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Basic Electricity

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12 views20 pages

Basic Electricity

Uploaded by

cherinetadmite
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Charge and Current

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in
coulombs (C).

Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).

A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.

An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidal with time.

Voltage

Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).

Basic Laws

Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i
flowing through the resistor

The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of

electric current; it is measured in ohms ( ).


An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity.

Nodes, Branches, and Loops

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.


The circuit in Fig. 2.10 has five branches, namely, the 10-V voltage source, the 2-A current
source, and the three resistors.

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

The circuit in Fig. 2.10 has three nodes , and c. Notice that the three points that form node b are
connected by perfectly conducting wires and therefore constitute a single point.

The circuit in Fig. 2.10 has three nodes , and c. Notice that the three points that form node b are
connected by perfectly conducting wires and therefore constitute a single point.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and consequently
carry the same current.

Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a
closed boundary) is zero. Or

The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.Or Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises
Series Resistors Series Resistors

Series Resistors

Parallel Resistors
Methods of Analysis
• Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the
circuit variables. Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit variables is
convenient and reduces the number of equations one must solve simultaneously.
• Mesh Analysis

Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing circuits, using mesh currents as
the circuit variables. Using mesh currents instead of element currents as circuit variables is
convenient and reduces the number of equations that must be solved simultaneously.
Circuit Theorems
Superposition principle

If a circuit has two or more independent sources, one way to determine the value of a specific variable (voltage or
current) is to use nodal or mesh analysis as in Chapter 3. Another way is to determine the contribution of each
independent source to the variable and then add them up. The latter approach is known as the superposition.
The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property.

The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a
linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to
each independent source acting alone.
Steps to Apply Superposition Principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due to
that active source using the techniques covered in Chapters 2 and 3.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent
sources.
Thevenin’s Theorems

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