CÁC ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP *TRỌNG TÂM* TRONG BÀI THI TOEIC

BÀI 1: AUXILIARY VERBS & MODAL VERBS

(TRỢ ĐỘNG TỪ & ĐỘNG TỪ KHIẾM KHUYẾT)
* Định nghĩa:

TRỢ ĐỘNG TỪ: là từ bổ trợ cho động từ thường giúp
hình thành nên 1 thì nào đó hoặc 1 thể câu nào đó.
1. The children are playing baseball right now.

2. The book was listed the best – seller last year.

3. She has lived in Lon Don for 10 years.

4. I don’t like this jacket.

5. He will attend the awards ceremony tomorrow.

* I do believe that he is right. => do/ does/ did + vo => NHẤN MẠNH
 Các động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verbs) thường sử dụng trong bài thi:
* Sau động từ khiếm khuyết + vo (câu chủ động)
MODAL VERBS VÍ DỤ
will + vo Ex: I will open the door for you.

Ex: He will be there at 8 a.m.

+ vo: sẽ
shall Ex: Where shall we sit?
* chỉ đi cùng chủ ngữ I/ WE
Ex: I shall ask the store’s manager now.

can + vo Ex: Can fish live in the river?

could + vo Ex: He could swim when he was five.

may + vo Ex: It’s sunny this weekend, we may go

swimming on Sunday.

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might + vo Ex: He might be back at any moment.

must+ vo Ex: Students must go to school on time.

* MUST NOT + VO: cấm/ k đc phép làm gì
have to + vo Ex: I have to prepare dinner myself.

should = ought to = had better Ex: You should call her.

Ex: We ought to get there early.

Ex: You had better give up that job.

used to + vo: đã từng Ex: We used to talk every day.

should have V3-ED : lẽ ra nên Ex: She should have read the book.

Ex: They could have won, but they didn’t.

could have V3-ED : lẽ ra có thể
Ex: I would have driven her to the party,
would have V3-ED : lẽ ra sẽ but I was so busy.

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 BÀI 2: TENSES (THÌ)
1. HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN
a. Cấu trúc

I, YOU, WE, THEY + VO

HE, SHE, IT, TÊN RIÊNG (Mary) + VS/ES

** Các động từ thêm “ES” thường tận bằng: o, s, x, ch, sh

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả thói quen, hành động thường xuyên ở hiện tại.

Ex: Lucas often gets up at 6:00 A.M.

goes
Ex: Henry (go) _____________ to school by bus every morning.

 Diễn tả chân lý, sự thật hiển nhiên.

Ex: The Earth goes around the Sun.
boils
Ex: Water (boil) ____________ at 100 degrees.

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ often, usually, frequently (thường xuyên), always

✓ sometimes = occasionally
✓ seldom = rarely
✓ every (day/ week/ month/ year…)

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2. HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN
a. Cấu trúc

I + AM

HE, SHE, IT, TÊN RIÊNG (Mary) + IS VING

YOU, WE, THEY + ARE

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả HÀNH ĐỘNG ĐANG XẢY RA Ở HIỆN TẠI.

Ex: Jessi is looking for a job now.

are playing badminton.
Ex: Right now, the children (play) ________________

 Dùng SAU CÂU CẢM THÁN.

Ex: Look! Mai is crying loudly in the room.
is sleeping
Ex: Keep silent! The baby (sleep) ______________.

 Diễn tả một HÀNH ĐỘNG SẮP XẢY RA VÀ ĐÃ ĐƯỢC LÊN KẾ HOẠCH TỪ TRƯỚC.
Ex: My store is having a big sale next week. (sắp sửa có)
is retiring at the end of this year.
Ex: My father (retire) _______________ (sắp sửa nghỉ hưu)

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ now
✓ right now
✓ at the moment
✓ at present
✓ LOOK!
✓ KEEP SILENT!

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3. HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH
a. Cấu trúc

HE, SHE, IT, TÊN RIÊNG (Mary) + HAS V3-ED

I, YOU, WE, THEY + HAVE V3-ED

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả một HÀNH ĐỘNG XẢY TỪ QUÁ KHỨ -> KÉO DÀI ĐẾN HIỆN TẠI và có khả năng
tiếp tục trong tương lai.

Ex: They have lived in that house for 10 years.

2014 (kể từ năm bao nhiêu???)
= They have lived in that house since ________.

 Diễn tả HÀNH ĐỘNG VỪA MỚI XẢY RA.

Ex: She has just finished her project.
Ex: They have just gone out.

 Diễn tả một HÀNH ĐỘNG ĐÃ XẢY RA TRONG QUÁ KHỨ (chấm dứt rồi) NHƯNG KHÔNG
ĐỀ CẬP ĐẾN THỜI GIAN.
Ex: He has traveled around the world. (Anh ấy đã đi nhưng không nói là đi lúc nào ở quá khứ)
Ex: I have eaten already.

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ For + khoảng thời gian => for 2 years/ for 5 months

✓ Since (kể từ khi) + mốc thời gian quá khứ => since last year/ since 2000
✓ How long ...? bao lâu (ám chỉ thời gian từ quá khứ đến hiện tại)
✓ So far = up to now = up to present: cho đến bây giờ
✓ Recently = lately: gần đây
✓ Just: vừa mới
✓ Yet: chưa (đứng cuối câu/ thường đi cùng câu phủ định)

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 ** In the past/ last
+ khoảng thời gian chia thì HTHT
____________________
Over the past/ last
(Trong bao lâu vừa qua)

Ex: In the last 5 years, she __________ to me.

(A) didn’t talk
(B) doesn’t talk
(C) hasn’t talked
(D) haven’t talked

4. HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN

a. Cấu trúc

HE, SHE, IT, TÊN RIÊNG (Mary) + HAS BEEN V-ING

I, YOU, WE, THEY + HAVE BEEN V-ING

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả một hành động xảy từ quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại => NHẤN MẠNH TÍNH LIÊN
TỤC CỦA HÀNH ĐỘNG, LIÊN TỤC CỦA THỜI GIAN. và có thể thay thế cho HTHT.

Ex: Henry has been working for the same company for 20 years.
Ex: I (learn) _________________ English since early morning.
has been learning
c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ Since + mốc thời gian quá khứ

✓ For + khoảng thời gian
✓ All day long
✓ All the morning NHẤN MẠNH TÍNH LIÊN TỤC
✓ All his life

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5. QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN
a. Cấu trúc

S + V2-ED

S + WAS/ WERE

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả HÀNH ĐỘNG ĐÃ XẢY RA, chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong quá khứ và BIẾT RÕ THỜI GIAN.

Ex: Mr. Jang went to Paris last year.

worked
Ex: My father (work) __________________ in HCM city in 1990.

 Diễn tả hành động diễn ra suốt một khoảng thời gian trong quá khứ => NAY ĐÃ
CHẤM DỨT HOÀN TOÀN.

Ex: He worked as CEO for 5 years before his retirement in 2018.

was in my hometown for 10 days.
Ex: Last month, I (be) __________

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ last week/month/ year…

✓ yesterday
✓ ago
✓ in + năm quá khứ

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6. QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN
a. Cấu trúc

HE, SHE, IT, TÊN RIÊNG (Mary) + WAS V-ING

I, YOU, WE, THEY + WERE V-ING

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả HÀNH ĐỘNG ĐANG XẢY RA TẠI MỘT THỜI ĐIỂM TRONG QUÁ KHỨ.

Ex: Mary was giving a presentation at 9 A.M. yesterday.

were having dinner at 6 P.M. last night.
Ex: We (have) ________________

 Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì có một hành động khác xen vào.
HÀNH ĐỘNG ĐANG XẢY RA Ở QK => chia QKTD
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

HÀNH ĐỘNG XEN VAÒ => chia QKĐ

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ex: When I was sleeping, my friends came to my home yesterday.

called
Ex: When I (call) _______________ Mary, she (clean)was cleaning
_____________ the room last night.

 Diễn tả 2 HÀNH ĐỘNG XẢY RA SONG SONG CÙNG MỘT LÚC TRONG QUÁ KHỨ.
Ex: Yesterday, I was washing dishes while my sister was mopping the floor.
Ex: Last night, my mother (cook) _________ in the kitchen, my father (watch) ________TV.
was cooking was watching
c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ At this time last night

✓ At this moment last year
✓ At 2 P.M. yesterday
✓ …

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7. QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH
a. Cấu trúc

S + HAD V3-ED

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả MỘT HÀNH ĐỘNG XẢY RA TRƯỚC HÀNH ĐỘNG KHÁC TRONG QUÁ KHỨ.
chia thì QKHT
Hành động xảy ra trước => ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

chia thì QKĐ

Hành động còn lại trong câu => ………………………………………………………………………………………...

Ex: When I got up this morning, my mother had gone out.

had departed
Ex: By the time I arrived at the train station, the train (depart) ________________.

 Diễn tả MỘT HÀNH ĐỘNG XẢY RA TRƯỚC MỘT MỐC THỜI GIAN TRONG QUÁ KHỨ.
Ex: We had lived in HUE before 1990.

had finished my project by last night.

Ex: I (finish) _________________

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ By last night
✓ Before 1990
✓ By the time + Quá Khứ Đơn , Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành

8. QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN

a. Cấu trúc

S + HAD BEEN V-ING

b. Cách sử dụng
 Dùng giống thì quá khứ hoàn thành => NHẤN MẠNH TÍNH LIÊN TỤC CỦA HÀNH ĐỘNG,
LIÊN TỤC CỦA THỜI GIAN. và có thể thay thế cho QKHT.

Ex: Yesterday, the boys had been playing soccer for 2 hours when it started to rain.

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9. TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN
a. Cấu trúc

S + WILL VO

I, WE + SHALL VO

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả MỘT QUYẾT ĐỊNH TỨC THÌ.

Ex: I will go home after finishing work.

 Diễn tả LỜI HỨA.

Ex: I promise I will call you soon.

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ tomorrow
✓ next day/ next week
✓ soon
✓ think/ promise
✓ …

10. TƯƠNG LAI GẦN

a. Cấu trúc

S + IS/ AM/ ARE GOING TO VO

S + IS/ AM/ ARE V-ING

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả MỘT HÀNH ĐỘNG/ DỰ ĐỊNH SẮP XẢY RA & ĐÃ ĐƯỢC LÊN KẾ HOẠCH TỪ TRƯỚC

Ex: My father is going to retire/ is retiring at the end of this year.

is going to have a big sale this weekend.

Ex: My store (have) _______________________
is having
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11. TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN
a. Cấu trúc

S + WILL BE VING

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả HÀNH ĐỘNG SẼ ĐANG XẢY RA TẠI MỘT THỜI ĐIỂM XÁC ĐỊNH TRONG TƯƠNG LAI.
Ex: I will be giving a presentation at 8 A.M next Monday.

will be playing at 6 P.M tomorrow.

Ex: We (play) _______________soccer

 Diễn tả MỘT HÀNH ĐỘNG SẼ XẢY RA & KÉO DÀI LIÊN TỤC SUỐT MỘT KHOẢNG THỜI GIAN
TRONG TƯƠNG LAI.

Ex: My mother plans to go to Paris, I will be staying with my aunt for the next 2 weeks.

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ At 5 P.M tomorrow
✓ At this time next week
✓ At present tonight
✓ …

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11. TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH
a. Cấu trúc

S + WILL HAVE V3-ED

b. Cách sử dụng

 Diễn tả MỘT HÀNH ĐỘNG XẢY RA TRƯỚC MỘT HÀNH ĐỘNG KHÁC TRONG TƯƠNG LAI.
Ex: By the time I come back, you will have completed that report.

 Diễn tả MỘT HÀNH ĐỘNG XẢY RA TRƯỚC MỘT MỐC THỜI GIAN TRONG TƯƠNG LAI.
Ex: By 2030, we will have bought that villa.

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì

✓ By/ before + mốc thời gian ở tương lai

✓ By 2030
✓ Before tomorrow
✓ By the time + Hiện Tại Đơn, Tương Lai Hoàn Thành
✓ …

12. TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN

a. Cấu trúc

S + will have been V-ING

b. Cách sử dụng

 Dùng giống thì tương lai hoàn thành => NHẤN MẠNH TÍNH LIÊN TỤC CỦA HÀNH ĐỘNG/
LIÊN TỤC CỦA THỜI GIAN.

Ex: By the time I am in for the TOEIC TEST, I will have been learning English for 4 months.
will have been working
Ex: Before the end of this year, we (work) ________________ for this company for 2 years.

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 BÀI TẬP
1. Listen! The band (test) ________________________ the new guitar.
2. Last night, John (read) _________________ a book when I saw him.
3. Simpson Manufacturing Co. (hire) __________ experienced workers to meet the high
demand last week.
4. By next Christmas, I (attend) _______________ for this English club for 6 months.
5. I often (eat) ________________ breakfast at 7 A.M.
6. Last month, I (be) _______________ in the hospital for 10 days.
7. He’ll leave as soon as he (hear) ____________________ the news.
8. How long you (wait)_________________ for me? Just 10 minutes.
9. When the teacher came in, the students (play) _______________ games yesterday.
10. Mr. Jang (work) ____________ at this university so far.
11. She (see) ___________ you soon.
12. By the time Henry is 18 years old, he (receive) ____________ a special gift from his parents.
13. She (prepare) ______________________ the dinner in the kitchen at the moment.
14. I (go) _____________ to London. It was a wonderful experience.
15. By the time I got to the cinema, the movie (start) __________________.
16. He (work) ______________ on the report at this time tomorrow.
17. I (wait) _______________________ for you since early morning.
18. I (lose) __________________ my key. Can you help me look for it?
19. People (speak) ______________ English in America.
20. John (drive) ______________ that car ever since I (know) _____________ him 5 years ago.
21. Someone (steal) _____________ my handbag on the bus.
22. I (meet) him ________________ 2 weeks ago.
23. The participants (not complete) _________________ the registration form yet.
24. Yesterday, the assistant (report) ______________ that she (finish) ___________ the project.
25. Jessy (teach) _______________ at this university since she (graduate) ___________in 1990.
26. The clients (wait) ________________________ at the reception desk for 30 minutes.
27. By the end of this year, our company (open) _________________ a new branch in Chicago.
28. I occasionally (play) ______________________ the soccer with my friends.
29. I think our team (win) ______________ in this contest.
30. Next week, my mother (come) _______________________ to stay with us.

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 BÀI 3: WORD FORMS (TỪ LOẠI)
1. DANH TỪ (NOUN/ N)

DANH TỪ ĐẾM ĐƯỢC DANH TỪ KHÔNG ĐẾM ĐƯỢC

▪ Danh từ số ít ▪ Không đi cùng “ a/ an”
Ex: a book/ a tree/ an apple/ an hour … ▪ Không được thêm “s/es” ở đuôi
▪ Danh từ số nhiều
Ex: students/ computers/ trees/ bosses … Ex: water/ milk/ meat/ money…

*** Danh từ thường tận cùng bằng đuôi: Bài tập: Từ nào dưới đây là danh từ ???
-- tion  nation beautiful
beautiful presentation
conference
-- sion  mission
carefully investor
-- ness  happiness modernize
-- ance  assistance director
employer
-- ence  silence inform NOUN
-- ment  entertainment important
-- ship  membership environment
relationship
-- ity  activity quickly
-- ism  professionalism especially happiness
delay
-- er  employer participate
tourism
-- or  doctor

*** VỊ TRÍ CỦA DANH TỪ TRONG CÂU

✓ Đứng đầu câu làm chủ ngữ

Ex: The teacher is coming.
Ex: The environment is more and more polluted.

✓ Đứng sau mạo từ: a/ an/ the + NOUN (DANH TỪ)

Ex: We are watching a performance.
Ex: You should take part in an environment which has many challenges to improve your skills.
Ex: I see a dog. The dog is chasing a cat.

✓ Đứng sau tính từ sở hữu: my/ your/ his/ her/ our/ their/ its + NOUN (DANH TỪ)
Ex: This is my house.
Ex: She visited her family last month.
Ex: The company has increased its production for a new product recently.

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 ✓ Đứng sau sở hữu cách: ……………….’s + + NOUN (DANH TỪ)
Ex: This is Mary’s cat.
Ex: We will discuss the company’s policies.

✓ Đứng sau từ chỉ số lượng: some/ many/ several/ a lot of/ all + NOUN (DANH TỪ)
Ex: We need to resolve some problems.
Ex: Many students joined the English club last week.

✓ Đứng sau giới từ: on/ in/ at/ because of/ in spite of …
Ex: The book is on the table.
Ex: The flight was cancelled because of the bad weather.
Ex: She went to work in spite of her headache.

BÀI TẬP

1. On Friday, Mr. Naramura will discuss 5. Ms. Patel is coming to Mumbai today to
___________ idea for a new project. visit the _____________ for her company’s
(A) his new warehouse (nhà kho).
(B) himself (A) locates
(C) he (B) locations
(C) to locate

2. _________ at the meeting is compulsory 6. All ______________ must report at the

(bắt buộc) for all employees. reception desk.
(A) Attend (A) visit
(B) Attendance (B) visitors
(C) Attends (C) visited

3. The factory’s ______________ have 7. The Ambury Prize recognizes (công nhận)
increased 5% since last year. research that is excellent for its __________.
(A) produces (A) creative
(B) production (B) creatively
(C) produced (C) creativity

4. We were late for the meeting __________ 8. We ordered the office ________ we need.
the traffic jam (kẹt xe). (A) equip
(A) because of (B) equipment
(B) because (C) equips
(C) in spite of

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2. TÍNH TỪ (ADJECTIVE/ ADJ/ A)

*** Tính từ thường tận cùng bằng đuôi: Bài tập: Từ nào dưới đây là tính từ ???
-- ful  beautiful wonderful
beautiful presentation
participation
-- ous  delicious
professor careless loyal
-- able  acceptable
-- ible  possible modernize
ADJ beautifully
-- less  useless organization
-- al  international equipment
-- ic  toxic serious
customer
-- ive  creative coworker
especially sadness
excitement
tourism
informative responsible

ĐẶC BIỆT: TÍNH TỪ ĐUÔI “ED” VÀ “ING” (V-ED & V-ING)
▪ Tính từ đuôi – ed: (V-ED)
Là tính từ dùng cho người, để diễn tả cảm xúc của người
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Ex: I felt tired today, so I went home.
Ex: Henry is excited to hang out with his friends.
Ex: We are interested in the new house design.

▪ Tính từ đuôi – ing: (V-ING)

Dùng để mô tả bản chất của người hoặc vật
__________________________________________________________
=> có thể là tính từ dùng cho cả người và vật
__________________________________________________________

Ex: What an exciting film!

Ex: We had an interesting trip in Paris last month.
Ex: He is such a boring guy.

=> Everyone was ____________ when Oliver performed at Fashion Show yesterday.
(A) surprise
(B) surprised
(C) surprising

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*** VỊ TRÍ CỦA TÍNH TỪ TRONG CÂU

✓ TRƯỚC DANH TỪ

Ex: She is a beautiful girl.
Ex: My Tam is a famous singer.
Ex: Đây là một bản thiết kế sáng tạo.
creative design
➔ This is a _________________.

✓ SAU “TO BE”

Ex: You are beautiful.
Ex: Oh no! The performance was boring.
Ex: Đồ ăn ngon.
is delicious
➔ The food ____________________.

✓ SAU ĐỘNG TỪ GIÁC QUAN: look/ feel/ taste/ smell + TÍNH TỪ
Ex: You look happy in this picture.
Ex: I feel tired after working all long day.
Ex: The coffee tastes delicious.

✓ Sau các động từ đặc biệt: make/ become/ remain/ keep/ seem/ appear/ find + TÍNH TỪ

1. Bây giờ cô ấy trở nên nổi tiếng rồi. becomes famous
Now she ……………………………….………………….
2. Hãy giữ im lặng! Keep silent
………………………………………………….…., please!
3. Cô ấy vẫn hy vọng anh ấy sẽ quay trở lại. remains hopeful he will come back.
She ………………………………
4. Anh ấy làm tôi điên lên. makes me crazy
He …………………………………………………………… .
5. Họ dường như thất vọng với chính mình. seems disappointed in themselves.
They ………………………………
6. Tôi nhận thấy câu chuyện này thú vị. interesting
I find this story ………………………………………. .

✓ Sau “đại từ bất định”: nothing, someone, something, everyone, somebody … + TÍNH TỪ
Ex: Today we will learn something new.
Ex: There is nothing special.
Ex: I want everything perfect.

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3. TRẠNG TỪ (ADVERB/ ADV)
** Trạng từ thường tận cùng bằng đuôi --ly:
** Cách hình thành trạng từ: ADJ + LY = ADV
Ex: careful (Adj) → carefully
Ex: creative (Adj) → creatively
Ex: careless (Adj) → carelessly (bất cẩn)
Ex: important (Adj) → importantly

NOTE: friendly, lovely, manly, costly (tốn kém)

hourly, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly
N + LY = TÍNH TỪ
……………………………….……………….

*** VỊ TRÍ CỦA TRẠNG TỪ TRONG CÂU

✓ Bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường

Ex: Henry drives carefully.
Ex: He speaks loudly.
Ex: Please fill out the survey quickly.

Drive carefully Speak loudly Fill out quickly

✓ Đứng giữa trợ động từ và động từ thường => Bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường
Ex: I have recently finished my work.
Ex: The price of this product had quickly decreased by last week.
Ex: Peter is currently working for a company in Paris.

=> The question was _______ answered by Tom.

(A) easy
(B) easily
(C) ease

TOEIC SOS 91 | P a g e
 ✓ Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ và trạng từ về mức độ: very (rất), quite (khá là), extremely (cực kì),
exceptionally (đặt biệt) …

1. She is beautiful. ➔ She is very/ quite beautiful.

2. This is a good idea. ➔ That is an extremely good idea.

3. Louis smiles beautifully. ➔ Louis smiles very/ quite beautifully.

4. We worked diligently (chăm chỉ). ➔ We worked very diligently.

→ CỤM DANH TỪ LÀ GÌ???

▪ A beautiful girl
▪ An expensive watch Từ đứng cuối cùng trong cụm dt
▪ The great design phải là DANH TỪ.
▪ A very beautiful painting …………………………………………………
▪ Our positive reaction
▪ Some extremely beautiful young Vietnamese girls

✓ Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu

Ex: Luckily, I wasn’t too late!
Ex: Unfortunately, we missed the final train of the day.
Ex: The advertisement for King Café was (clear/ clearly) our company’s best one of this year.

4. ĐỘNG TỪ (VERB/ V)

o ĐỘNG TỪ “TO BE”: is/ am/ are/ was/ were / has been/ had been/ will be …
o ĐỘNG TỪ “MODAL VERB” (động từ khiếm khuyết): can/ could/ may/ might/ should …
o ĐỘNG TỪ “THƯỜNG” (động từ chỉ hành động): sing/ dance/ eat/ drink/ sleep/ run …

✓ Về cơ bản, động từ thường đứng sau chủ ngữ.

Ex: It is not necessary to do that.
Ex: We should go home soon.
Ex: The store opens at 8 o’clock.

TOEIC SOS 92 | P a g e
 BÀI TẬP
1. This is an _____________ story. (excite)
2. You should read _______________ the plan before submitting it to the manager. (careful)
3. Computers are _____________ used in schools and universities. (wide)
4. Last night, Mr. Solko ____________ a positive review of the product on the Website. (write)
5. We often order the office____________________ from this company. (equip)
6. There is nothing __________________ to me right now. (importance)
7. Mr. Gupta explained the company’s _______ to the sales team yesterday today.(beneficial)
8. She lives ______________ with her family. (happy)
9. China Airlines have been _____________ using this system to reduce wait times. (increase)
10. Jack wrote several __________________ novels on travel. (interest)
11. These flowers look ________________________. (nature)
12. The film was _________________ so I felt _______________. (bore)
13. Sidewalks (vỉa hè) are ______________ narrow (hẹp). (general)
14. She posted an ____________ negative article on Facebook last night. (extreme)
15. It is not ________________ to answer this question. (difficulty)
16. This camera has a ________________ lightweight box. (particular: đặc biệt)
17. Son Tung is famous for ________________ performance. (excel)
18. The factory is __________________ located near the train station. (convenient)
19. We require a _____________ change of company’s policies. (creative)
20. Mr. Takena worked __________ for months to get a big contract. (hard)
21. She has just finished her best ___________________ . (perform)
22. Mr. Jones _______________ my clients while I’m on vacation. (assistance)
23. Please ___________________ review the vocabulary in the textbook. (careful)
24. The workshop about time management is very _________________. (use)
25. Students have ___________________ attended the English Club. (recent)
26. The ____________ of the bakery (tiệm bánh) was delayed a week ago. (open)
27. After a long _____________ , the company decided to change the building design. (discuss)
28. ________________, we can’t complete the filming of our documentary. (fortunate)
29. The new software helped us improve the work process ______________. (significant)
30. He failed the final exam because he didn’t make any ___________________ for it. (prepare)

TOEIC SOS 93 | P a g e
 BÀI 4: PRONOUN (ĐẠI TỪ)

ĐẠI TỪ TÂN NGỮ TÍNH TỪ ĐẠI TỪ ĐẠI TỪ
NHÂN XƯNG SỞ HỮU SỞ HỮU PHẢN THÂN
I me my mine myself
WE us our ours ourselves
YOU you your yours yourself/ yourselves
HE him his his himself
SHE her her hers herself
IT it its its itself
THEY them their theirs themselves

✓ đứng đầu câu làm chủ ngữ/ theo sau là động từ
ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG: ________________________________________________________.
▪ Ngôi thứ nhất: I, WE
▪ Ngôi thứ hai: YOU
▪ Ngôi thứ ba: HE, SHE, IT, THEY

Ex: She is my sister.

Ex: I go to school by bus.
Ex: You must study harder.

luôn cộng với danh từ/ cụm danh từ

✓ TÍNH TỪ SỞ HỮU: ___________________________________________________________.
Ex: This is my house. (nhà của tôi)
Ex: I like your idea. (ý tưởng của bạn)
Ex: She goes shopping with her friends. (bạn của cô ấy)

*** BÀI TẬP:

1. her friends now.

She is talking with …………… my sisters
6. I went shopping with …….…
2. his plan.
Justin has just finished ….…………. today.
3. theirgarden.
They gave me some trees in …….… Your project was very successful.
7. ………………
4. its
The restaurant is famous for ………….… Congratulations! I’m so proud of you.
good food. Its name is Pepsi.
8. I have a pet. ……………
his friends.
5. Jack plays soccer with …….……… our
9. We are happy with …………………. lives.
his wife, Sue.
10. This is Jack and ……….….

TOEIC SOS 94 | P a g e
 = tính từ sở hữu + Noun
✓ ĐẠI TỪ SỞ HỮU: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ .

Ex: My house is smaller than hers.

= My house is smaller than her house.

Ex: My ruler is broken. Can I borrow yours?

your house ?
= My ruler is broken. Can I borrow ……………………………

** BÀI TẬP:
1. Mary has a white dress. (mine/ I) is red. 6. That is their food. This is (ours/ we).
2. Is this book (yours/ your)? 7. This was not my fault. It was (you/
3. We gave him a new laptop because (his/ yours).
him) was broken. 8. Don’t take that. Its’s their luggage, not
4. We met Paul and Laura last night. This (ours/ us).
house is (theirs/ their). 9. The book you are holding is (his/ he).
5. They are not your shoes. They are
(my/mine). 10. That coat is (hers/ her).

✓ ĐẠI TỪ PHẢN THÂN:

dùng để nhấn mạnh cho chủ ngữ
__________________________________________________________________________.

▪ Đứng cuối câu

Ex: I will do everything (by) myself.
Ex: Last night, Lyly completed the painting (by) herself.
themselves .
Ex: They have to cook (by) ……………………….

▪ Đứng ngay sau chủ ngữ

Ex: Linh herself can’t understand what she is doing.
Ex: You yourself should think about everything you did.
Ex: ourselveshave our own secrets.
We ………………….

▪ Đứng sau động từ

Ex: Can you introduce yourself to everyone?
Ex: If you don’t love yourself, you cannot accept love from other people.
Ex: Jennie bought ………………. a new car.
herself

TOEIC SOS 95 | P a g e
*** AMONG + ĐẠI TỪ PHẢN THÂN SỐ NHIỀU → VỚI NHAU

Ex: You should discuss among yourselves so that you make a final decision.
-> Các bạn nên thảo luận với nhau để mà các bạn có thể đưa quyết định cuối cùng.

Ex: The students are prohibited (cấm) to talk among themselves in the exam.
-> Học sinh bị cấm nói chuyện với nhau trong kì thi.

Ex: We often argue (tranh cãi) among ourselves.

với nhau
-> Chúng tôi thường tranh cãi …………………………………………. .

✓ ĐẠI TỪ BẤT ĐỊNH: là từ mang nghĩa chung chung, không ám chỉ bất cứ ai hay đối tượng nào
cụ thể.

Every
Any
+ body/ one/ thing TỔNG CỘNG: … ĐẠI TỪ BẤT ĐỊNH
No
Some

 CHIA ĐỘNG TỪ SỐ ÍT

Ex: Everyone is OK.
Ex: Someone has watered the flowers.
Ex: Everything (look/ looks) nice.

 TÍNH TỪ ĐỨNG SAU ĐẠI TỪ BẤT ĐỊNH ĐỂ BỔ NGHĨA : ĐẠI TỪ BẤT ĐỊNH + ADJ
Ex: Today I will learn something new.
Ex: The gift is nothing special.
Ex: I just wanted to make everyone (happy/ happiness).

TOEIC SOS 96 | P a g e
 BÀI TẬP
1. What is (your/ you) phone number?
2. Helen lives in Australia with (her/ hers) family.
3. (We/ Our) are discussing the plan now.
4. (Their/ Theirs) children go to school in Lon Don.
5. This is (my/ mine) book and that is (yours/ your).
6. I want to speak to (she/ her).
7. The exam (it/ itself) wasn’t difficult, but students didn’t do well.
8. Mary and (he/ him) attended the workshop.
9. My ruler is broken. Can I use (you/ yours)?
10. My family has 3 people: my father, my mother and (I/me).
11. I do (nothing/ everything) wrong, so I don’t fear (sợ) the law.
12. John (he/ himself) went to the technology conference in Paris.
13. (I/ Mine) want to be a doctor and (my/ me) sister wants to be a teacher.
14. My car is new but (her/ hers) is old.
15. Bob and Ted live near (them/ their) school.
16. His uncle is an engineer. (His/ He) is a nice person.
17. I like (she/ her). (She/ hers) has a beautiful smile.
18. They talked (among themselves/ among they) while they waited in the lobby.
19. Ms. Carpenter will be attending the conference with (her/ hers) marketing team.
20. If this project is successful, (our/ ours) also benefits (có lợi).
21. Their garden is smaller than (my/ mine).
22. It used to be my car. Now it’s (her/ hers).
23. There is nothing (new/ newly) in this book.
24. I saw (him/ he) at the party last night.
25. Nam and Khoa painted the house by (themselves/ yourselves).
26. You should learn ways to love (yours/ yourself).
27. (He/ his) is painting the walls of the house.
28. This is (my/ me) assistant. (Her/ She) name is Jose.
29. We (our/ ourselves) will do it right now.
30. The president of TKB Bank rides (him/ his) bicycle to work every day, except when it rains.

TOEIC SOS 97 | P a g e
 BÀI 5: COMPARISONS (CÁC DẠNG SO SÁNH)
1. SO SÁNH BẰNG
Công thức:

S + be (is/ am/ are …) AS TÍNH TỪ AS

S + V (dance/ read …) AS TRẠNG TỪ AS

Ex: She is as beautiful as her mother.

Ex: Laura sings as beautifully as a singer.
Ex: Mai drives as (quick/ quickly) as Nam.

2. SO SÁNH HƠN
Công thức:

** Đối với TÍNH TỪ NGẮN/ TRẠNG TỪ NGẮN

 S + be + ADJ – ER THAN + O.
 S + V thường + ADV – ER THAN + O.

Ex: Lucas is taller than me.

Ex: This shirt is cheaper than that one.
Ex: Orange studies harder than Louis. (hard => vừa là tính từ/ vừa là trạng từ: chăm chỉ)
Ex: My brother runs faster than me. (fast => vừa là tính từ/ vừa là trạng từ: nhanh)

** Đối với TÍNH TỪ DÀI/ TRẠNG TỪ DÀI

 S + be + MORE ADJ THAN + O.

 S + V thường + MORE ADV THAN + O.

Ex: English is more difficult than Chinese.

Ex: My father drives more carefully than I do.
Ex: This gift is (more expensive/ more expensively) than that one.
Ex: Bob works (more professionally/ more professional) than Ted.
Ex: This house is (least beautiful/ least beautifully) than ours.

TOEIC SOS 98 | P a g e
LƯU Ý: MUCH/ FAR/ EVEN + SO SÁNH HƠN
Ex: Lucas is MUCH/ FAR/ EVEN taller than me.
Ex: This shirt is MUCH/ FAR/ EVEN cheaper than that one. NHẤN
Ex: English is MUCH/ FAR/ EVEN more difficult than Chinese. MẠNH
Ex: This gift is MUCH/ FAR/ EVEN more beautiful than that one.

3. SO SÁNH NHẤT
Công thức:

** Đối với TÍNH TỪ NGẮN/ TRẠNG TỪ NGẮN

 S + be + THE + ADJ – EST …
 S + V thường + THE + ADV – EST …

Ex: Lucas is the tallest of the three boys.

Ex: It is the cheapest item that I have ever bought.
Ex: He ran the fastest in the race.
Ex: Who jumps the highest will win.

** Đối với TÍNH TỪ DÀI/ TRẠNG TỪ DÀI

 S + be + THE MOST + ADJ …
 S + V thường + THE MOST + ADV …

Ex: This bag is the most expensive of five.

Ex: Andy is the most intelligent in his class.
Ex: This machine works the most efficiently (hiệu quả) of all.
Ex: Sam’s idea is the least practical suggestion.

LƯU Ý: MUCH/ FAR/ BY FAR + SO SÁNH NHẤT

Ex: This bag is MUCH the most expensive of five. NHẤN
Ex: Andy is FAR the most intelligent in his class.
MẠNH
Ex: She is BY FAR the most beautiful girl I’ve ever known.

TOEIC SOS 99 | P a g e
 *** CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT KHI CHUYỂN SANG DẠNG SO SÁNH ***
✓ Với những tính từ có 2 âm tiết mà tận cùng bằng -y, ta xem như là một tính từ ngắn, và chuyển -y thành – i

SO SÁNH HƠN SO SÁNH NHẤT

happy happier the happiest

lazy lazier the laziest

easy
easier the easiest

✓ Với những tính từ ngắn, nếu trước phụ âm cuối từ là một nguyên âm, thì ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối từ:

SO SÁNH HƠN SO SÁNH NHẤT

big bigger the biggest

sad sadder the saddest

✓ Một số tính từ/ trạng từ bất quy tắc

SO SÁNH HƠN SO SÁNH NHẤT

good better the best

well better the best

bad worse the worst

badly worse the worst

TOEIC SOS 100 | P a g e

 BÀI TẬP
1. Summer is _____________________ season of the year. (hot)
2. Our hotel is much __________________ than all the others in the town. (cheap)
3. It was an awful day. It was _________________ day of my life. (bad)
4. This is _____________________________ cake I’ve ever tasted. (delicious)
5. Everest is __________ mountain in the world. It is far_____ than any other mountain. (high)
6. Going by train isn’t as _________________ as going by car. (convenient)
7. Peter usually drives _________________ than Mary. (fast)
8. The movie was ___________________ than the one on TV. (interesting)
9. This was ______________ farm I've ever visited. (big)
10. This old machine is ________________ than we thought. (powerful)
11. Phong works ______________ than most of his friends. (hard)
12. She speaks Korean ____________________ than I do. (fluently)
13. That flight ticket is by far _____________________ of all. (expensive)
14. It’s _____________________ time in my life. (happy)
15. Of the 3 boys, Louis is ____________________________ (badly – bred) -> (a) thái độ kém
16. They introduced the new product as _________________ as previous one. (successful)
17. China is much __________ than UK. (large)
18. She is _______________________ singers on the stage. (famous)
19. Talking is ______________________ than doing. (easy)
20. She smiled _______________ than before. (happy)

TOEIC SOS 101 | P a g e

 BÀI 6: FORMS OF VERB
(HÌNH THỨC CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ: V0 – VING – TO V0)

1. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU *V0*

✓ SAU ĐỘNG TỪ KHIẾM KHUYẾT:

can/ could/ may / might + V0 (thể chủ động) Có thể/ có lẽ làm gì

✓ Please + V0 Vui lòng làm gì

✓ Used to + V0 Đã từng làm gì
(diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ)

✓ Let + sb + V0 Để cho ai làm gì

✓ V0 đứng đầu câu mệnh lệnh Hãy làm gì đó

Ex: Listen to me.  HÃY lắng nghe tôi.

Ex: Repeat after me. HÃY lặp lại theo tôi

 ………………………………….............…

Ex: Call me if you need help. HÃY gọi tôi nếu bạn cần giúp đỡ
 …………………………………………..…...

** ĐẶC BIỆT: Vo (câu chủ động)

S + ………………………….

require/ request/ ask

S+ suggest/ recommend THAT
advise/ insist (nhấn mạnh)
be V3-ED (câu
S + …………………………. bị động)

Ex1: The director suggested that Fancy to the meeting.

(A) go
(B) goes
(C) be gone
(D) went
Ex2: The manager asked that the contract _____________ to him by 5 P.M.
(A) email
(B) was emailed
(C) emailed
(D) be emailed

TOEIC SOS 102 | P a g e

 be necessary VO (câu chủ
S + …………………………. động)
be vital
S+ F THAT
be essential
be imperative
be V3-ED (câu bị động)
S + ………………………….
Ex3: It was necessary that he __________ the conference yesterday.
(A) attend
(B) attends
(C) be attended
(D) attended

Ex4: It is vital that the document ___________________ to the marketing department.

(A) submit
(B) was submitted
(C) submitted
(D) be submitted
BÀI TẬP
1. Mary can ______ the questions easily. 4. Please ____________ me directly.

(A) answer (A) contact

(B) answers (B) to contact
(C) answered (C) contacting

2. It is necessary that the mobile phone 5. The director asked that all employees
_____________________ in the exam. _____________ the meeting.
(A) turn off (A) attend
(B) be turned off (B) attended

(C) turned off (C) be attended

3. My father used to __________ every day. 6. ______ silent, the baby is sleeping.
(A) smoke (A) Keep
(B) smoking (B) Kept
(C) smoked (C) Keeps

TOEIC SOS 103 | P a g e

2. ĐỘNG TỪ *V-ING*

✓ Đứng đầu câu làm chữ ngữ của 1 mệnh đề VIỆC LÀM GÌ ĐÓ …

Ex: Teaching children is not easy.  Việc dạy trẻ em thì không dễ dàng
Ex: Learning English is so much fun.  Việc học Tiếng Anh khá vui.

Ex: Going home late makes my mother angry. Việc đi về nhà trễ làm mẹ của tôi
 ……………………………………………………..
tức giận

✓ Sau giới từ + VING

Ex: Anna always dreams about becoming rich. ➔ About (giới từ) + VING

Ex: I am looking forward to seeing you. ➔ Look forward to + Ving: mong đợi
Ex: He apologized for making Mary cry. ➔ Apologize for + Ving: xin lỗi
.
Ex: She is used to living alone. ➔ Be used to + Ving: quen với

Ex: She is familiar with this area. ➔ Be familiar with + Ving: quen với
Ex: She is accustomed to getting up early. ➔ Be accustomed to + Ving: quen với

✓ Sau các động từ:

consider (v) xem xét

recommend (v) đề xuất
appreciate (v) cảm kích/ đánh giá cao
keep (v) liên tục/ tiếp tục
suggest (v) đề xuất
finish (v) hoàn thành + VING
admit (v) thừa nhận
avoid (v) tránh
mind (v) phiền
spend (v) dành (thời gian/ tiền)

* KEEP DOING! Everything will be ok.

=> …………………………… . Mọi thứ sẽ ổn thôi.
HÃY TIẾP TỤC LÀM ĐI
TOEIC SOS 104 | P a g e
3. ĐỘNG TỪ *TO VO*

✓ S / IT + BE ADJ + TO VO
Ex: We are pleased to announce that our store  Chúng tôi vui mừng để thông báo rằng
is expanding. cửa hàng của chúng ta sắp mở rộng.

Ex: It is important to do it right now.  Thật quan trọng để làm điều đó bây giờ.

*Ngoại trừ: S + BE BUSY/ WORTH + VING ➔ BẬN/ XỨNG ĐÁNG LÀM GÌ

Ex: I am busy preparing for my dinner.  Tôi bận chuẩn bị cho bữa tối.
Ex: She is worth receiving the prize.  Cô ấy xứng đáng nhận giải thưởng.

✓ IT/ S + TAKE TIME + TO VO ➔ MẤT BAO LÂU ĐỂ LÀM GÌ

Ex: It takes me 1 hour to go to work.  Tôi mất 1 giờ để đi làm.

Ex: Peter took 2 hours to interview candidates.  Peter đã mất 2 giờ để phỏng vấn ứng viên.

✓ Sau các động từ:

would like (v) muốn/ thích

plan (v) lên kế hoạch + TO VO
tend (v) có xu hướng
wish (v) muốn

ask/ require (v) yêu cầu (ai)

allow/ permit (v) cho phép (ai)
remind (v) nhắc nhở (ai) + SB + TO VO
encourage (v) khuyến khích (ai)
persuade/ convince (v) thuyết phục (ai)

** ĐẶC BIỆT:
“TO VO” => đứng đầu câu hoặc giữa câu để chỉ mục đích
Ex: To order an item, you can contact me at 090897308.
Ex: To travel around the world is her dream.

Ex: I study hard to pass the exam.

TOEIC SOS 105 | P a g e

4. CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT KHÁC

VING: thử làm việc gì

* TRY +

TO V0: cố gắng để làm gì

Ex1: Why don’t you try ________________ ? Ex3: Let’s try ______ sushi at that
It’s good for your health. restaurant.
(A) doing yoga (A) eating
(B) to do yoga (B) to eat

Ex2: I will try ________________ my project

before 6 P.M. Ex4: He tried __________ his best but it was
(A) finishing really difficult.
(B) to finish (A) doing
(B) to do

VING: dừng hẳn việc đang làm

* STOP +

TO V0: dừng việc đang làm để làm một việc khác

Ex1: Stop (talking/ to talk)! The teacher is coming.

Ex2: On the way to Henry’s home, we stopped (asking/ to ask) someone the way.

V0
*HELP + SB GIÚP AI ĐÓ LÀM GÌ
TO V0
Ex: My father helps me repair my bike.
Ex: I help my mom to wash the dishes.

TOEIC SOS 106 | P a g e

 BÀI TẬP
1. Please (close) ______________ the door when you leave.
2. The teacher encourages me (attend) _________________ the English club.
3. I wish (buy) __________________________ this jacket.
4. (Learn) _________________ a new language is interesting.
5. The manager requested that the employees (submit) _______________ the plan on time.
6. Zenk would like (change) ___________________ the color of the design.
7. I apologize for (deliver) _______________ the item to the wrong address.
8. I tried (explain) _________________ it to him, but he didn’t understand.
9. Would you mind (open) _____________________ the window?
10. It was necessary that the mobile phone (silence) ________________ during the meeting.
11. (Contact) ______________ me if you have any questions.
12. Thank you for taking time (talk) ______________________ to me.
13. We are pleased (announce) ___________________ that you are promoted to the manager.
14. The company allows the staff (use) ________________ the phone if necessary.
15. I hope this will convince you (change) ________________________ your mind.
16. This software helps us (improve) ____________________ the work quality.
17. I get used to (get up) ________________________ early.
18. People tend (go to bed) _____________________________ in the winter.
19. I do exercise regularly (improve) ________________________ my health.
20. You’re doing very well. Keep (do) _________________, everything will be OK.

TOEIC SOS 107 | P a g e

 BÀI 7: SUBJECTS AND VERB AGREEMENT
(SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ)

1. CHỦ NGỮ NÀO CHIA ĐỘNG TỪ SỐ ÍT ???

He/ She/ It/ Mary (tên riêng)/ The ABC Company (tên công ty)

Đại từ bất định: anyone/ anything/ something/ everybody/ no one …

Danh từ không đếm được: water/ information/ furniture (nội thất)/ traffic …

Ving đứng cầu câu LÀM CHỦ NGỮ CỦA MỘT MỆNH ĐỀ
Ex: Learning a new language is exciting.
Ex: Teaching children is not easy.

Tựa đề “phim/ sách/ bài hát …”

Ex: “Tom & Jerry” is the famous cartoon.

Danh từ kết thúc bằng “s” nhưng tính ở dạng số ít
➔ Các môn học: economics/ physics …
➔ Các môn thể thao: gymnastics/ athletics
➔ Các tên quốc gia đặc biệt: The United States/ The Philippines …

Mệnh đề danh ngữ

Ex: What you have to do is to call me.
Ex: That Mary goes home late makes her mom angry.

BÀI TẬP
1. Everyone ___________ the report to 4. That you are not happy with the new
their manager every week. idea
a. submit _______ me change my mind.
b. submits a. makes
b. make
2. The information ________ updated.
a. is 5. Studying ______ a long process.
b. are a. is
b. are
3. Playing sports ____________ very good for
your health. 6. Physics _______ my favorite subject.
a. is a. is
b. are b. are

TOEIC SOS 108 | P a g e

7. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 8. Denny ________ his teeth every day.
________ one of the best - selling books of a. brush
all-time. b. brushes
a. is
b. are

2. CHỦ NGỮ NÀO CHIA ĐỘNG TỪ SỐ NHIỀU ???

I / We/ They

Khi 2 chủ ngữ nối với nhau bằng “and”

Ex: Lan and her friends (attend/ attends) the party.

Từ chỉ số lượng: SOME/ MANY/ SEVERAL/ ALL/ MOST + DANH TỪ SỐ NHIỀU
Ex: Some students (register/ registers) for the class every month.

Danh từ không có “s” nhưng tính ở số nhiều: children/ people/ police/ army …
Ex: People are looking at the picture.

The + adj = N số nhiều => để ám chỉ một nhóm người có chung một đặc điểm nào đó
Ex: The poor/ The rich/ The public …
=> The rich (is/ are) getting richer.

Các danh từ luôn chia số nhiều: pants (quần dài)/ trousers (quần)/ glasses (mắt kính)/
scissors (cây kéo)

BÀI TẬP
1. The scissors (is/ are) very sharp (bén). 6. We (has decided/ have decided) to hire
some employees.
2. People (goes out/ go out) for lunch.
7. Nobody (know/ knows) where the file is.
3. The rich (is/ are) not always happy.
8. Paradise Business Clothes (release/
4. He and his employees (has returned/ releases) a new product every month.
have returned) from a business trip.
9. Getting up early (is/ are) not easy.
5. All visitors (show/ shows) their tickets
before entering the water park. 10. The furniture (is scheduled/
are scheduled) to arrive today.

TOEIC SOS 109 | P a g e

3. HỖN HỢP

N1 of N2

N1 in N2 at N3 +V

N1 along with N2
N1 together with N2

S
Khi chủ ngữ nối với nhau thông qua giới từ, động từ chính chia theo DANH TỪ
______________________________________________________________________________
ĐẦ U TIÊN
______________________________________________________________________________
Ex: The information about classes (is/ are) available on the Website.
Ex: The computers along with the printers (is/ are) on sale at stores.
Ex: All designs for the building projects in the city (is checked/ are checked) carefully.

Khi chủ ngữ là danh từ sở hữu cách: N1’s N2 + V
Ex: Mary’s cat (is/ are) very cute.
Ex: The company’s employees (work/ works) very hard.

A number of + N số nhiều + V (số nhiều)

The number of + N số nhiều + V (số ít)
Ex: The number of students in this class is 30.
Ex: The number of days in a week is 7.

Ex: A number of people are discussing the project.

= Some people are discussing the project.
Ex: A number of employees take the subway to work.
= Some employees take the subway to work.

TOEIC SOS 110 | P a g e

 None/ Most/ Some/ Several/ All + OF + DANH TỪ + V ………………
(CHIA THEO DANH TỪ
Ex: Most of the water (is/ are) polluted.
PHÍA TRƯỚC)
Ex: Some of the students (go/ goes) to school late.
Ex: None of the guests (want/ wants) to stay at this hotel.

Either (N1) or (N2)

Neither (N1) nor (N2) + V ………….

Not only (N1) but also (N2)
Công thức song song thì động từ chính chia theo danh từ gần nhất (N2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Ex: Not only I but also my sister (like/ likes) to go shopping.
Ex: Either Lan or her coworkers (attend/ attends) the conference monthly.

TOEIC SOS 111 | P a g e

 BÀI TẬP
1. Everybody (go/ goes) to the class on time.
2. Neither Suzy nor her children (is/ are) going to the cinema tonight.
3. The information about the vacation plans (was/ were) posted on Facebook.
4. A number of reporters (was/ were) at the workshop yesterday.
5. The office building (is/ are) located in the city center.
6. None of the students (has answered/ have answered) the question.
7. Trousers (is/ are) two long.
8. The meat at this restaurant (is/ are) excellent.
9. Installing the new software (take/ takes) a long time.
10. What he told you (is/ are) not true.
11. The company’s new director (come/ comes) from the branch in Chicago.
12. The stars in the night (tell/ tells) about an amazing story.
13. All of the employees (is/ are) going to attend the award ceremony.
14. The number of the satisfied customers (has increased/ have increased) recently.
15. The employees in the marketing department (introduce/ introduces) a new product weekly.
16. Customer care representatives (is/ are) available to answer the question 24 hours a day.
17. Lee Valley Farmers Market (announce/ announces) some exciting changes.
18. Wheat (bột) (is/ are) used to make cakes.
19. Each student (has/ have) a chance to win in this contest.
20. There (is/ are) many bills for you to pay.

TOEIC SOS 112 | P a g e

 BÀI 8: PASSIVE VOICE
(CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG)

S + be V3-ED (by somebody) …

Hiện tại đơn is/ am/ are + V3-ED

Quá khứ đơn was/ were + V3-ED

Hiện tại tiếp diễn is/ am/ are being + V3-ED

Quá khứ tiếp diễn was/ were being + V3-ED

Hiện tại hoàn thành has/ have been + V3-ED

Quá khứ hoàn thành had been + V3-ED

Tương lai gần is/ am/ are going to BE + V3-ED

Động từ khiếm khuyết:

Can/ could/ will/ should / can/ could / will/ should/ must/ have to BE + V3-ED
must / have to …

BÀI TẬP: Câu nào dưới đây là câu bị động? Đánh dấu  vào ô câu bị động?

1. Someone cleaned the floors last night.

2. This flower is watered by my father every morning.
3. Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
4. The company has increased the production volume since 2000.
5. The story is going to be told by my teacher.
6. The cake is being cut.
7. The office building was built in 1900.
8. Some people will interview the new president on TV.
9. This movie had been seen by us before Mina called.
10. The questions can be answered quickly by Henry.

TOEIC SOS 113 | P a g e

*** QUY TẮC CHUYỂN CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG SANG BỊ ĐỘNG
Câu chủ động: The cat eats the mouse.

S V O

Câu bị động: The mouse is eaten by the cat.

BÀI TẬP: Chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động
1. The boy broke the window last night.
➔ The window was broken by the boy last night
2. I have completed all my homework already.
➔
All my homework has been completed already
3. The sales department is going to have a vacation in Hawaii next week.
➔
A vacation is going to be had by the sales department in HAWAII next week.
4. Mr. Cole sent the building design 2 days ago.
➔
The building design was sent by MR.COLE 2 days ago
5. Pamela will drive the bus.
➔
The bus will be driven by PAMELA
6. The children are playing soccer in the garden.
➔
Soccer is being played by the children in the garden
7. We should clean our teeth twice a day.
➔
Our teeth should be cleaned twice a day
8. The manager didn’t phone the assistant this morning.
➔
The assistant wasn't phoned by the manager this morning
9. We must cancel the flight because of the bad weather.
➔
The flight must be canceled because of the bad weather
10. The chef is preparing dishes in the kitchen now.
➔
Dishes are being prepared by the chef in the kitchen now.

TOEIC SOS 114 | P a g e

 BÀI 9: RELATIVE CLAUSES
(MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)

CÂU NÀO DƯỚI ĐÂY CHỨA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ???

1. Taylor Swift, who is famous all around the world, is a singer.
2. I sent my parents some postcards.
3. I’ll never forget the day when I met her.
4. The soup which/ that I had for lunch was so delicious.
5. Mr. Holland, whose son has received a scholarship, is very proud.

➔ CHỨC NĂNG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

DÙ NG ĐỂ BỔ NGHĨA CHO DANH TỪ PHÍA TRƯỚC
______________________________________________________________________________
MĐQH chỉ là thành phần phụ trong câu
______________________________________________________________________________

ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ CÁCH DÙNG – VÍ DỤ

WHO ▪ Đứng sau danh từ chỉ người
▪ Làm tân ngữ hoặc chủ ngữ
….. N (người) WHO + S + V…
….. N (người) WHO + V …

Ex: The person who I love the most in this

world is my mom.
Ex: That is the boy who helps me find a
house.

WHOM ▪ Đứng sau danh từ chỉ người

▪ Làm tân ngữ, theo sau phải là mệnh đề
….. N (người) WHOM + S + V…

Ex: The beautiful woman whom we saw

yesterday is a singer.

WHICH ▪ Đứng sau danh từ chỉ vật

▪ Làm tân ngữ hoặc chủ ngữ
….. N (vật) WHICH + S + V…
….. N (vật) WHICH + V …

Ex: This is the book which I like best.

Ex: I bought my brother a shirt which is blue.

TOEIC SOS 115 | P a g e

 THAT ▪ Đứng sau danh từ chỉ cả người và vật

➔ “THAT” CÓ THỂ THAY THẾ “who/ whom/

which” trong mệnh đề quan hệ

Ex: I told you about the man who/that lives

next door.

Ex: The beautiful woman whom/ that

we saw yesterday is a singer.

Ex: This is the book which/ that I like best.

➔ “THAT” KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG sau dấu phẩy

và giới từ

Ex: My best friend Tom, that/ who is near

my house, gave me an early birthday
present.

Ex: The man with that/ with whom Mary is

speaking is a doctor.
WHOSE ▪ Chỉ sự sỡ hữu cho cả người và vật
▪ Theo sau “whose” luôn là 1 danh từ

Ex: The boy whose bike you borrowed

yesterday is Louis.

Ex: John found a cat whose leg was broken.

Khi sau đại từ

KHI NÀO CÓ THỂ LƯỢC BỎ “ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ” trong mệnh đề quan hệ??? _____________
1. The person who I love the most in this world is my mom. quan hệ + MỆNH ĐỀ
2. That is the boy who helps me find a house.
3. The beautiful woman whom we saw yesterday is a singer.
4. This is the book which I like best.
5. I bought my brother a shirt which is blue.
6. I told you about the man that lives next door.
7. The beautiful woman that we saw yesterday is a singer.
8. This is the book that I like best.
9. My best friend Tom, who is near my house, gave me an early birthday present.
10. The boy whose bike you borrowed yesterday is Louis.

TOEIC SOS 116 | P a g e

 TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ CÁCH DÙNG – VÍ DỤ
WHEN ▪ Đứng sau danh từ chỉ thời gian
▪ Dùng thay cho at, on, in + which

Ex: I’ll never forget the day when I met her.

Ex: That was the time when he managed the

company.

WHERE ▪ Đứng sau danh từ chỉ nơi chốn

▪ Dùng thay cho at, in + which

Ex: Hanoi is the place where I like to come.

Ex: Do you know the country where I was born?

WHY ▪ Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lý do

▪ Đứng sau danh từ “the reason”
▪ Dùng thay cho for which

Ex: Please tell me the reason why you are so

sad.

Ex: I don’t know the reason why he didn’t go

to school.

* NOTE: Theo sau trạng từ quan hệ “WHEN/ WHERE/ WHY”
PHẢI LÀ 1 MỆNH ĐỀ
_____________________________________________________________________________

TOEIC SOS 117 | P a g e

➔ RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở THỂ CHỦ ĐỘNG => RÚT GỌN THÀNH V-ING
Ex1: The man who met yesterday is my manager.

 The man meeting yesterday is my manager. (Mệnh đề quan hệ đã được rút gọn)
Ex2: The girl who was smiling at you is John's daughter.
The girl smiling at you is JOHN'S daughter
 _________________________________________________________________________
Ex3: Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
Do you know the boy breaking windows last night?
 _________________________________________________________________________

Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG => RÚT GỌN THÀNH V3-ED
Ex1: The books which were written by Nam Cao are interesting.

 The books written by Nam Cao are interesting.

Ex2: The man who was interviewed before me was hired.

The man interviewed before me was hired.
 _______________________________________________________________________________
Ex3: We will introduce a program which is being designed by our IT department.
We will introduce a program designed by our IT department.
 _______________________________________________________________________________

Mệnh đề quan hệ có “TO BE + TÍNH TỪ” => RÚT GỌN THÀNH TÍNH TỪ
Ex1: The old man, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

 The old man, old and sick, never goes out of the house.
Ex2: Mary, who is responsible for designing the packaging, is going to London next week.
Mary, responsible for designing the packaging, is going to London next week.
 _____________________________________________________________________________
Ex3: Anyone who is interested in the workshop should contact me.

 _____________________________________________________________________________
Anyone interested in the workshop should contact me.

TOEIC SOS 118 | P a g e

 BÀI TẬP
➔ ĐIỀN ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ HOẶC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ VÀO CHỖ TRỐNG
1. My girlfriend loves Kimchi, _____________ is Korean food.
2. Do you know the boy _____________ we met at the party last week?
3. I am using a laptop _____________ is very old.
4. She is talking about the author ___________ book is one of the best-sellers this year.
5. He bought all the books _____________ are necessary for the next exam.
6. These children, _________ parents are famous teachers, are taught well.
7. Do you know the boy ____________ we met at the party last week?
8. My mother, ____________ everyone admires, is a famous teacher.
9. The old building _________________ is in front of my house fell down.
10. We need a teacher ______________ native language is English.
11. The woman, ___________ was sitting in the meeting hall, did not seem friendly to us at all.
12. She gives her children everything __________________ they want.
13. Paris is the place ________________ I would like to visit in the future.
14. What was the name of the girl __________ passport was stolen?
15. The bed __________________ I slept in was too soft.
16. Nora is the person _________________ understands me.
17. Do you still remember the day ______________ we first talked?
18. Mr. Ken, __________________ is living next door, is a dentist.
19. The film about ________________they are talking about is fantastic.
20. The man with __________________ I have been working is very friendly.

➔ RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

1. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us? =>
2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. =>
3. The children who attend that school receive a good education. =>
4. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. =>
5. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. =>
6. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle. =>
7. George is the man who was chosen to represent the company at the convention. =>
8. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights. =>
9. He was the person who realized him. =>
10. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. =>
11. There are two reports which are going to be discussed today. =>
12. There is something that is wrong with this design. =>
13. Anyone who is ready for this contest should contact the office. =>
14. The man whom we are looking for is Tam. =>
15. The dress which she bought yesterday is very beautiful. =>

TOEIC SOS 119 | P a g e

 UNIT 10: IF CLAUSE (MỆNH ĐỀ IF)

1. If it _____________, we can cancel the flight.

(A) rain
(B) rains
(C) rained
(D) raining

2. If we _______ time, we will watch this movie.

(A) have
(B) has
(C) had
(D) is

3. If I __________ you, I would not do that.

(A) was
(B) were
(C) is
(D) are

4. If I had a lot of money, I ____________ anywhere I want.

(A) would travel
(B) will travel
(C) can travel
(D) travel

5. If Henry _____________ harder, he would have passed the exam last week.
(A) studies
(B) had studied
(C) studied
(D) were studied

6. If it hadn’t rained, we ___________________ to the beach yesterday.

(A) could go
(B) could have gone
(C) can go
(D) go

TOEIC SOS 120 | P a g e

✓ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: Mô tả một điều có thể xảy ra ở hiện tai hoặc tương lai.

IF + S + V (hiện tại đơn) , S + will/ can + vo

✓ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2: Mô tả một điều trái với sự thật ở hiện tại.

IF + S + V (quá khứ đơn) , S + would/ could + vo

were

✓ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: Mô tả một điều trái với sự thật ở quá khứ.

IF + S + had v3-ed , S + could/ should/ would have V3-ED

DỊCH CÁC CÂU SAU QUA TIẾNG VIỆT

1. Should she want to buy this product, please call our office at +9797032728.
=> SHOULD + S + VO: NẾU ...
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Should Kenny study hard, he will not fail the exam.

Nếu KENNY ...

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Please don’t call me unless you have an urgent problem.

Unless: trừ phi/ nếu ... không ...

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Unless John hurries, he will be late.

_____________________________________________________________________

TOEIC SOS 121 | P a g e

 BÀI 11: PREPOSITIONS (GIỚI TỪ)

GIỚI TỪ HAY XUẤT HIỆN TRONG TOEIC

NGHĨA VÍ DỤ
along ➔ dọc theo Ex: My house is located
* Hay đi cùng các danh từ như along the street/ along the lake.
road (con đường), river (sông) dọc theo con đường
 Along the street: _________
…  Along the lake : _________
dọc theo hồ

during ➔ trong suốt Ex: I have to work during the

(một khoảng thời gian) summer.

Ex: During this time, Internet service

can be disconnected.

prior to = by = before ➔ trước Ex: Prior to/ by/ before the storm,
it seems quiet.

between … and … ➔ giữa … và … Ex: My manager is standing

(ai/ thứ gì đó ở giữa 2 người between Nam and Lan.
hoặc 2 vật)

➔ từ … đến … Ex: I’ll be at the office between

(khi nói về khoảng thời gian) 8 A.M. and 5 P.M.
từ 8h sáng đến 5h
-> Tôi sẽ ở văn phòng __________
chiều
from … to … ➔ từ … đến … Ex: I’ll be at the office from 8 A.M.
to 5 P.M.

for ➔ cho (chỉ mục đích) Ex: I am saving money for travelling.

➔ + khoảng thời gian Ex: I have worked here for 5 years.

(tín hiệu thì HTHT)

as well as ➔ cũng như là Ex: Mary is tall as well as beautiful.

(dùng để nối các từ có tính
chất tương tự nhau) Ex: This camera is nice as well as
➔ A as well as B good.

TOEIC SOS 122 | P a g e

within ➔ trong vòng một giới hạn Ex: The customer can return the
nào đó (thời gian/ khoảng items within 30 days.
cách…)
Ex: We will ship the products
within 5 km.

according to + cụm dt ➔ theo như Ex: According to the e-mail,

(nguồn thông tin nào đó) what is indicated about the man?

Ex: According to our record (hồ sơ),

you still owe (nợ) 1000 USD.

regardless of + cụm dt ➔ bất chấp/ bất kể Ex: He still went out regardless of
the bad weather.

through ➔ thông qua Ex: Through the customer survey,

(một hình thức/ cách thức nào we can improve our service better.
đó)

➔ cho đến Ex: We will stay in London Monday

(từ thời gian nào đến thời gian through Friday.
nào)

➔ xuyên suốt Ex: The offer will be available

(khoảng thời gian nào đó) through July.

throughout + time: xuyên suốt Ex: This fruit is sold throughout

the year.

+ place: trên khắp Ex: We have a number of outlets

(đại lý) throughout the country.

among ➔ trong số (N>=3) Ex: I am among the last

(ám chỉ 1 người hay vật gì đó people to leave.
nằm trong 1 nhóm số lượng từ
3 trở lên)

➔ (chia phần) cho mỗi thành Ex: The money will be divided
viên (của 1 nhóm) among the waiters.

* among + đại từ phản thân ➔ với nhau Ex: They talked among themselves
(số nhiều) while they waited in the lobby.

TOEIC SOS 123 | P a g e

 BÀI TẬP
1. _________ the report, my department has not received any tax document.
(A) Along
(B) According to
(C) At
(D) On

2. You will receive an e-mail _______________ 24 hours.

(A) between
(B) within
(C) on
(D) along

3. The tourists praise (khen) the beautiful beaches ____________ the famous places here.
(A) as well as
(B) during
(C) at
(D) within

4. The food is divided equally (chia đều) ______________ the staff at the office.
(A) along
(B) during
(C) among
(D) within

5. The office will open ___________ 8 A.M and 11:30 A.M on Saturday.
(A) between
(B) from
(C) to
(D) along

6. I know your company _____________ the Internet.

(A) through
(B) between
(C) along
(D) within

7. You can enjoy the beautiful views _____________ the windows.

(A) from
(B) through
(C) at
(D) on

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8. The famous actor’s scandal has spread (lan truyền) ______________ the country.
(A) on
(B) during
(C) along
(D) throughout

9. I plant many kinds of flowers to enjoy my garden ____________ the year.

(A) until
(B) along
(C) throughout
(D) on

10. They still acted ___________________ the danger.

(A) regardless of
(B) through
(C) during
(D) along

11. They will continue the trip _____________ the weather.

(A) for
(B) of
(C) among
(D) regardless of

12. ____________ 1990, he had been teaching in Vietnam.

(A) By
(B) On
(C) For
(D) Among

13. You should read the contract carefully __________ signing it.
(A) prior to
(B) at
(C) among
(D) through

14. You can return the items _____________ 30 days from the day of purchase.
(A) among
(B) at
(C) within
(D) between

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15. __________ this period (giai đoạn), our store will be moved to a new location.
(A) During
(B) On
(C) Among
(D) Along

16. The production level has increased significantly _______ 2 years.

(A) at
(B) among
(C) along
(D) for

17. On Sunday, the store will be hosting a special event _______ the VIP customers.
(A) for
(B) along
(C) within
(D) through

18. The famous band will be giving a performance _______________ the Rosy Hall.
(A) at
(B) on
(C) prior to
(D) for

19. See you at 8 o’clock tonight at the cinema. – Ok. Remember to be (on time/ in time).

20. You will be (on time/ in time) for the last train if you go now.

✓ ON TIME: đúng giờ

(Đúng thời gian theo một kế hoạch, lịch trình có sẵn)

✓ IN TIME: kịp lúc

(vừa kịp lúc để làm một hoạt động gì đó trước khi quá muộn)

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 BÀI 12: CONJUNCTIONS (LIÊN TỪ)

SAU LIÊN TỪ LÀ

MỆNH ĐỀ
……………………….

LIÊN TỪ HAY XUẤT HIỆN TRONG TOEIC

NGHĨA VÍ DỤ

before ➔ Trước khi Before you visit my house,
please call me.

after ➔ Sau khi I’ll telephone you after we

arrive.

until ➔ Cho đến khi Hoa and her friends will be

stayed here until the rain
stops.

unless ➔ Nếu … không/ Trừ phi You will fail the test unless
you study hard.

Therefore = so = thus ➔ Do đó/ vì vậy She is ill. Therefore, she

(chỉ kết quả) couldn’t come to the party.

She studied very hard, so

she passed the exam.

It rained heavily yesterday;

thus, we couldn’t go to the
park.

whether ➔ Liệu They asked me whether (if)

if I was tired.

when ➔ Khi When you receive our

letter, you will know our
address.

while ➔ Trong khi While my mother is

cooking, my father is
reading the newspaper.

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whereas ➔ Trong khi đó/ ngược lại I am short, whereas my
(nối 2 mệnh đề trái brother is tall.
ngược nhau)

but ➔ Nhưng He loves her, but she

(nối 2 mệnh đề trái doesn’t love him.
ngược nhau)

however, = nevertheless, ➔ Tuy nhiên Mary worked very hard.

(nối 2 mệnh đề trái However,/ Nevertheless,
ngược nhau) she didn’t win the prize.

otherwise ➔ Nếu không thì Hurry up, otherwise we’ll

be late for class.

moreover, = furthermore, ➔ Hơn nữa My wife is intelligent

; moreover, she is also
beautiful.

even if ➔ Thậm chí nếu/ kể cả Even if it rains, they still go
out.

once ➔ Một khi Once you finish the plan,

submit it to me.

as soon as ➔ Ngay khi Call me as soon as you can.

as long as = ➔ Miễn là As long as you keep silent,

so long as = I will pay this for you.
provided that =
proving that

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 CÁC TỪ DỄ NHẦM LẪN TRONG TOEIC
NGHĨA LIÊN TỪ GIỚI TỪ
BỞI VÌ (chỉ lý do) Because = since = as = now that Because of = due to = owing to
+ S + V (MỆNH ĐỀ) + V-ING/ CỤM DANH TỪ

MẶC DÙ Although = even though = though Despite = in spite of

(nội dung đối lập) + S + V (MỆNH ĐỀ) + V-ING/ CỤM DANH TỪ

NGOÀI RA/ In addition, S + V (MỆNH ĐỀ) In addition to

THÊM VÀO ĐÓ + V-ING/ CỤM DANH TỪ
(bổ sung thông tin)

Instead, S + V (MỆNH ĐỀ) Instead of

S + V (MỆNH ĐỀ) instead. + V-ING/ CỤM DANH TỪ

THAY VÀO ĐÓ THAY VÌ

(ám chỉ một sự thay thế khác) (ám chỉ một sự thay thế khác)

In case + S + V (MỆNH ĐỀ) In case of

+ V-ING/ CỤM DANH TỪ
PHÒNG KHI TRONG TRƯỜNG HỢP

BÀI TẬP
1. We were late _______________ the traffic jam.
(A) because
(B) since
(C) as
(D) because of

2. ___________ there was a heavy rain last night, we couldn’t go camping together.
(A) Because of
(B) Due to
(C) Owing to
(D) Because

3. ___________he was very busy; he still went to the cinema with me.
(A) In spite of
(B) Despite
(C) Although
(D) Because of

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4. He didn’t feel tired _____________ working a long day.
(A) though
(B) even though
(C) although
(D) despite

5. Mary is very intelligent. ______________, she is also a nice person.

(A) In addition to
(B) In addition
(C) Because of
(D) Despite

6. ___________ the volleyball, Jim plays basketball well.

(A) In addition
(B) In addition to
(C) Although
(D) Due to

7. David didn’t go to Paris. _______________, he went to New York.

(A) Instead of
(B) Because of
(C) Although
(D) Instead

8. The sugar was out of stock (hết hàng), so I bought milk _______.
(A) instead of
(B) instead
(C) in addition to
(D) owing to

9. I stayed at home all day __________ going to work.

(A) instead
(B) instead of
(C) despite
(D) because

10. Remember to bring an umbrella _________________ it rains.

(A) in case of
(B) in case
(C) instead of
(D) because of

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