Metallurgy of Carbon Steel

23/01/2012
Metallurg Of Carbon Steel
The Metallurg Of Carbon Steel

The best way to understand the metallurgy of carbon steel is to study the Iron Carbon Diagram . The diagram shown below is based on the transformation that occurs as a result of slow heating. Slow cooling will reduce the transformation temperatures; for example: the A1 point would be reduced from 723C to 690 C. However the fast heating and cooling rates encountered in welding will have a significant influence on these temperatures, making the accurate prediction of weld metallurgy using this diagram difficult.
A eni e This phase is only possible in carbon steel at high temperature. It has a Face Centre Cubic (F.C.C) atomic structure which can contain up to 2% carbon in solution. Fe i e This phase has a Body Centre Cubic structure (B.C.C) which can hold very little carbon; typically 0.0001% at room temperature. It can exist as either: alpha or delta ferrite. Ca bon A very small interstitial atom that tends to fit into clusters of iron atoms. It strengthens steel and gives it the ability to harden by heat treatment. It also causes major problems for welding , particularly if it exceeds 0.25% as it creates a hard microstructure that is susceptible to hydrogen cracking. Carbon forms compounds with other elements called carbides. Iron Carbide, Chrome Carbide etc.
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Cementite Unlike ferrite and austenite, cementite is a very hard intermetallic compound consisting of 6.7% carbon and the remainder iron, its chemical symbol is Fe3C. Cementite is very hard, but when mixed with soft ferrite layers its average hardness is reduced considerably. Slow cooling gives course perlite; soft easy to machine but poor toughness. Faster cooling gives very fine layers of ferrite and cementite; harder and tougher Pearlite A mixture of alternate strips of ferrite and cementite in a single grain. The distance between the plates and their thickness is dependant on the cooling rate of the material; fast cooling creates thin plates that are close together and slow cooling creates a much coarser structure possessing less toughness. The name for this structure is derived from its mother of pearl appearance under a microscope. A fully pearlitic structure occurs at 0.8% Carbon. Further increases in carbon will create cementite at the grain boundaries, which will start to weaken the steel. Cooling of a steel belo 0.8% carbon When a steel solidifies it forms austenite. When the temperature falls below the A3 point, grains of ferrite start to form. As more grains of ferrite start to form the remaining austenite becomes richer in carbon. At about 723 C the remaining austenite, which now contains 0.8% carbon, changes to pearlite. The resulting structure is a mixture consisting of white grains of ferrite mixed with darker grains of pearlite. Heating is basically the same thing in reverse.
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Ma en i e If steel is cooled rapidly from austenite, the F.C.C structure rapidly changes to B.C.C leaving insufficient time for the carbon to form pearlite. This results in a distorted structure that has the appearance of fine needles. There is no partial transformation associated with martensite, it either forms or it doesn t. However, only the parts of a section that cool fast enough will form martensite; in a thick section it will only form to a certain depth, and if the shape is complex it may only form in small pockets. The hardness of martensite is solely dependant on carbon content, it is normally very high, unless the carbon content is exceptionally low.
Tempe ing The carbon trapped in the martensite transformation can be released by heating the steel below the A1 transformation temperature. This release of carbon from nucleated areas allows the structure to deform plastically and relive some of its internal stresses. This reduces hardness and increases toughness, but it also tends to reduce tensile strength. The degree of tempering is dependant on temperature and time; temperature having the greatest influence. Annealing This term is often used to define a heat treatment process that produces some softening of the structure. True annealing involves heating the steel to austenite and holding for some time to create a stable structure. The steel is then cooled very slowly to room temperature. This produces a very soft structure, but also creates very large grains, which are seldom desirable because of poor toughness. No mali ing Returns the structure back to normal. The steel is heated until it just starts to form austenite; it is then cooled in air. This moderately rapid transformation creates relatively fine grains with uniform pearlite.
Welding If the temperature profile for a typical weld is plotted against the carbon equilibrium diagram, a wide variety of transformation and heat treatments will be observed.
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No e, the carbon equilibrium diagram shown above is only for illustration, in reality it will be heavily distorted because of the rapid heating and cooling rates involved in the welding process.
a) Mixture of ferrite and pearlite grains; temperature below A1, therefore microstructure not significantly affected. b) Pearlite transformed to Austenite, but not sufficient temperature available to exceed the A3 line, therefore not all ferrite grains transform to Austenite. On cooling, only the transformed grains will be normalised. c) Temperature just exceeds A3 line, full Austenite transformation. On cooling all grains will be normalised d) Temperature significantly exceeds A3 line permitting grains to grow. On cooling, ferrite will form at the grain boundaries, and a course pearlite will form inside the grains. A course grain structure is more readily hardened than a finer one, therefore if the cooling rate between 800 C to 500 C is rapid, a hard microstructure will be formed. This is why a brittle fracture is most likely to propagate in this region.
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Welds The me all g of a eld i e diffe en f om he pa en ma e ial. Welding fille me al a e de igned o c ea e ong and o gh eld , he con ain fine o ide pa icle ha pe mi he n clea ion of fine g ain . When a eld olidifie , i g ain g o f om he co e HAZ g ain c e, f he efinemen ake place i hin he e co e g ain c ea ing he pical acic la fe i e fo ma ion ho n oppo i e.
Recommended Reading Metals and How To Weld Them :- Lincoln A c Fo nda ion A e cheap ha d backed book co e ing all he ba ic e en ial of elding me all g . Welding Metallurg Training Modules:- (De i ed b The Welding In i e of Canada) P bli hed in he UK b Abing on P bli hing. No cheap b he info ma ion i clea l ep e en ed in a e eadable fo ma .
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Metallurgy of Carbon Steel

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23/01/2012

Metallurg Of Carbon Steel

The Metallurg Of Carbon Steel

Metallurg Of Carbon Steel

Metallurg Of Carbon Steel

Metallurg Of Carbon Steel

Metallurg Of Carbon Steel

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