SECTION 2.

3 Differentiation Formulas 143

Let the x-coordinate of one of the points in question be a. Then the slope of the tangent
line at that point is 12/a2. This tangent line will be parallel to the line 3x + y = 0,
-

(2,6) or y = -3x, if it has the same slope, that is, -3. Equating slopes, we get
/ xy12
12
-- -=-3 or a2 4 or a=±2

Therefore the required points are (2, 6) and (-2, -6). The hyperbola and the tangents
are shown in Figure 6.
(-2,-6)
3x + y = 0 We summarize the differentiation formulas we have learned so far as follows.
FIGURE 6

Table of Differentiation Formulas

---(c) = 0 --(f) = nx
dx dx

(cf)' = cf' (f+ g)' =f' + g' (f - g)' =f' -

(L)f
=
' - fg'
(fg)' =fg' + gf'

2.3 1 Exercises
1-14 Differentiate the function. 2w 2 - w+4 1 + 16t2
23. P( w) = 24. D(t) -

1. g(x) = 4x + 7 2. g(t) = 5t + 4t 2 (4t)3

3.f(x)=x75 -x+3 4. g(x) x2 _3x +l2

25-26 Find dy/dx and dy/dt.
5. W(v) = 1.8v 3 6. r(z) = z 5 - z112
x
t
25. y=tx 2 +t3x 26. y+ -
7. f(x)x 3 +x 8. V(t)=t 315 +t4 X

1 1 a b
9. s(t) = - + 10. r(t) = + 27. Find the derivative of f(x) = (1 + 2x 2)(x x 2) in two
-

ways: by using the Product Rule and by performing the multi-

11. y = 2x + 12. h(w) = ,./w - plication first. Do your answers agree?
1 28. Find the derivative of the function
13. g(x) = + 14. S(R) = 4irR 2
lfx x-5x+J
F(x) =
x2
15-24 Differentiate the function after first rewriting the function
in a different form. (Do not use the Product or Quotient Rules.) in two ways: by using the Quotient Rule and by simplifying
3)2
first. Show that your answers are equivalent. Which method
15. f(x) = x 3(x + 3) 16. F(t) = (2t -

do you prefer?
3x2 + x 3
17. f(x) -
- is. y= 29-32 Use the Product Rule to find the derivative of the function.
X
29. f(x) = (3x2 - 5x)x 2
19. G(q) = (1 + q)2 20. G(t) = +
30. y(10x2 +7x-2)(2-x2)

3r 312 + r 512 A + Bz + Cz 2 31. y = (4x2 + 3)(2x + 5) 32. g(x) = ii( + 2,/)

21. G(r) = 22. F(z) =
r Z2
144 CHAPTER 2 Derivatives

33-36 Use the Quotient Rule to find the derivative of the function. an 58. (a) Graph the function g(x) = x 2/(x 2 + 1) in the viewing

5x x2 rectangle [-4,4] by [-1, 1.5].

33 .y= 34. y (b) Using the graph in part (a) to estimate slopes, make a
1+x 1-x
rough sketch, by hand, of the graph of g'. (See
3 2t
- 6u4 5u -
Example 2.2.1.)
35. g(t) 36. G(u) =
= 5t + 1 u+1 (c) Calculate g'(x) and use this expression to graph g'.
Compare with your sketch in part (b).
37-52 Differentiate. 59-60 Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the
5t 1 given point.
37. f(t) 38. F(x)
= - t - 1 - 2x3 - 6x 2 + 5 2x
(1,1)
x+1
S -V
32
40. y =
60.y2x3 -x2 +2, (1,3)

2x5 + x4 - 6x (u + 2)2
41. F(x) = 42. y - 61-64 Find equations of the tangent line and normal line to the
1-u
curve at the specified point.
43. H(u)=(u-/)(u+J)
61.yx+ lx , (1,2) 62. yx 312, (1,1)
44. A(v) =
V2/3 (2v' + 1 - v 2)
3x
63. y= (i,) 64. y x±1' (4,0.4)
(i + + i) 1 + 5x 2 '
45. J(u) =

_k
46. h(w) = (w2 + 3w)(w' - w 4) 65. (a) The curve y = 1/(1 + x2) is called a witch of Maria
Agnesi. Find an equation of the tangent line to this
cx
47. f(t)
t-3
48. y
1 + cx
curve at the point (- 1, ).
=
A. (b) Illustrate part (a) by graphing the curve and the tangent
B At line on the same screen.
49. G(y) =
50. F(t) =
Ay 3 + B Bt 2 + Ct 3 66. (a) The curve y = x/(l + x2 ) is called a serpentine. Find
X ax + b an equation of the tangent line to this curve at the
51. f(x) = 52. f(x) =

C cx + d point (3, 0.3).

x+- rim
ME (b) Illustrate part (a) by graphing the curve and the tangent
x
line on the same screen.
53. The general polynomial of degree n has the form 67-70 Find the first and second derivatives of the function.
P(x) = ax + a-1 x"' + + a2 X2 + a1 x + ao 67. f(x) = 0.001x5 - 0.02x3
where a 0 0. Find the derivative of P.
68. G(r)/+/
ri 54-56 Find
a. f'(x). Compare the graphs off and f and use them
X
to explain why your answer is reasonable. 69. f(x) = 70. f(x) -
1 + 2x 3-x
54. f(x) = x4 - 2x3 + x 2 55. f(x) = 3x 15 - 5x 3 + 3

F. M.
56. f(x) = x+ AM 71-72 Find the first and second derivatives of the function.
Check to see that your answers are reasonable by comparing the
graphs of f, f', and f".
a. 57. (a) Graph the function 1 -

71. f(x) = 2x 5x 314

- 72. f(x) =
f(x) = x4 - 3x3 - 6x2 + 7x + 30 x2 + 1

in the viewing rectangle [-3, 5] by [-10, 50].

(b) Using the graph in part (a) to estimate slopes, make 73. The equation of motion of a particle is s = t 3 3t, where
-

a rough sketch, by hand, of the graph of f'. (See s is in meters and t is in seconds. Find
Example 2.2.1.) (a) the velocity and acceleration as functions oft,
(c) Calculate f'(x) and use this expression to graph f'. (b) the acceleration after 2 s, and
Compare with your sketch in part (b). (c) the acceleration when the velocity is 0.
 SECTION 2.3 Differentiation Formulas 145

74. The equation of motion of a particle is s = - + t2 - 81. lff(x) = Vfx

/g(x), where g(4) = 8 and g'(4) = 7, find f'(4).
where s is in meters and t is in seconds.
(a) Find the velocity and acceleration as functions of r. 82. If h(2) = 4 and h'(2) = -3, find
(b) Find the acceleration after 1 s. d (h(x)
AN (c) Graph the position, velocity, and acceleration functions
dx'x
on the same screen.
75. Biologists have proposed a cubic polynomial to model the 83. If and g are the functions whose graphs are shown, let
length L of Alaskan rockfish at age A: u(x) = f(x) g(x) and v(x) = f(x)/g(x).
(a) Find u'(1). (b) Find v'(4).
L = 0.0390A3 - 0.945A2 + 10.03A + 3.07
where L is measured in centimeters and A in years. Calculate
dL
dA A=12

and interpret your answer.

76. The number of tree species S in a given area A in a forest
reserve has been modeled by the power function
84. Let P(x) = F(x)G(x) and Q(x) = F(x)/G(x), where F and
S(A) = 0.882A°2 G are the functions whose graphs are shown.
where A is measured in square meters. Find S'(lOO) and (a) Find P'(2). (b) Find Q'(7).
interpret your answer.
77. Boyle's Law states that when a sample of gas is compressed
at a constant temperature, the pressure P of the gas is
inversely proportional to the volume V of the gas.
(a) Suppose that the pressure of a sample of air that occupies
0.106 m3 at 25°C is 50 kPa. Write V as a function of P.
(b) Calculate dV/dP when P = 50 kPa. What is the
meaning of the derivative? What are its units?
78. Car tires need to be inflated properly because overinflation
85. If g is a differentiable function, find an expression for the
or underinflation can cause premature tread wear. The data
derivative of each of the following functions.
in the table show tire life L (in thousands of kilometers) for
x g(x)
a certain type of tire at various pressures P (in kPa). (a) y=xg(x) (b) y = - (c) y
g(x) =
P 179 193 214 242 262 290 311 86. If is a differentiable function, find an expression for the
derivative of each of the following functions.
L 80 106 126 130 119 113 95 x
2
(a) y=xf(x) (b) y= --
x -
(a) Use a calculator or computer to model tire life with a
quadratic function of the pressure. x2 l+xf(x)
(c) y = - (d)
(b) Use the model to estimate dL/dP when P = 200 and f 15-
when P = 300. What is the meaning of the derivative?
What are the units? What is the significance of the signs 87. Find the points on the curve y = x3 + 3x2 - 9x + 10
of the derivatives? where the tangent is horizontal.
79. Suppose that f(s) = 1, f'(5) = 6, g(5) = -3, and 88. For what values of x does the graph of
g'(S) = 2. Find the following values.
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + x + 3
(a) (fg)'(5) (b) (f/g)'(5) (c) (g/f)'(5)
have a horizontal tangent?
80. Suppose that f(4) = 2, g(4) = 5, f'(4) = 6, and
g'(4) = -3. Find h'(4). 89. Show that the curve y = 6x3 + 5x - 3 has no tangent line
(a) h(x) = 31(x) + 8g(x) (b) h(x) =f(x)g(x) with slope 4.
f(x) g(x) 90. Find an equation of the line that is both tangent to the curve
(c) h(x) = - (d) h(x) = Y = X4 + 1 and parallel to the line 32x
g(x) f + g(x) y = 15.
-
146 CHAPTER 2 Derivatives

91. Find equations for two lines that are both tangent to the 104. A manufacturer produces bolts of a fabric with a fixed
curve y = x3 3x2 + 3x 3 and parallel to the line
- - width. The quantity q of this fabric (measured in meters)
3x - y = 15. that is sold is a function of the selling price p (in dollars per
meter), so we can write q = f(p). Then the total revenue
92. Find equations of the tangent lines to the curve
earned with selling price p is R(p) = pf(p).
x- 1 (a) What does it mean to say that f(20) = 10,000 and
y= x+1 f'(20) = -350?
(b) Assuming the values in part (a), find R'(20) and inter-
that are parallel to the line x -
= 2. pret your answer.
93. Find an equation of the normal line to the curve y = 105. The Michaelis-Menten equation for the enzyme chymotryp-
that is parallel to the line 2x + y = 1. sin is
94. Where does the normal line to the parabola y = x 2 0.14[S]
1 at
-

the point (-1, 0) intersect the parabola a second time? Illus- 0.015 + [S]
trate with a sketch. where v is the rate of an enzymatic reaction and [5] is the
95. Draw a diagram to show that there are two tangent lines to concentration of a substrate S. Calculate dv/d[S] and inter-
the parabola y = x2 that pass through the point (0, -4). pret it.
Find the coordinates of the points where these tangent lines 106. The biomass B(t) of a fish population is the total mass of the
intersect the parabola. members of the population at time t. It is the product of the
96. (a) Find equations of both lines through the point (2, -3) number of individuals N(t) in the population and the average
that are tangent to the parabola y = x2 + X. mass M(t) of a fish at time t. In the case of guppies, breeding
(b) Show that there is no line through the point (2, 7) that is occurs continually. Suppose that at time t = 4 weeks the
tangent to the parabola. Then draw a diagram to see why. population is 820 guppies and is growing at a rate of 50 gup-
pies per week, while the average mass is 1.2 g and is increas-
97. For what values of a and b is the line 2x + y = b tangent to ing at a rate of 0.14 g/week. At what rate is the biomass
the parabola y = ax' when x = 2? increasing when t = 4?
98. Find the nth derivative of each function by calculating the 107. Extended Product Rule The Product Rule can be extended
first few derivatives and observing the pattern that occurs. to the product of three functions.
(a) f(x) = f (b) f(x) = l/x (a) Use the Product Rule twice to prove that if f, g, and h
99. Find a second-degree polynomial P such that P(2) = 5, are differentiable, then (fgh)' =f'gh + fg'h + fgh'.
P'(2) = 3, and P"(2) = 2. (b) Taking f = g = h in part (a), show that

100. The equation y" + y' -

= x 2 is called a differential
[f(X)I' = 3[f(x)]2 f'(x)
equation because it involves an unknown function y and dx
its derivatives y' and y". Find constants A, B, and C such (c) Use part (b) to differentiate
that the function y = Ax 2 + Bx + C satisfies this equa-
tion. (Differential equations will be studied in detail in y=(x4 +3x3 +17x+82)3
Chapter 9.)
108. Reciprocal Rule If g is differentiable, the Reciprocal Rule
101. Find a cubic function y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + dwhose graph says that
has horizontal tangents at the points (-2, 6) and (2, 0). g(x)
dill
102. Find a parabola with equation y = ax2 + bx + c that has dx Lg(x)] [g(x)]2
slope 4atx = 1, slope -8atx = -1, and passes through
(a) Use the Quotient Rule to prove the Reciprocal Rule.
the point (2, 15).
(b) Use the Reciprocal Rule to differentiate the function in
103. In this exercise we estimate the rate at which the total per- Exercise 38.
sonal income is rising in Boulder, Colorado. In 2015, the
109. An easy proof of the Quotient Rule can be given if we make
population of this city was 107,350 and the population was
the prior assumption that F'(x) exists, where F = fig. Write
increasing by roughly 1960 people per year. The average
f = Fg; then differentiate using the Product Rule and solve
annual income was $60,220 per capita, and this average
the resulting equation for F'.
was increasing at about $2250 per year (a little above the
national average of about $1810 yearly). Use the Product 110. (a) If F(x) = f(x) g(x), where f and g have derivatives of
Rule and these figures to estimate the rate at which total all orders, show that F" = f"g + 2f 'g' + fg".
personal income was rising in Boulder in 2015. Explain the (b) Find similar formulas for F" and F 14 .
meaning of each term in the Product Rule. (c) Guess a formula for F11.
 APPLIED PROJECT Building a Better Roller Coaster 147

111. Let 116. A tangent line is drawn to the hyperbola xy = c at a

1x2 +1 ifx<l point P as shown in the figure.
(a) Show that the midpoint of the line segment cut
ILX+1 ifx1
from this tangent line by the coordinate axes is P.
Is f differentiable at 1? Sketch the graphs off and f'. (b) Show that the triangle formed by the tangent line and
the coordinate axes always has the same area, no matter
112. At what numbers is the following function g differentiable? where P is located on the hyperbola.
12x ifx0
g(x)= 2x—x2 if O<x<2
2—x ifx2

Give a formula for g' and sketch the graphs of g and g'.
113. (a) For what values of x is the function f(x) = Ix2 - 9
differentiable? Find a formula for f'.
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and f'.
114. Where is the function h(x) = Ix 11+ Ix + 21differenti-
-
117. If c > 1, how many lines through the point (0, c) are normal
able? Give a formula for h' and sketch the graphs of h and h'.
lines to the parabola y = x2 ? What if c
115. Let
Ix 2 ifx2 118. Sketch the parabolas =x2 and y =x2 2x + 2. Do you
-

f(x) =i think there is a line that is tangent to both curves? If so, find
[mx+b ifx>2
its equation. If not, why not?
Find the values of m and b that make f differentiable X1000 1
-
everywhere. 119. Evaluate lim
x-1 x-1

APPLIED PROJECT BUILDING A BETTER ROLLER COASTER

Suppose you are asked to design the first ascent and drop for a new roller coaster. By study-
ing photographs of your favorite coasters, you decide to make the slope of the ascent 0.8 and
the slope of the drop —1.6. You decide to connect these two straight stretches y = L1(x) and
y = L 2(x) with part of a parabola y = f(x) = a x 2 + bx + c, where x and f(x) are measured
L1
in meters. For the track to be smooth there can't be abrupt changes in direction, so you want
/
/ the linear segments L1 and L 2 to be tangent to the parabola at the transition points P and Q.
/
/ (See the figure.) To simplify the equations, you decide to place the origin at P.
1. (a) Suppose the horizontal distance between P and Q is 30 m. Write equations in a, b, and
c that will ensure that the track is smooth at the transition points.
(b) Solve the equations in part (a) for a, b, and c to find a formula for f(x).
rAE
AN (c) Plot L1, f, and L 2 to verify graphically that the transitions are smooth.
(d) Find the difference in elevation between P and Q.
2. The solution in Problem 1 might look smooth, but it might not feel smooth because the
piecewise defined function [consisting of Lt(x) for x < 0, f(x) for 0 x 30, and L 2(x)
for x> 30] doesn't have a continuous second derivative. So you decide to improve the
design by using a quadratic function q(x) = ax 2 + bx + c only on the interval
3 x 27 and connecting it to the linear functions by means of two cubic functions:
g(x)kx3 +1x2 +mx+n 0x<3
h(x)=px 3 +qx2 +rx+s 27<x30
(a) Write a system of equations in 11 unknowns that ensures that the functions and their
first two derivatives agree at the transition points.
(b) Solve the system of equations in part (a) to find formulas for q(x), g(x), and h(x).
(c) Plot L1, g, q, h, and L2, and compare with the plot in Problem 1(c).