Trigonometric Functions

Derivative Integration
𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln |sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑑
(cot 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 ∫ sec x tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ sec x 𝑑𝑥 = ln |sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑑
(csc 𝑥) = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 |csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥| + 𝐶

Hyperbolic Functions

Derivative Integration
𝑑
(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(tanh 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln |cosh 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑑
(coth 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sinh 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = −sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 ∫ sec x tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −sech 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ sech x 𝑑𝑥 = arctan|sinh x| +𝐶
𝑑
(csch 𝑥) = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csch 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | tanh | + 𝐶
2
Integration by Trigonometric Substitution
Identity used:
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 x = asinθ dx = acosθdθ 1-sin²θ = cos²θ

Identity used:
√𝒙2 − 𝒂𝟐 x = asecθ dx = asecθtanθdθ sec²θ - 1= tan²θ

Identity used:
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 x = atanθ dx = asec²θdθ 1-tan²θ = sec²θ

Integration by Trigonometric Transformation

CASE 1: Where: USE:
m or n is + odd integer 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙

CASE 2: Where: USE:

n is an integer 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

CASE 3: Where: USE:

n is + even integer 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒎 𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒎 𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙

CASE 4: Where: USE:

Both m and n is + even 𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙)
integer. 𝟐
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝟐

Integration by Parts

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖

Where: v =∫ 𝒅𝒗
Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒖
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 = arcsine 𝒂 + 𝑪

𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝟏 𝒖
𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂 arcsec 𝒂 + 𝑪

𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝟏 𝒖
𝒂2 + 𝒖2 = 𝒂 arctan 𝒂 + 𝑪

Topic Formula
Area under the curve (𝑢2 ) 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Area between curves (𝑢2 ) 𝑏

𝐴 = ∫ (𝑌𝑢 − 𝑌𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑋𝑅 − 𝑋𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎

Area of polar curves 1 𝑏 2

𝐴= ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑎
1 𝑏 2
𝐴= ∫ (𝑟 − 𝑟1 ²)𝑑𝜃
2 𝑎 2

Volume (𝑢3 ) Circular disk:

𝑌𝑢
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑌𝐿
𝑋𝑟
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑋𝐿
Circular Ring:
𝑋𝑈
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ (𝑌𝑢 − 𝑌𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑋𝐿

𝑌𝑈
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑋𝑅 − 𝑋𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑌𝐿
Cylindrical shell:
𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎
 Arc Length (u) 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑙 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑙 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑑𝑦

Surface Area (𝑢2 )

Rotation @ x-axis:
𝑏
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑙
𝑎
Rotation @y-axis
𝑏
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑙
𝑎

Centroid of Plane Area (x, y)

𝑏
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴
𝑥̅ = 𝑎
𝐴
𝑏
∫𝑎 (𝑦2 )2 − (𝑦1 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦̅ = 2
𝐴
𝑑
∫ 𝑌(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦̅ = 𝑐
𝐴

Centroid of Solid Revolution (x, y)

𝑏
𝑀𝑦𝑧 ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑥̅ = =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑏
𝑀𝑥𝑧 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑣
𝑦̅ = = 𝑎
𝑉 𝑉

WALLIS Formula:
𝝅
(𝒎−𝟏)(𝒎−𝟑)….(𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟑)….(𝟐 𝒐𝒓𝟏)
∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
(𝒎+𝒏)(𝒎+𝒏−𝟐)…..(𝟐𝒐𝒓 𝟏)
(∝)
Where: m and n are non-negative integers
𝜋
∝ = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
∝ = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛