Name: Henie Jane R. Lumabao Student No.

: 20-020134
Year & Section: BSABE 3A Course Code: ABE 150

Laboratory No.2
Applying Ohm’s Law

I. Background
In this laboratory exercise, students will have a hands-on experience with using a
multimeter. By definition, a multimeter, also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter,
volt-ohmmeter or VOM, is an electronic device used to measure different electrical
parameters including voltage, resistance, and current. It typically combines several
functions into a single device, allowing users to measure various electrical
quantities with accuracy and ease.

Theory:
a) Control unit
Control unit can be set followed by measurement unit as we need. For Example,
if we want to measured alternating voltage and current (AU / AC), we must set
the control unit to AVC (alternating current voltage) and so on.
b) Reading Scale
Reading scale has several curve lines with certain unit such as DCV.A, AVC,
Ω and so on. Electric quantity is measured in this meter by the reading scale.
c) Pointer
The pointer is moving on the reading scale to show you the value of the electric
quantity being measure.
d) Terminal Meter
There ae two terminal meter named positive and negative terminal. Both of
terminal are joint to test lead whereas the red color for positive terminal and
black color for negative.
e) The pointer-zere adjustment (only for analog multimeter)
It is used to set the scale of volt and current on zero. An adjustment is not required
if the pointer is set to zero.
f) The ohms-zero adjustment (only for analog multimeter)
Along the bottom of the meter panel marked as ohms zero. This knob is used to
set the fullscale deflection of the pointer whenever the function is set to ohm.
Full scale is usually zero ohms.
* from https://www.slideshare.net/azmeerreemza/lab-2-multimeter
 II. Objectives
At the end of this experiment, students will be able to:
1. Do measurement of voltage, resistance, and current using multi meter
2. Give knowledge about the basic components and functions of a multi meter.
3. Layout an actual series, parallel, and series-parallel circuit board.

III. Materials and Method

Things you will need:
Analog Multimeter Resistor
Variable DC power supply Wire clip
(9V)
Bread board

IV. Computation
Design a series circuit connection with a certain number of your chosen resistor. Measure the current
following in each resistor and compare it with the manually computed solution using Ohm’s Law

a. b. c.
USING DIGITAL MULTIMETER

a.) SERIES CIRCUIT SOLUTION:

a.) Resistance (𝑹𝑻 )

217.7 Ω 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅𝑇 = 217.7Ω + 222.10Ω + 223Ω
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟔𝟔𝟐. 𝟖Ω
9V 222.10 Ω
b.) Current (I)
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅1 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅2 = 𝑅
1 2
223 Ω 9𝑉 9𝑉 9𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 662.8Ω 𝐼𝑅1 = 217.7Ω 𝐼𝑅2 = 222.10Ω
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑨
𝑉
𝐼𝑅3 = 𝑅
3
9𝑉
𝐼𝑅3 = 223Ω
𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑨

c.) Voltage Drop (𝑽𝑫𝑹 )

𝑉𝐷𝑅1 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅1 𝑉𝐷𝑅2 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅2
𝑉𝐷𝑅1 = 0.0136𝐴 × 217.7Ω 𝑉𝐷𝑅2 = 0.0136𝐴 × 222.10Ω
𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟏 = 𝟑𝑽 𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟐 = 𝟑𝑽

𝑉𝐷𝑅3 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅3
𝑉𝐷𝑅3 = 0.0136𝐴 × 223Ω
𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟑 = 𝟑𝑽

b.) PARALLEL CIRCUIT

R1 R2 R3
9V
73.9Ω 74.7Ω 73.8Ω
 SOLUTION:
a. Resistance (𝑹𝑻 )
1
𝑅𝑇 = 1 1 1
+ +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
1
𝑅𝑇 = 1 1 1
+ +
73.9Ω 74.7Ω 73.8Ω
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟏Ω

b. Current (I)
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅1 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅2 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅3 = 𝑅
1 2 3
9𝑉 9𝑉 9𝑉 9𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑅1 = 𝐼𝑅2 = 𝐼𝑅3 =
24.7Ω 73.9Ω 74.7Ω 73.8Ω
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝑨

c.) SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUIT SOLUTION:

a. Resistance (𝑹𝑻 )
1
𝑅𝑇12 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅𝑇123 = 1 1
+
𝑅12 𝑅3
1
110.2Ω 110.3Ω 𝑅𝑇12 = 110.2Ω + 110.3Ω 𝑅𝑇123 = 1 1
+
220.5Ω 222.4Ω
𝑹𝑻𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎. 𝟓Ω 𝑹𝑻𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟕Ω

9V 222.4Ω 𝑅𝑇1234 = 𝑅123 + 𝑅4 b.) Total Current (𝑰𝑻 )

𝑉
221.9Ω 𝑅𝑇1234 = 110.7Ω + 221.9Ω 𝐼𝑇 = 𝑅
𝑇
9𝑉
𝑹𝑻𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟔Ω 𝐼𝑇 = 332.6Ω
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝑨
c.) Voltage Drop (𝑽𝑫𝑹 )
𝑉𝐷𝑅123 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅123 𝑉𝐷𝑅4 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅4
𝑉𝐷𝑅123 = 0.027𝐴 × 110.7Ω 𝑉𝐷𝑅4 = 0.027𝐴 × 221.9Ω
𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝟑𝑽 𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟒 = 𝟔𝑽

d.) Current (I)

3𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑅12 = 𝐼𝑅3 = 𝐼𝑅4 =
𝑅12 𝑅3 𝑅4
3𝑉 3𝑉 6𝑉
𝐼𝑅12 = 𝐼𝑅3 = 𝐼𝑅4 =
220.5Ω 222.4Ω 221.9Ω
𝑰𝑹𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝑨
USING ANALOG MULTIMETER

a.) SERIES CIRCUIT SOLUTION:

a.) Resistance (𝑹𝑻 )

220 Ω 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅𝑇 = 220Ω + 220Ω + 219Ω
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟔𝟓𝟗Ω

9.2V 220 Ω
b.) Current (I)
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅1 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅2 = 𝑅
1 2
219 Ω 9.2𝑉 9.2𝑉 9.2𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑅1 = 𝐼𝑅2 =
659Ω 220Ω 220Ω
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟔𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑨
𝑉
𝐼𝑅3 = 𝑅
3
9𝑉
𝐼𝑅3 = 219Ω
𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑨

c.) Voltage Drop (𝑽𝑫𝑹 )

𝑉𝐷𝑅1 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅1 𝑉𝐷𝑅2 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅2
𝑉𝐷𝑅1 = 0.01396𝐴 × 220Ω 𝑉𝐷𝑅2 = 0.01396𝐴 × 220Ω
𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟏 = 𝟑𝑽 𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟐 = 𝟑𝑽

𝑉𝐷𝑅3 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅3
𝑉𝐷𝑅3 = 0.01396𝐴 × 219Ω
𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟑 = 𝟑𝑽

b.) PARALLEL CIRCUIT

R1 R2 R3
9.2V
73.5Ω 73.5Ω 72.5Ω
SOLUTION:

a.) Resistance (𝑹𝑻 )

1
𝑅𝑇 = 1 1 1
+ +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
1
𝑅𝑇 = 1 1 1
+ +
73.5Ω 73.5Ω 72.5Ω
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟗Ω

b.) Current (I)

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅1 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅2 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅3 = 𝑅
1 2 3
9.2𝑉 9.2𝑉 9.2𝑉 9.2𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 24.39Ω 𝐼𝑅1 = 73.5Ω 𝐼𝑅2 = 73.5Ω 𝐼𝑅3 = 72.5Ω
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝑨

c.) SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUIT

SOLUTION:
a.) Resistance (𝑹𝑻 )
1
𝑅𝑇12 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅𝑇123 = 1 1
110Ω 110Ω +
𝑅12 𝑅3
1
𝑅𝑇12 = 110Ω + 110Ω 𝑅𝑇123 = 1 1
+
220Ω 220Ω
9.2V 220Ω 𝑹𝑻𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎Ω 𝑹𝑻𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎Ω
220Ω
𝑅𝑇1234 = 𝑅123 + 𝑅4 b.) Total Current (𝑰𝑻 )
𝑉
𝑅𝑇1234 = 110Ω + 220Ω 𝐼𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇
9.2𝑉
𝑹𝑻𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎Ω 𝐼𝑇 = 330Ω
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟗𝑨
c.) Voltage Drop (𝑽𝑫𝑹 )
𝑉𝐷𝑅123 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅123 𝑉𝐷𝑅4 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅4
𝑉𝐷𝑅123 = 0.0279𝐴 × 110Ω 𝑉𝐷𝑅4 = 0.0279𝐴 × 220Ω
𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝟑𝑽 𝑽𝑫𝑹𝟒 = 𝟔𝑽

d.) Current (I)

3𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑅12 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅3 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑅4 = 𝑅
12 3 4
3𝑉 3𝑉 6𝑉
𝐼𝑅12 = 220Ω 𝐼𝑅3 = 220Ω 𝐼𝑅4 = 220Ω
𝑰𝑹𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝑨
IV. Discussion:
1. Identify the different parts of multimeter used in this laboratory experiment.

Digital Multimeter

A digital multimeter (DMM) typically consists of several parts, each serving a

specific function. The following are the common components found in a digital multimeter:

a.) Display: The display shows measurement readings, such as voltage, current,
resistance, or other electrical parameters, in a digital format for easy reading
and analysis
b.) Selector Dial: The selector dial allows you to choose the specific electrical
parameter you want to measure, such as voltage (AC/DC), current (AC/DC),
resistance, capacitance, etc.
c.) Input Jacks/ Terminals: These are where you connect the test leads or probes
to the multimeter. They provide the electrical connection between the meter and
the circuit being tested.
d.) Test Leads/Probes: Test leads or probes are used to make physical contact with
the electrical components or circuit being measured. They transmit the electrical
signals to the multimeter for measurement.
e.) Function Buttons: Function buttons on the multimeter allow you to access
additional features or modes, such as frequency measurement, diode testing, or
continuity testing, depending on the model.
f.) Power Button: The power button turns the multimeter on and off. It conserves
battery life by allowing you to power down the device when not in use.
 g.) Range Button: The range button helps you manually select the measurement
range. It's used when you want to override the auto-ranging feature and select a
specific range for more accurate measurements.
h.) Battery Compartment: This is where you install and replace the batteries that
power the multimeter. Proper battery maintenance is essential for accurate
readings.
i.) Built-in Stand: The built-in stand on the back of the multimeter allows you to
prop it up on a flat surface, making it easier to read the display and access the
controls while working on a circuit.
j.) Backlight: The backlight illuminates the display, making it easier to read
measurements in low-light or dark conditions. It enhances visibility and
usability in various work environments.
k.) Function Symbols and Icons: These symbols and icons on the multimeter's
faceplate provide visual cues and information about the selected function,
measurement range, and mode. They help you interpret the readings and
settings.

Analog Multimeter

An analog multimeter consists of several components that work together to

perform measurements. Here are the common parts found in an analog multimeter:

a.) Meter Face: The meter face is a scale with markings that indicate the
measurement value, such as voltage, current, or resistance. It provides a visual
representation of the measurement.
 b.) Meter Movement: The meter movement is the core component that responds
to the electrical current or voltage applied. It translates the electrical input into
a needle movement on the meter face.
c.) Range Selector: The range selector allows you to choose the appropriate
measurement range for the parameter you're testing. It ensures that the needle
remains within the scale for accurate readings.
d.) Test Leads: Test leads are insulated wires with probes at one end. They provide
a means to make physical contact with electrical components and connect them
to the multimeter for measurement.
e.) Input Jacks/Terminals: This is where you attach the test leads to the
multimeter. They act as electrical connections between the meter and the circuit
being tested.
f.) Function Switch: The function switch lets you choose the electrical parameter
to measure, such as voltage, current, or resistance. It controls how the meter
reacts to input.
g.) Zero Adjustment Knob: When no input is supplied, the zero adjustment knob
allows you to calibrate the meter to zero or null the needle. This guarantees that
baseline readings are correct.
h.) Battery Compartment: The battery compartment holds the batteries that
power the analog multimeter's functions such as an ohmmeter and a continuity
buzzer.
i.) Carrying Handle: The carrying handle provides a convenient way to transport
the analog multimeter. It enhances portability and makes it easy to move the
instrument to different work locations.

2. Write the brief but concise steps on how to use an analog multimeter.

To precisely measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and resistance,

an analog multimeter must be used in a step-by-step method. Here's a quick guide to using
an analog multimeter:

Step 1: Precautions for Safety

Wear adequate protective gear and confirm that the circuit you are testing is de-energized
before you start.

Step 2: Switch the Multimeter to the Off setting

To prevent any electrical connection while setting up the meter, turn the function switch or
selection knob to the "Off" position.

Step 3: Choose a Measurement Function

Determine the electrical parameter you want to measure, such as voltage (V), current (A),
or resistance (Ω). Set the function switch to the corresponding position on the dial.

Step 4: Select the Measurement Range

Select an appropriate measurement range on the range selector that is higher than the
expected value. For example, if you expect to measure 5 volts, select a voltage range higher
than 5 volts, such as 10V or 20V.

Step 5: Zero Adjustment

If your multimeter has a zero adjustment knob, turn it until the needle points to zero on the
meter face. This nulls out any residual resistance in the leads.

Step 6: Connect the Test Leads

Insert the test leads into the multimeter's proper input jacks or terminals. Ensure that the
black lead is connected to the common (COM) terminal and the red lead is connected to
the terminal for the function you want (e.g., V for voltage, A for current, or R for
resistance).

Step 7: Circuit Connection

Connect the circuit under test correctly. Make sure the circuit is turned off and the test leads
are securely connected. For voltage measurements, connect the leads in parallel with the
component or circuit being measured.

Step 8: Take the Reading

Rotate the function switch to the "On" or "Measure" position to activate the multimeter.
Keep an eye on the movement of the needle on the meter face. Take note of the value where
the needle comes to rest and the unit of measurement.

Step 9: Interpret/Analyze the Reading

Interpret the reading you obtained while keeping the selected range and units in mind.
Check to see if the measurement is within the predicted range and makes sense in the
context of your testing.
 Step 10: Turn Off the Multimeter
After obtaining your measurement, turn off the multimeter by returning the function switch
to the "Off" position. This conserves battery life and ensures safety.

Step 11: Disconnect Test Leads

Carefully remove the test leads from the circuit and the multimeter, starting with the circuit
side.

Step 12: Store the Multimeter

Return the test leads to their storage location on the multimeter. Store the multimeter in a
safe and dry place, to prevent it from getting damaged.

By following these procedures, you will be able to utilize an analog multimeter to

measure numerous electrical parameters in laboratory experiments and projects safely and
effectively.

3. What is the difference between digital and analog multimeter?

Although both digital and analog multimeters are useful tools for measuring electrical
parameters, they operate differently and have distinct characteristics.

When it comes to display, digital multimeters have a digital numerical display,

typically an LCD or LED screen, which provides precise and easy-to-read measurements. The
values are displayed as numbers, making it straightforward to interpret readings. While analog
multimeters have a needle or pointer that moves across a scale on a dial. The position of the
needle indicates the measurement value. Readings are inferred based on the position of the
needle relative to the scale.

In terms of precision and accuracy, analog may not be as precise as digital readings.
Digital multimeters are more precise since it can display measurements with several decimal
places, making them suitable for precise measurements. On the other hand, analog multimeters
are generally less precise and accurate because its readings can be influenced by parallax errors
(viewing angle).

In addition, their resolution also varies, digital multimeters offer higher resolution
compared to analog ones. Digital multimeters show a wide range of values with fine
increments, making it easier to capture subtle changes in measurements while analog meters
have limited resolution because the scale divisions are fixed which can make it challenging to
read values with great precision.
 Moreover, when it comes to ranging, most digital multimeters offer auto-ranging,
where the device automatically selects the appropriate measurement range. This simplifies
measurements for users. Meanwhile, analog meters require manual ranging, meaning the user
must select the measurement range before taking a reading which can be less convenient,
especially for beginners.

Furthermore, digital multimeters often have built-in functions like auto-off, data
logging, and specialized modes for tasks such as diode testing and capacitance measurement.
Analog meters, on the other hand, are usually simpler, focusing on basic electrical
measurements and lacking advanced features. Digital multimeters can be more expensive,
especially when they come with advanced capabilities, whereas analog multimeters tend to be
more budget-friendly and are a practical choice for basic measurements.

In conclusion, the fundamental distinction between digital and analog multimeters is in

their display, precision, and functionality. Digital multimeters offer greater accuracy,
precision, and convenience with digital displays, auto-ranging, and additional features, while
analog multimeters are simpler and may be preferred for certain applications where basic
measurements are sufficient or cost is a factor.

4. Is the computed and measured values of Ohm’s law same or different? Explain.

- The calculated and observed results of Ohm's law match because the circuit is operating
within its linear range. Ohm's law says that current depends on voltage and resistance,
and in this lab, both digital and analog multimeters give similar values, with a small
decimal difference.