Content

No Title page

Chapter 1 Introduction 2

Chapter 2 Atomic structure 11

Chapter 3 Types of Solids 21

Chapter 4 Imperfections in the atomic and ionic 49

arrangement

Chapter 5 Diffusion 65

Chapter 6 Phase Diagrams of Metals & Alloys 76

Chapter 7 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) 96

Chapter 8 DEVELOPMENT OF 99

MICROSTRUCTURE IN IRON–

CARBON ALLOYS

Chapter 9 Phase Transformations 106

Chapter 10 Heat Treatment 119

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 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Materials Science and Engineering
• Materials Science:
Investigating the relationships that exist between the structures
and properties of materials.
• Materials Engineering:
Designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce
a predetermined set of properties on the basis of structure property
correlations.
Materials Science & Engineering in a Nutshell

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1.2 Classification of Materials
 Six Major Classes of Materials
 Some of these have descriptive subclasses.
 Classes have overlap, so some materials fit into more than one
class.

1. Metals
Distinguishing features
• Atoms arranged in a regular repeating structure (crystalline)
• Relatively good strength
• Dense
• Malleable or ductile: high plasticity
• Resistant to fracture: tough
• Excellent conductors of electricity and heat
• Opaque to visible light
• Shiny appearance
• Thus, metals can be formed and machined easily, and are usually
long-lasting materials.

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 •They do not react easily with other elements, however, metals
such as Fe and Al do form compounds readily (such as ores) so
they must be processed to extract base metals.
• One of the main drawbacks is that metals do react with
chemicals in the environment, such as iron-oxide (rust).
• Many metals do not have high melting points, making them
useless for many applications.
Applications
• Electrical wiring
• Structures: buildings, bridges, etc.
• Automobiles: body, chassis, springs, engine block, etc.
• Airplanes: engine components, fuselage, landing gear assembly,
etc.
• Trains: rails, engine components, body, wheels
• Machine tools: drill bits, hammers, screwdrivers, saw blades, etc.
• Shape memory materials: eye glasses
• Magnets
• Catalysts
Examples
• Pure metal elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag, etc.)
• Alloys (Cu-Sn=bronze, Cu-Zn=brass, Fe-C=steel, Pb-Sn=solder,
NiTinol)
• Intermetallic compounds (e.g. Ni3Al)

2. Ceramics
Distinguishing features
• Except for glasses, atoms are regularly arranged (crystalline)
• Composed of a mixture of metal and nonmetal atoms
• Lower density than most metals
• Stronger than metals
• Low resistance to fracture: low toughness or brittle
• Low ductility or malleability: low plasticity
• High melting point
• Poor conductors of electricity and heat

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 • Single crystals are transparent
• Where metals react readily with chemicals in the environment
and have low application temperatures in many cases, ceramics
do not suffer from these drawbacks.
• Ceramics have high-resistance to environment as they are
essentially metals that have already reacted with the
environment, e.g. Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2, Quartz).
• Ceramics are heat resistant. Ceramics form both in crystalline
and non-crystalline phases because they can be cooled rapidly
from the molten state to form glassy materials
Applications
• Electrical insulators
• Abrasives
• Thermal insulation and coatings
• Windows, television screens, optical fibers (glass)
• Corrosion resistant applications
• Electrical devices: capacitors, varistors, transducers, etc.
• Highways and roads (concrete)
• Biocompatible coatings (fusion to bone)
• Self-lubricating bearings
• Magnetic materials (audio/video tapes, hard disks, etc.)
• Optical wave guides
• Night-vision
Examples
• Simple oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO)
• Mixed-metal oxides (SrTiO3, MgAl2O4, YBa2Cu3O7-x, having
vacancy defects.)
• Nitrides (Si3N4, AlN, GaN, BN, and TiN, which are used for
hard coatings.)

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 3. Polymers
Distinguishing features
• Composed primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons)
• Low melting temperature.
• Some are crystals, many are not.
• Most are poor conductors of electricity and heat.
• Many have high plasticity.
• A few have good elasticity.
• Some are transparent, some are opaque
• Polymers are attractive because they are usually lightweight and
inexpensive to make, and usually very easy to process, either in
molds, as sheets, or as coatings.
• Most are very resistant to the environment.
• They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and tend to be
easy to bend, which makes them very useful as insulation for
electrical wires. They are also
• Two main types of polymers are thermosets and thermoplastics.
• Thermosets are cross-linked polymers that form 3-D networks,
hence are strong and rigid.
• Thermoplastics are long-chain polymers that slide easily past
one another when heated, hence, they tend to be easy to form,
bend, and break.
Applications and Examples
• Adhesives and glues
• Containers
• Moldable products (computer casings, telephone handsets,
disposable razors)
• Clothing and upholstery material (vinyls, polyesters, nylon)
• Water-resistant coatings (latex)
• Biodegradable products (corn-starch packing “peanuts”)
• Biomaterials (organic/inorganic intefaces)
• Liquid crystals

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 • Low-friction materials (teflon)
• Synthetic oils and greases
• Gaskets and O-rings (rubber)
• Soaps and surfactants

4. Composites
- Used to a achieve unusual combination of properties, which can
not met in conventional metals, ceramics, or polymers.
• Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different
material)
• Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets)
• Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)
5. Electronic Materials
• Silicon and Germanium
• III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs)
• Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)

6. Biomaterials (really using previous 5, but bio-mimetic)

• Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or “artificial
bacterium”)
• Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for
anthrax detection)
• Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based)

• 1.4 Properties of Materials

An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into
classification according to properties.
• One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with
suitable properties for a given application, so it’s a sensible
approach.

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• Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the
properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined

1. Mechanical properties
A. Elasticity and stiffness (recoverable stress vs. strain)
B. Plasticity (non-recoverable stress vs. strain)
C. Strength
D. Brittleness or Toughness
E. Fatigue
2. Electrical properties
A. Electrical conductivity and resistivity
3. Dielectric properties
A. Polarizability
B. Capacitance
C. Ferroelectric properties
D. Piezoelectric properties
E. Pyroelectric properties
4. Magnetic properties
A. Paramagnetic properties
B. Diamagnetic properties
C. Ferromagnetic properties
5. Optical properties
A. Refractive index
B. Absorption, reflection, and transmission
C. Birefringence (double refraction)
6. Corrosion properties
7. Deteriorative properties
8. Biological properties
A. Toxicity
B. bio-compatibility

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 1.5 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application--------------- Determine required Properties
2. Properties----------------------- Identify candidate Material(s)
3. Material ---------------------------Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining,
annealing.

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