Introduction to Logic Circuits and Design

Logic Circuits and Design deals with the

construction of digital electronic circuits. This subject is
also known as Digital Design and Digital System which
employ the designing of system such as digital
computers, electronic calculators, digital control
devices, digital communication equipment, and many
other applications that require electronic digital
hardware.

Logic Gates and Logic Families

The basic logic gates are the basic building blocks of
more complex logic circuits. These logic gates
perform the basic Boolean functions, such as AND, OR,
NAND, NOR, Inversion, Exclusive-OR, Exclusive-NOR.
The small circle on the output of the circuit symbols
designates the logic complement. The AND, OR, NAND,
and NOR gates can be extended to have more than
two inputs. A gate can be extended to have multiple
inputs if the binary operation it represents is
commutative and associative.
Levels of Integration:
Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of
transistors and other electronic components they contain:

▪ SSI (Small-Scale Integration): Up to 100 electronic

components per chip
▪ MSI (Medium-Scale Integration): From 100 to
3,000 electronic components per chip
▪ LSI (Large-Scale Integration): From 3,000 to
100,000 electronic components per chip
▪ VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration): From 100,000
to
1,000,000 electronic components per chip
▪ ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration): More than 1
million electronic components per chip
These basic logic gates can be implemented with SSI
integrated circuits (ICs) or as part of more complex MSI
or VLSI circuits. Digital IC gates are classified not only
by their logic operation, but also the specific logic-
circuit family to which they belong. Each logic family
has its own basic electronic circuit upon which more
complex digital circuits and functions are developed.
The following logic families are the most frequently
used.
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name ECL MOS CMOS
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Transistor- Emitter- y metal-oxide
Metal-oxide
tra nsistor coupled semiconductor
semiconductor
logic logic
TTL and ECL are based upon bipolar transistors. TTL
has a well-established popularity among logic families.
ECL is used only in systems requiring high-speed
operation. MOS and CMOS, are based on field effect
transistors. They are widely used in large scale
integrated circuits because of their high component
density and relatively low power consumption. CMOS
logic consumes far less power than MOS logic.
There are various commercial integrated circuit chips
available. TTL ICs are usually distinguished by
numerical designation as the 5400 and 7400 series.
The former has a wide operating-temperature range,
suitable for military use, and the latter has a narrower
temperature range, suitable for industrial use. The
power supply for TTL ICs usually is 5V. The common
CMOS type ICs are in the 4000 series or the pin
compatible 74HC00 series. The power supply for CMOS
ICs ranges from 3V to 15V. The common ECL type is
designated as the 10,000 series.

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 This figure shows the TTL level specifications for
logic High and Low. Also shown are the normal values for
Vcc and ground.

Each logic family is characterized by several circuit

parameters.
Fan-out specifies the number of standard loads
that the output of a gate can drive without impairing
its normal operation. A standard load is usually defined
as the amount of current needed by an input of
another gate in the same logic family. Sometimes, the
term loading is used instead of fan-out. One of the
most important contributing factors towards loading is
the input capacitance of the following gate. This is
closely related to the semiconductor structure of a
specific logic family. For instance, the standard TTL
gate will typically have a maximum fan-out of 50.
Exceeding the specified maximum fan-out (or load)
may cause a malfunction because the circuit cannot
supply the power demanded from it.
Power dissipation is the supplied power required
to operate the desired logic function. This parameter
does not include the power delivered from another
gate. Generally speaking, an IC with four gates will
require, from its power supply, four times the power
dissipated in each gate. Power dissipation is an
important parameter. A complex electronic system
may have many thousands of gates. The total power
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dissipation of the whole system, therefore, can be very
high.
Propagation delay is the time delay for a signal
transition to propagate from input to output when the
binary input signals change in value. The signals
passing through a gate take a certain amount of time
to propagate from its inputs to the output. This interval
of time is defined as the propagation delay of the gate.
Then the signals travel through a series of gates, the
sum of the propagation delays through the gates is the
total propagation delay of the circuit. Both input and
output signals are not ideal signals, i.e. they have finite
rise and fall times. Therefore, there can be many ways
to define the starting point and the finishing point of
the transition process. Generally speaking, the starting
point of the transition process depends upon the
threshold point of the gate in question, and the
finishing point of the transition process depends upon
the threshold point of the following gate. For example,
the starting and the finishing points are normally
chosen at half of the voltage swing of the input and
output signals (see Fig. 2). It should be noted that the
transition period for the rising and falling edges of the
same gate may not necessarily be the same, although
it is normally desirable to have a symmetrical
transition.
Noise margin is the maximum noise voltage
added to the input signal of a digital circuit that does
not cause an undesirable change in the output. There
are two types of noise to be considered. DC noise is
caused by a drift in the voltage levels of a signal. AC
noise is a random pulse that may be created by other
switching signals. Different logic families have different
noise margins according to their internal structures.
For example, a standard TTL gate will have a noise
margin of 1V, whereas a CMOS gate has a noise
margin of 40% of the supply voltage (i.e. if VDD = 5V,
its noise margin is 2V).

BASIC LOGIC GATES

The building blocks of the digital world are the transistor

arrangements designed to output a known result with the
application of a signal. The transistors in this capacity act
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as a simple switches but it is the particular configuration
which yield the desired results. Since many of the devices
used in digital electronics are prepackaged, we can
represent them by symbol and truth table.
Gates are electronic circuit that produces output
signal when one or more specified inputs conditions are
met.

Truth Table is a table of all unique input variable

combination showing the relation of the input variables
and the result of the operation
Analysis of basic logic gates can be easily understood
using switching circuits that demonstrates binary logic.

Truth Table Logic Symbol Circuit Diagram

Input Outpu Note: Current will

t pass to the least
resistance.
A B X

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
Source: Signetics 2007

Note: If any input is logic 1, then the output of an OR gate will

be logic 1.

Truth Table Logic Symbol Circuit Diagram

Input Outpu
t
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0

1 0 0

5
1 1 1
Source: Signetics 2007

Note: The AND Gate requires all inputs to be logic 1 for an

output of logic 1.

Truth Logic Circuit

Table Symbol Diagram

Input Outpu
t

A B X

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0
Source: Signetics 2007

Note: When all inputs are logic 0, the output of a NOR Gate is
logic 1.

Truth Table Logic Symbol Circuit

Diagram
Input Outpu
t
A B X

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
Source: Signetics 2007

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Note: The output of a NAND Gate is logic 0 if all inputs are logic
1.

Truth Table Logic Symbol Circuit Diagram

Input Outpu
t
A B X

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
Source: Signetics 2007

Note: This Gate responds to different logic levels at the inputs.

Complementary inputs generate logic 1 while identical inputs
generate logic 0.

Safety Considerations

▪ Dangerous line voltages are present at the outlets on

your work bench. Do not insert anything other than
approved power plugs into the outlets.
▪ The voltages and currents produced by your power
supply are generally safe. However, you should not
short +5V (Vcc) or logic High outputs directly to ground
or intentionally make yourself part of a logic circuit.
▪ The DC power supplies can produce dangerous
voltages and current if the voltage knob is turned too
far in the clockwise direction. Keep the power supplies
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 on the 5 volt range and do not turn the voltage knob
past the point where the output voltage reaches 15
volts.
▪ Chip pins and the tips of the small wires may be sharp.
Handle with care. Chips can become very hot if wired
incorrectly. Be careful.
▪ Beware of plastic. Do not place any CMOS device on
plastic surfaces. Nylon is another “No-No”.

In the real world of digital electronics we seldom deal

with single logic gate structures, because it is not
practical to produce them. Instead, we rely on the
integrated circuits, containing many transistors configured
to produce multiple logic circuits in one package. The
digital integrated circuit below shows the typical
packaging of IC (integrated circuitry) used in digital
electronics, where multiple devices might have several
inputs and outputs in one package. The standard
configuration allows for the supply of power to operate the
devices through pin 14 and the common connection
through pin 7. Other pin connections will vary according to
the type of device.

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Source: Signetics 2007

This figure shows the connections between the various

rows and columns of holes on a standard bread board.

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The following figures represent how to identify pin 1 on
various designs of Dual In-Line Package (DIP) chips and
how the pins are numbered starting with pin 1 and
preceding counter-clockwise around the chip.

Name: ______________________________ Rating: _________________

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Instructor: _________________________ Schedule: _____________

Experiment No. 1 LOGIC INVERTER

I. OBJECTIVE:

To demonstrate the operation and characteristic of

typical logic inverter IC.

II. MATERIALS:

2 - MPSA 20 transistor (NPN)

1 – 74LS04 TTL Hex Inverter IC
2 - 1-KΩ resistor (1/2 watt)
2 - 4.7 KΩ resistor (1/2 watt)
10 – LED’s (Light Emitting Diode)
Connecting wires
Breadboard
VOM
Power Supply (Output Voltage – DC 5V)

III. PROCEDURES:

1. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 1-1. The input is

derived from logic switch 1 (SW). Measure the
output state with your VOM and observe it on LED
indicator L1.
2. Measure the inverter input VI and output VO with
respect to ground on both position of your switch.
Record your data in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1

Switch VI VO
Position
Up
Down

3. From the data in Table 1-1, answer the following

questions:

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 a. Does the circuit perform the logic
inversion? _____ ___

b. What are the two output voltage levels

assuming positive logic?

Binary 0 = ______ volts

Binary 1 = ______ volts

4. Disconnect the 4.7 KΩ base resistors from input SW

and let it hang free. Measure the output voltage.
V0 = __________ volts

a. With an open input, the output is

binary ______. Open input has the
same effect as the binary _______
input (Use positive logic).

b. Make a truth table from the data

Table 1. Use positive logic and
assume the circuit input is 1 or 0.

Input Output
1
0

5. Connect the LED indicator to input and

output as shown in Figure 1-2. Observe
the operation of the circuit by watching
the LED indicator states and their
relationships to one another.

The circuit output is always the ________ of

the input.

6. In Figure1-3, you are cascading the two

Inverter circuits. Monitor the output in LED
indicators L1 and L2.

Observe the input and output states. If the input is

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 binary 1, the output will be binary _____. If the
output is binary 0, the input will be binary
_____.

7. Mount the 7404 IC in the breadboard and

connect pin 14 to 5V and pin 7 to ground.

8. Connect one of the inverters shown in

Figure 1-4. The
input will come from logic SW1 and output will be
displayed on LED indicator L1. Apply the logic
voltage to the input as shown in Table 1-2 and
measure the corresponding output voltages.
Record results in Table 1-2. Does the circuit invert?
_______

Table 1-2

Binary 0 ( ) volt/s
Binary 1 ( ) volt/s

9. Remove the connection of SW1 so that the

inverter input is open. Measure the output
voltage. With the input open, the output
voltage is _______ volts or for the positive
logic a binary _______. This means that an
open input has the same effect as binary
________ input.

10. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 1-5. How

many inverters are cascaded?
________________

IV. LOGIC DIAGRAM

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 VCC
+5 V

vcc 1 K-ohms VO
+5 v

4.7 K-ohms

VI

SW

Figure 1-1

VCC
+5 V

vcc 1 K-ohms

+5 v
VO

4.7 K-ohms
VI

SW

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 Figure 1-2
VCC
+5 V

1 K-ohms
vcc L2

+5 v 1 K-ohms

4.7 K-ohms

4.7 K-ohms

SW

L1

Figure 1-3

SW1

Figure 1-4

+5v

L2

SW

L1

Figure 1-5

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V. OBSERVATION:

VI. CONCLUSION:

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