NANDHA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ERODE-52

BASIC ENGINEERING

I SEMESTER

BASIC MATHEMATICS

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 BASIC MATHEMATICS
UNIT-1

MARICES MULTIPLICATION

CRAMER’S RULE

INVERSE OF MATRIX

UNIT-2

Sinx,cosx,tanx GRAPH

Sin(A+B),cos(A+B) PROBLEMS

Tan(A+B) PROBLEMS

UNIT-3

TRIANGLE, COLLINEAR PROBLEMS

Cos ANGLE & MUTUALLY PERPENDICULAR

UNIT VECTOR PERPENDICULAR & Sin ANGLE

UNIT-4

MEAN VALUE

STANDARD DEVIATION

CURVE FITTING

UNIT-5

PROBABILITY

COINS, CARDS, DIE PROBLEMS

CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
 UNIT-1

1.Solve the equations x+y+z=3, 2x-y+z=2 , 3x+2y-2z=3 using Cramers’s Rule.

Solution :
x+y+z=3
2x-y+z=2
3x+2y-2z=3
1 1 1
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
∆= |2 −1 1 |=1 | |−1 | |+1 | |
2 −2 3 −2 3 2
3 2 −2

=1( 2 -2 ) – 1 ( -4 - 3) + 1 ( 4 + 3 )

∆ =14

3 1 1
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
∆𝑥 = |2 −1 1 |=3 | |−1 | |+1 | |
2 −2 3 −2 3 2
3 2 −2

=3 ( 2 – 2 ) – 1 ( -4 - 3) + 1( 4 + 3 )

∆𝑥 =14

1 3 1
2 1 2 1 2 2
∆𝑦 = | 2 2 1 |=1 | |−3 | |+1 | |
3 −2 3 −2 3 3
3 3 −2

=1 ( -4 – 3 ) – 3 ( -4 – 3 ) + 1 ( 6 – 6 )

∆𝑦 =14

1 1 3
−1 2 2 2 2 −1
∆𝑧 = |2 −1 2|=1 | |−1 | |+3 | |
2 3 3 3 3 2
3 2 3

=1 ( -3 – 4 ) – 1 ( 6 – 6 ) + 3 ( 4 + 3 )

∆𝑧 =14

∆𝑥 14
𝑥= = =1
∆ 14

∆𝑦 14
𝑦= = =1
∆ 14

∆𝑧 14
𝑧= = =1
∆ 14
 1 1 −1
2.Find the inverse of matrix [ 2 1 0]
−1 2 3

Solution :

1 1 −1
|𝐴 | = | 2 1 0 2 0 2 1
1 0 |=1 | |−1 | |−1 | |
2 3 −1 3 −1 2
−1 2 3

=1( 3 - 0 ) – 1 ( 6 - 0) - 1 ( 4 + 1 )

|𝐴| =-8 ≠ 0

1 0 2 0 2 1| T
+| | -| | +|
2 3 -1 3 -1 2
1 -1 1 -1 1 1
Adj A= - | | +| | -| |
2 3 -1 3 -1 2
1 -1 1 -1 1 1
[ + |1 0
| -|
2 0
| +| |
2 1 ]

𝑇
+(3 − 0) −(6 + 0) +(4 + 1)
= |−(3 + 2) +(3 − 1) −(2 + 1)|
+(0 + 1) −(0 + 2) +(1 − 2)

3 −6 5 𝑇
= |−5 2 −3|
1 −2 −1

3 −5 1
= |−6 2 −2|
5 −3 −1

1
𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴
|𝐴 |

1 3 −5 1
𝐴−1 = |−6 2 −2|
−8
5 −3 −1
 1 0 −1 0 1 3
3. If A = [2 1 0 ] , B = [2 1 1] , Prove that A B ≠ B A.
0 3 1 1 0 2

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

1 0 −1 0 1 3
A B = [2 1 0 ] [2 1 1]
0 3 1 1 0 2

0+0−1 1+0−0 3+0−2

= [0 + 2 + 0 2 + 1 + 0 6 + 1 + 0]
0+6+1 0+3+0 0+3+2

−1 1 1
A B =[ 2 3 7] -------------------------(1)
7 3 5

0 1 3 1 0 −1
B A =[2 1 1 ] [2 1 0]
1 0 2 0 3 1

0+2+0 0+1+9 0+0+3

= [2 + 2 + 0 0 + 1 + 3 −2 + 0 + 1]
1+0+0 0+0+6 −1 + 0 + 2

2 10 3
B A =[4 4 −1] --------------------------(2)
1 6 1

From (1) & (2) we get

AB≠BA
 UNIT-2

3
1. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , then find the value of other five trigonometric ratios.
5

Solution:
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
5

√52 −32
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
5

√16
=
5
4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
5
Trigonometric Ratios are,

4 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
5 4

3 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
5 3

4 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
3 4

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.Sketch the graph of y = sinx in the interval [0,2π] and write any five of its
characteristics.

Solution :

x 0 90 180 270 360

y=sinx 0 1 0 -1 0
 y=sinx
1.5

1 1

0.5

0 0 0 0
0 90 180 270 360
-0.5

-1 -1

-1.5

Characteristics of sinx function :

 It is periodic function with a period of 2π.

 It is symmetric about the origin.
 It is an odd function. sin(-x) = - sinx
 Domain is ( -∞ , ∞ )
 Range is [-1 , 1 ]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 13 𝜋
2. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = ,Prove that 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
7 14 3

Solution:

1 13
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 =
7 14

√(72 −12 ) √(142 −132 )

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 =
7 14

√48 √27
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 =
7 14

Cos ( A – B ) = cosA cosB +sinA sinB

1 13 √48 √27
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = × + ×
7 14 7 14
 1 13 √48 √27
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( × + × )
7 14 7 14

𝜋
𝐴−𝐵 = (𝑜𝑟) 60°
3

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.If A+B=45 , Prove that (1+tanA) (1+tanB)=2.Hence deduce the value of

1 °
tan (22 ) .
2

Solution:

Given A+B=45°

Taking ‘tan’ on both sides, we get

tan(A+B)=tan45°

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
= 1
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

tanA+tanB = 1-tanA tanB

tanA+tanB+tanA tanB=1 ------------------------(1)

L.H.S=(1+tanA)(1+tanB)

=1+tanA+tanB+tanA tanB

=1+1 [using (1) ]

=2

=R.H.S

Hence proved.

1 °
Put A=B=(22 )
2
(1+tanA) (1+tanB)=2

1 ° 1 °
(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (22 ) ) (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (22 ) ) = 2
2 2

2
1 °
(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (22 ) ) = 2
2

1 °
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (22 ) = √2
2

1 °
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (22 ) = √2 − 1
2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 1
4.If 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 45°
2 3

Solution:

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵 ) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
1 1
( + )
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵 ) = 2 3
1 1
(1 − × )
2 3
3+2
(
)
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵 ) = 6
6−1
( )
6
5
( )
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵 ) = 6
5
( )
6
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵 ) = 1

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 45°
 UNIT-3

1.Show that the points with the position vectors

3𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ , 5𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ form a right angled triangle.

Solution:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1𝑗 + 6𝑘⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2𝑗 + 7𝑘⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 5𝑖⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗

𝑂𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴

= (5𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘⃗⃗) − (3𝑖⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

1𝑗 + 6𝑘⃗⃗)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1𝑗 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (2𝑖⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1𝑘 )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(2)2 + (−1)2 + (1)2
|𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √6
|𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵

= (6𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗) − (5𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘⃗⃗)

𝐵𝐶 = (1𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(1)2 + (−3)2 + (−5)2

|𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √35
|𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴 𝑂𝐴 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶

= (3𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗) − (6𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗)
𝐶𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = √(−3)2 + (4)2 + (4)2

|𝐶𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = √41
|𝐶𝐴

2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 6 + 35 = 41 = |𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|

∴ ABC is right angled triangle.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.Prove that the points with the position vectors

4𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ , −𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗, 3𝑖⃗ + 9𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 4𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗ are coplanar.

Solution :

𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐵 = 0𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ − 1𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 9𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗

𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐷 = −4𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 4𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ − 1𝑘⃗⃗
= 0𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ − 1𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −4𝑖⃗ − 6𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 0𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗

= 3𝑖⃗ + 9𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘

𝐵𝐶 = 3𝑖⃗ + 10𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐷
𝐶𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3𝑖⃗ − 9𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘⃗⃗

= −4𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘

𝐶𝐷 = −7𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 −4 −6 −2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
[𝐴𝐵 , 𝐵𝐶 , 𝐶𝐷 ] = | 3 10 5 |
−7 −5 0
10 5 3 5 3 10
=-4| |+6 | |−2 | |
−5 0 −7 0 −7 −5
= - 4 (0 + 25 ) + 6 ( 0 + 35 ) – 2 ( -15 + 70 )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
[𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 ] =0

Given vectors are coplanar.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.Find the angle between the vectors 3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗.Also find
the projection of 𝑎⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗⃗.

Solution :

𝑎⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗

𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗

|𝑎⃗| = √(3)2 + (−2)2 + (5)2

|𝑎⃗| = √38

|𝑏⃗⃗| = √(2)2 + (1)2 + (2)2

|𝑏⃗⃗| = √9 = 3

𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = (3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗)

=6-2+10

𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 14

⃗⃗⃗⃗∙
𝑎 𝑏 ⃗⃗ 14
Angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ is 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ⃗⃗
)=𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
( )
|𝑎⃗⃗| ∙ |𝑏| 3 √38
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗∙
𝑎 𝑏 ⃗⃗ 14
Projection of 𝑎⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ =
|𝑏| 3

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.Show that the vectors 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ , 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗

are mutually perpendicular.

Solution :

𝑎⃗ = 1𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

1𝑘

𝑏⃗⃗ = 1𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗

𝑐⃗ = 7𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗

𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = (1𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (1𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗)

=1+2-3

𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0

𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗ = (1𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (7𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗)

=7-4-3

𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗ = 0

𝑐⃗ ∙ 𝑎⃗ = (7𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (1𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗)

=7-8+1

𝑐⃗ ∙ 𝑎⃗ = 0

𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑐⃗ are mutually perpendicular.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗

𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗ . Also calculate the sine of the angle between the two
vectors.

Solution :

𝑎⃗ = 1𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗

𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 1𝑘⃗⃗

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗ −1 2 1 2 1 −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏 = |1 −1 2 |=𝑖⃗ | 3 | − 𝑗⃗ | | + 𝑘⃗⃗ | |
−1 2 −1 2 3
2 3 −1

⃗⃗ ( 3 + 2 )
= 𝑖⃗ ( 1 – 6 ) – 𝑗⃗ ( -1 – 4 ) + 𝑘

= - 5𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎 𝑏| = √(−5)2 + (5)2 + (5)2 = √75

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏
Unit vector perpendicular 𝑛
̂= ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏|
|𝑎

⃗⃗
−5𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘
𝑛̂ =
√75

⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(1)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2 = √6

|𝑎

|⃗⃗⃗
𝑏| = √(2)2 + (3)2 + (−1)2 = √14

|𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗× 𝑏⃗⃗|
Angle between the vectors 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = |𝑎⃗⃗| |𝑏⃗⃗|

√75
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
√6 √14
6.Find the area of the triangle formed by the point whose position vectors are

𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ ,2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗.

Solution :

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴

𝑂𝐵 = 2𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐶 = −1𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 1𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗

= 2𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ + 1𝑘

𝐴𝐵 = 1𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ − 1𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ − 1𝑘⃗⃗

= −1𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘

𝐵𝐶 = −3𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗ −4 −1 1 −1 1 −4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵 × 𝐵𝐶 | = | 1 −4 −1|=𝑖⃗ | 3 | − 𝑗⃗ | | + 𝑘⃗⃗ | |
2 −3 2 −3 3
−3 3 2

⃗⃗ ( 3 - 12 )
= 𝑖⃗ ( -8 + 3 ) – 𝑗⃗ ( 2 – 3 ) + 𝑘

= - 5𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ − 9𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 | = √(−5)2 + (1)2 + (−9)2 = √107

1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Area of triangle = |𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 | = √107 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2
 UNIT-4

1.Fit a straight line to the following data.

x 2 3 5 8 10 11

y 5 6 10 18 21 25

Solution:

𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥𝑦

𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 = ∑ 𝑦

n=6

x y 𝑥2 xy

2 5 4 10
3 6 9 18
5 10 25 50
8 18 64 144
10 21 100 210
11 25 121 275

∑ 𝑥 = 39 ∑ 𝑦 = 85 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 323 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 707

323 a + 39 b = 707

39 a + 6 b = 85

a=2.22

b=-0.28
Straight line,

y=ax+b

y = 2.22 x - 0.28

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.Find the arithmetic mean of the following frequency

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F 5 9 12 17 14 10 6

Solution :

x f fx

1 5 5
2 9 18
3 12 36
4 17 68
5 14 70
6 10 60
7 6 42

∑ 𝑓 = 73 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 299

∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
∑𝑓
299
𝑥̅ =
73
𝑥̅ = 4.095
3.Calculate the arithmetic mean of marks from the following table.

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No.of
12 18 27 20 17 6
Students

Solution :

Interval Mid Value (x) f fx

0-10 5 12 60

10-20 15 18 270

20-30 25 27 675

30-40 35 20 700

40-50 45 17 765

50-60 55 6 330

∑ 𝑓 = 100 ∑ 𝑓 𝑥 = 2800

∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
∑𝑓

2800
𝑥̅ =
100

𝑥̅ = 28

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Find the standard deviation of the following distribution:-

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

f 3 6 9 13 8 5 4

Solution :

x f x2 fx f x2

0 3 0 0 0

1 6 1 6 6

2 9 4 18 36

3 13 9 39 117

4 8 16 32 128

5 5 25 25 125

6 4 36 24 144

∑ 𝑓 = 48 ∑ 𝑓 𝑥 = 144 ∑ 𝑓 𝑥 2 = 556

2
∑ 𝑓𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜎 = √ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓

556 144 2
𝜎=√ −( )
48 48

𝜎 = √2.583

𝜎 = 1.607
 UNIT-5

1.Three coins tossed at a time. Find the probability of (i) Exactly 1 head

(ii) Atleast 1 head (iii) Atmost 1 tail.

Solution :

S={ HHH,THH,HTH,HHT,HTT,THT,TTH,TTT }

n(S)=8

(i) Exactly 1 head

A={ HTT,THT,TTH }
n(A)=3

𝑛(𝐴) 3
Probability of getting exactly 1 head=P(A)= =
𝑛(𝑆) 8

(ii) Atleast 1 head

A = { HHH,THH,HTH,HHT,HTT,THT,TTH }
n(A)=7

𝑛(𝐴) 7
Probability of getting atleast 1 head=P(A)= =
𝑛(𝑆) 8

(iii) Atmost 1 tail

A = { HHH,THH,HTH,HHT }
n(A)=4

𝑛(𝐴) 4 1
Probability of getting atmost 1 tail = P(A) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8 2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.From the pack of 52 cards taken at random , find the

probability that it is (i) Spade card (ii) Ace (iii) King (iv) Queen
in diamond.
 Solution :

n(S)=52

(i) Spade card

n(A)=13

𝑛(𝐴) 13 1
Probability of getting a spade card = P(A) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 4

(ii) Ace card

n(A)=4

𝑛(𝐴) 4 1
Probability of getting Ace card = P(A) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 13

(iii) King card

n(A)=4

𝑛(𝐴) 4 1
Probability of getting King card = P(A) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 13

(iv) Queen in diamond

n(A)=1

𝑛(𝐴) 1
Probability of getting Queen in diamond card = P(A) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.A pair of dice thrown .What are the probability of getting the
sum of (i) 7 (ii) 8 (or) 6 (iii) 2 (or) 4

Solution :
 S= { (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) }
n(S)=36

(i) Sum of 7

A={ (1,6) (2,5) (3,4) (4,3) (5,2) (6,1) }

n(A)=6

𝑛(𝐴) 6 1
Probability of getting sum of 7= P(A)= = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 6

(ii) Sum of 8 (or) 6

A={ (2,6) (3,5) (4,4) (5,3) (6,2) }

n(A)=5

B={ (1,5) (2,4) (3,3) (4,2) (5,1)) }

n(B)=5

Probability of getting sum of 8 (or) 6 = P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)

𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵)
= +
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)

5 5 10
= + =
36 36 36
(iii) Sum of 2 (or) 4

A={ (1,1) }

n(A)=1

B={ (1,3) (2,2) (3,1) }

n(B)=3

Probability of getting sum of 2 (or) 4 = P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)

𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵)
= +
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)

1 3 4 1
= + = =
36 36 36 9

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.A dice thrown twice and sum of the numbers appearing 6.What is
the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared about
atleast once.

Solution :

S= { (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) }
n(S)=36

A={ (1,4) (2,4) (3,4) (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) (5,4) (6,4) }
n(A)=11

B={ (1,5) (2,4) (3,3) (4,2) (5,1)) }

n(B)=5

A∩B= { (2,4) (4,2) }

n(A∩B)=2

𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵) 2
P(A∩B) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36

𝑛(𝐵) 5
P(B) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36

𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 2/36 2
P(A/B) )= = =
𝑃(𝐵) 5/36 5
 TWO MARK QUESTIONS 3.Find the value of x if

UNIT-1 𝑥 9
| |=0
4 𝑥
3 −1 4
1.If A=[−7 6 8] Solution:
0 −5 2
𝑥 9
| |=0
cofactor of 8. 4 𝑥

Solution: x2-36=0

3 −1 x2=36
Cofactor of 8 = -| |
0 −5
x=√36
= - [ -15 – 0 ]
x=±6
= 15
4.Find the adjoint of matrix
𝑥 4
2. Find x if | |=0 3 −2
3 2 ( )
4 −7
Solution:
Solution :
𝑥 4
| |=0 3 −2
3 2 A= ( )
4 −7
2x-12=0
−7 2
AdjA= ( )
−4 3
2x=12

12
x= =6
2

x=6
5. Find the inverse of matrix 2 3 2 8
7.If A= ( ) , B= ( ),
−1 4 1 6
5 2
( ) Find 2A+3B.
−4 3

Solution : Solution :

A= (
5 2
) 2A + 3B =2 ( 2 3
)+ 3(
2 8
)
−4 3 −1 4 1 6

5 2 4 6 6 24
|A|=| |=15- ( - 8 ) =( )+( )
−4 3 −2 8 3 18

= 15+ 8 =23 10 30
=( )
1 26
3 −2
AdjA= ( ) 8.Prove that the matrix
4 5
−4 −8
1 1 3 −2 ( )is singular matrix.
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = ( ) −3 −6
23 4 5
Solution :
7 3 1
6. Find AT if A= ( )
−2 4 0 −4 −8
A=( )
−3 −6
Solution :
−4 −8
7 3 1 |A|=| | = 24 - 24 = 0
A= ( ) −3 −6
−2 4 0
Given matrix is singular matrix.
7 −2
T
A = (3 4 )
1 0
 UNIT-2 4.Find the value of

1.Find the value of

2 𝑡𝑎𝑛15°
. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30° − 1.
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 15°

Solution :
Solution :

2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴.

.=tan2A
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30° − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(30)
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛15°
=tan2(15)
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 15° 1
=cos60= .
2
1
=tan30= .
√3

2.Find the value of

5. Find the value of
𝑡𝑎𝑛23°+𝑡𝑎𝑛22°
.
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛23°𝑡𝑎𝑛22°
𝑠𝑖𝑛72°𝑐𝑜𝑠18° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠72°𝑠𝑖𝑛18°.
Solution :
Solution :
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
= tan( 𝐴 + 𝐵 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵).
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛23°+𝑡𝑎𝑛22°
𝑠𝑖𝑛72°𝑐𝑜𝑠18° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠72°𝑠𝑖𝑛18°.
.=tan(23+22)
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛23°𝑡𝑎𝑛22°
=sin(72+18)
=tan45=1
=sin90
3.Convert 240° to radians.
=1
Solution :
𝜋
= × 240
180

= 4.1887
 UNIT-3

1.Find the sum of the vectors 3.Find the unit vector along the
direction of the vector 7𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗ + 3𝑐⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗
Solution :
Solution :
𝑎⃗ = 7𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗
= (𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗ + 3𝑐⃗ ) + (−2𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗)
𝑎⃗
𝑎̂ =
=𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗ + 3𝑐⃗ − 2𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ |𝑎⃗|

=−1𝑎⃗⃗ + 1𝑏⃗⃗ + 2𝑐⃗ 7𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗

=
√(7)2 + (5)2 + (−3)2
2.If 7𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 10𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 11𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ −
⃗⃗
7𝑖⃗+5𝑗⃗−3𝑘
3𝑘⃗⃗ are the position vectors of the =
√83

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.
points of A and B. Find | 𝐴𝐵
4.Find the direction cosines of the 𝑖⃗ +

Solution : 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 7𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 10𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Solution :

𝑂𝐵 = 11𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟⃗ = 1𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | 𝑟⃗ | = √(1)2 + (2)2 + (−3)2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 7𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 10𝑘⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 = 11𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 =√14

𝐴𝐵 = 4𝑖⃗ + 9𝑗⃗ − 13𝑘⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Direction of cosines
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
( . , )
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 | = √(4)2 + (9)2 + (−13)2 |𝑟⃗| |𝑟⃗| |𝑟⃗|

1 2 −3
=√266 ( . , )
√14 √14 √14
5.Show that the vectors 7.Find the value of 𝑗⃗ × (𝑖⃗ × 𝑗⃗)

𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 -2𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗ Solution :

are mutually perpendicular. 𝑗⃗ × (𝑖⃗ × 𝑗⃗) = 𝑗⃗ × (𝑘⃗⃗) = 𝑖⃗

8.Find the area of parallelogram of the

Solution :
⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑖⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
vectors 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑎⃗= 𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗
Solution :
𝑏⃗⃗ = −2𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗
𝑎⃗= 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = (𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗ ) ∙ (−2𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗)
𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
= -2-18+20
Area of Parallelogram=|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ |
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ =0
⃗𝑖 ⃗𝑗 ⃗
𝑘
2𝑖 + 𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗
6.Find the value of p if ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |1 1 1|
3 0 −1
and p𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ are perpendicular.
⃗⃗ (0-3)
=𝑖⃗(-1-0)- 𝑗⃗ (-1-3)+ 𝑘
Solution :
⃗⃗
=-1𝑖⃗ + 4 𝑗⃗ - 3 𝑘
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ =0

⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑝𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗)=0

|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ | = √(−1)2 + (4)2 + (−3)2
(2𝑖

2p+3+10=0 |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ | = √26

2p+13=0

2p= -13

− 13
P=
2
 UNIT-4 3.If the standard deviation of a
data is 6.8,find its variance.
1.Find the arithmetic mean of
10,12,14,16 and 18. Solution :

Solution : Standard deviation = 𝜎 =6.8

∑𝑥 Variance= 𝜎 2 =(6.8)2 = 46.24

𝑥̅ =
𝑛

4.Find the variance of 1,2,3,4 ,5.

10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 18
𝑥̅ =
5 Solution:
70
𝑥̅ = = 14 x x2
5
1 1
2.If the arithmetic mean of 10
2 4
numbers is 20.Find the total of
3 9
the numbers.
4 16
Solution : 5 25

∑𝑥 15 55
𝑥̅ =
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥
2
𝜎=√ −( )
∑𝑥 𝑛 𝑛
20 =
10
55 15 2
𝜎=√ −( )
5 5
20 × 10 = ∑ 𝑥

𝜎 = √2
∑ 𝑥 = 200 2
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜎 2 = (√2) = 2
5.The mean of seven numbers is UNIT-5
81.If one number is discarded
1.A dice is rolled once. Find the
number, the mean of the
probability of getting an odd
remaining number is 78. Find the
number.
discarded number.
Solution :
Solution :
S = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 }
∑ 𝑥1
𝑥̅ = = 81
7 n(S)=6

∑ 𝑥 = 567 A={1,3,5}
1
n(A)=3
∑ 𝑥2
𝑥̅ = = 78 𝑛(𝐴) 3
6 P(A)= =
𝑛(𝑆) 6

∑ 𝑥 = 468 2.A card are drawn from a well

2
shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find
the probability of getting a 10 of
∑ 𝑥 − ∑ 𝑥 = 567 − 468 spade.
1 2
Solution ;
= 99
n(S)=52

n(A)=1

𝑛(𝐴) 1
P(A)= =
𝑛(𝑆) 52
3.Find P(A/B) if P(B)=0.2 and =1-0.75
P(A∩B)=0.12.
=0.25
Solution :
6.If P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.3 and

P(A / B) )=
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
=
0.12
= 0.6 A∩B is empty. Find P(AUB).
𝑃(𝐵) 0.2

Solution :
4.A card is selected at random
from a pack of 52 cards. Find the P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)
probability of getting a king. P(AUB)=0.5+0.3-0
Solution ; P(AUB)=0.8
n(S)=52 7.Find P(A/B) if P(B)=0.4 and
n(A)=4 P(A∩B)=0.

P(A)=
𝑛(𝐴)
=
4 Solution :
𝑛(𝑆) 52
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0
P(A / B) )= = =0
5.If P(A)=0.25 and P(B)=0.75. 𝑃(𝐵) 0.4

̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐵)

Find 𝑃(𝐴) ̅̅̅̅

Solution ; ***************************
̅̅̅ = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴)

=1-0.25

=0.75

̅̅̅̅ = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵)
 Exercise Questions

1.Solve the equations using Cramer’s Rule

(i) x + y + z = 2, 2x – y - 2z = -1 , x - 2y - z=1

(ii) 3x + y - z = 2, 2x – y + 2z = 6 , 2x + y - 2z= -2

2.Find the inverse of matrix

4 −1 0 1 −1 2
(i) [12 5] (ii) [6 2 −3]
3 1 7 2 5 0

1 3 4 6 −1 2
3.If A = [−5 1 6] , B = [0 1 8] ,Find (i) AB (ii) BA (iii) (AB) T (iv) BT AT
3 7 4 4 3 9

4. Show that the points with the position vectors

2𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗ , −3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ form an equilateral triangle.

5.Show that the points with the position vectors

3𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ , 5𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ form a right angled triangle.

6. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the vectors

(i) 3𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖⃗ − 7𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ (ii) 4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6𝑖
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗

7.Find the cos angle of 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ .

Also find the projection of 𝑎⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗⃗.

8.Find the area of triangle formed by the points whose position vectors 𝑖⃗ +
3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ , 2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗

8. Find the arithmetic mean of the following frequency

Size(x) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13

f 3 3 4 14 7 4 3
9. Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following table.

Class
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Interval

f 3 5 16 18 12 7

10. Find the standard deviation of the following distribution:-

Items 4 6 8 10 12

Frequency 7 3 5 9 5

11. Fit a straight line to the following data.

(i) x 0 1 2 3 4

y 10 14 19 26 30

Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

(ii)
No.of
3 5 7 9 11
items

12. Two dice thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting

(i) sum of 8 (ii) first dice even number (iii) Sum is odd number

(iv) Second dice is odd number.

13. Two dice thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of sum is

10 or greater if 5 appear on the first die.