) = cos + cosy 14. tan(x - y) = 2xy3 + 1
part (a).
15. tan(x/y)=x+y 16. sin(xy) = cos(x + y)
1.5x2-y3=7 2. 6x4+y5=2x
2 1 17. 18. sinx cosy = x2 -

3. fx + = 1 4. ---=4
X y 19. J= 1 +x2y 20. xy = ..1x 2 + y2

5-20 Find dy/dx by implicit differentiation.

21. If f(x) + x 2 [f(x)]3 = 10andf(1) = 2,findf'(1).
5.x 2 -4xy+y2 =4 6. 2x2 +xy-y2 2
7.x4 +x2y 2 +y3 5 8. x 3 -xy2 +y3 1 22. If g(x) +x sin g(x)=x2, find g'(0).
170 CHAPTER 2 Derivatives

23-24 Regard y as the independent variable and x as the 35. (a) The curve with equation y2 = 5x4 x2 is called a
-

dependent variable and use implicit differentiation to find dxjdy. kampyle of Eudoxus. Find an equation of the tangent
line to this curve at the point (1, 2).
23. x4y2 - x 3y + 2xy3 = 0 24. y sec x = x tan y rim
am (b) Illustrate part (a) by graphing the curve and the tangent
line on a common screen. (Graph the implicitly defined
25-34 Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of the curve if possible, or you can graph the upper and lower
tangent line to the curve at the given point. halves separately.)
25. y sin 2x = x cos 2y, (IT/2, 1r/4) 36. (a) The curve with equation y2 = x 3 + 3x2 is called the
26. tan(x + y) + sec(x y) = 2, (IT/8, ir/8) Tschirnhausen cubic. Find an equation of the tangent
-
line to this curve at the point (1, -2).
27. x213 + y213 = 4, (-3,J, i) (astroid) (b) At what points does this curve have horizontal tangents?
28. y2(6 - x) = x3, (2,,/2) (cissoid of Diodes) a. (c) Illustrate parts (a) and (b) by graphing the curve and the
tangent lines on a common screen.
29. x2 - xy - y2 = 1, (2, 1) (hyperbola)
37-40 Find y" by implicit differentiation. Simplify where
30. x2 + 2xy + 4y2 129 (2, 1) (ellipse)
=
possible.
31. x2 + y2 = (2x2 +2 y2 x)2, (o, ) (cardioid)
-
37. x 2 + 4y2 = 4 38. x 2 + xy + y2 = 3
39. sin + cos = 1 40. x3 -
= 7

41. Ifxy + y 3 = 1, find the value of y" at the point where x = 0.

42. If x2 + xy + y3 = 1, find the value ofy" at the point
where x= 1.
rin
AN 43. Fanciful shapes can be created by using software that can
graph implicitly defined curves.
32. x2y2 = (y + 1)2 (4 y2), -
(2/, i)
(conchoid of Nicomedes) (a) Graph the curve with equation
y(y2- 1)(y -2) = x(x- 1)(x-2)
At how many points does this curve have horizontal
tangents? Estimate the x-coordinates of these points.
(b) Find equations of the tangent lines at the points (0, 1)
and (0, 2).
(c) Find the exact x-coordinates of the points in part (a).
(d) Create even more fanciful curves by modifying the
equation in part (a).
33. 2(x + y 2)2 = 25(x 2 - y 2), (3, 1) (lemniscate) ME 44. (a) The curve with equation
2y3 +y2 -y5 =x4 -2x3 +x 2
has been likened to a bouncing wagon. Graph this curve
and discover why.
(b) At how many points does this curve have horizontal
tangent lines? Find the x-coordinates of these points.
45. Find the points on the lemniscate in Exercise 33 where the
34. y2(y2 - 4) = x2(x2 - 5), (0, -2) (devil's curve) tangent is horizontal.
46. Show by implicit differentiation that the tangent line to
the ellipse
x2
+ - 1
a2
at the point (xo, yo) has equation
XoX YoY
+ -
-1
a2 b2
 SECTION 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 171

47. Find an equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola 58. (a) Use implicit differentiation to find y' if
x2 y2 _ 1 x 2 + xy + y2 + 1 = 0
a2 b2 am (b) Plot the curve in part (a). What do you see? Prove that
at the point (x0, yo). what you see is correct.
(c) In view of part (b), what can you say about the
48. Show that the sum of the x- and y-intercepts of any tangent
expression for y' that you found in part (a)?
line to the curve ..1 + = is equal to c.
59. The equation x2 xy + y2 = 3 represents a "rotated
-
49. Show, using implicit differentiation, that any tangent line at
e11ipse' that is, an ellipse whose axes are not parallel to the
a point P to a circle with center 0 is perpendicular to the
coordinate axes. Find the points at which this ellipse crosses
radius OP.
the x-axis and show that the tangent lines at these points are
50. The Power Rule can be proved using implicit differentiation parallel.
for the case where n is a rational number, n = p/q, and
y =f(x) = x" is assumed beforehand to be a differentiable 60. (a) Where does the normal line to the ellipse
function. If y = xm, then yq = x". Use implicit differentia- -xy + y2 = 3 at the point (-1, 1) intersect the
tion to show that ellipse a second time?
ri (b) illustrate part (a) by graphing the ellipse and the
a.
=
normal line.
q
61. Find all points on the curve x2y2 + xy = 2 where the slope
51-54 Orthogonal Trajectories Two curves are orthogonal if
of the tangent line is -1.
their tangent lines are perpendicular at each point of intersection.
Show that the given families of curves are orthogonal trajectories 62. Find equations of both the tangent lines to the ellipse
of each other; that is, every curve in one family is orthogonal to x 2 + 4y 2 = 36 that pass through the point (12, 3).
every curve in the other family. Sketch both families of curves on
the same axes. 63. Use implicit differentiation to find dy/dx for the equation

51. x2 + y 2 = r, ax + by = 0 X
-
= y2 + 1 y00
+ y2 y
52. x 2 = ax, x 2 + y2 = by
53. y = cx 2, 2
x2 + y 2 = k and for the equivalent equation

54. y = ax, x2 + 3y 2 = b x=y3 +y yO

Show that although the expressions you get for dy/dr

55. Show that the ellipse x 2/a 2 + y2/b 2 = 1 and the hyperbola look different, they agree for all points that satisfy the given
x 2/A2 y 2/B2 = 1 are orthogonal trajectories if A2 <a 2 and
-
equation.
a 2 b 2 = A2 + B2 (so the ellipse and hyperbola have the
-

same foci). 64. The Besselfunction of order 0, y = J(x), satisfies the differ-
ential equation xy" + y' + xy = 0 for all values of x and
56. Find the value of the number a such that the families of its value atOisJ(0) = 1.
curves y = (x + c)' andy = a(x + k)"3 are orthogonal (a) Find T(0).
trajectories. (b) Use implicit differentiation to find T' (0).
57. The van der Waals equation for n moles of a gas is
65. The figure shows a lamp located three units to the right of

( + '-)(v - nb) = nRT

the y-axis and a shadow created by the elliptical region
x 2 + 4y 2 5. If the point (-5, 0) is on the edge of the
shadow, how far above the x-axis is the lamp located?
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, and T is the temper-
attire of the gas. The constant R is the universal gas constant
and a and b are positive constants that are characteristic of a
particular gas.
(a) If T remains constant, use implicit differentiation to
find dV/dP.
(b) Find the rate of change of volume with respect to
pressure of 1 mole of carbon dioxide at a volume of
V = 10 Land a pressure of P = 2.5 atm. Use
a = 3.592 L2-atm/mole2 and b = 0.04267 L/mole.