DISCRETE STRUCTURES

Dr.Shipra Jain
 Function
Properties of Functions,
One-one Function,
Many-one Function,
Onto function,
Composition of a Function,
Invertible Function.

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 Function

In layman terms
A function is nothing but a relationship between two sets. It maps
element of one set to another set on the basis of some logical relation.

Mapping or Functions:

If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a relation ‘f‘ from set A to set B is
said to be a function or mapping,

● If every element of set A is associated with unique element of set B.

● The function ‘f’ from A to B is denoted by f : A → B.

● If f is a function from A to B and x ∈ A, then f(x) ∈ B where f(x) is called

the image of x under f and x is called the pre image of f(x) under ‘f’.

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For f to be a mapping from A to B:

● Every element of A must have image in B. Adjoining figure does not represent a
mapping since the element d in set A is not associated with any element of set B.

● No element of A must have more than one image. Adjoining figure does not
represent a mapping since element b in set A is associated with two elements
d, f of set B.

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● Different elements of A can have the same image in B.
● Two or more elements of A may have the same image in B.

● f : x → y means that under the function of 'f' from A to B, an element x of

A has image y in B.

Adjoining figure represents a mapping.

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Function

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Example - Check if the following are functions

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Example - Check if the following are functions

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Example - Check if the following are functions

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Example - Continuation

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 Diagrammatic Representation Of Function

A={2,3,4,5} and B={4,9,16,25}

f : A--->B
f(x) = x^2

2
4
3
16
4
9
5
25

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 Domain Co-domain And Range

Suppose f be a function from A to B

Domain:- A is called the domain of the function f.
CO-Domain:- B is called the co-domain of function.
Range:- it consist of all those elements in B which appear as image of at
least one element in A.

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Example

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Example

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 Example

Solution (a) :

(a) a has unique image p.

(b) B has unique image q.

(c) C has unique image q.

(d) D has unique image r.

Thus, each element of A has a unique image in B.

Therefore, the given arrow diagram represents a mapping.

(b) In the given arrow diagram, the element ‘a’ of set A is associated with two
elements, i.e., q and r of set B. So, each element of set A does not have a unique image
in B.
Therefore, the given arrow diagram does not represent a mapping.

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(c) The element ‘b’ of set A is not associated with any element of set B. So b ∈ A does
not have any image. For a mapping from A to B, every element of set A must have a
unique image in set B which is not represented by this arrow diagram. So, the given
arrow diagram does not represent a mapping.

(d) a has a unique image p. b has a unique image q. c has a unique image r. Thus, each
element in set A has a unique image in set B. Therefore, the given arrow diagram
represents a mapping.

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 Example

Example-

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15}

Consider a rule f (x) = x² - 1, x∈A, then

(a) show that f is a mapping from A to B.

(b) draw the arrow diagram to represent the mapping.

(c) represent the mapping in the roster form.

(d) write the domain and range of the mapping.

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 Solution

Solution-

Using f (x) = x² - 1, x ∈ A we have

f(1) = 0,

f(2) = 3,

f(3) = 8,

f(4) = 15

We observe that every element in set A has unique image in set B.

Therefore, f is a mapping from A to B.

(b) Arrow diagram which represents the mapping is given below.

(c) Mapping can be represented in the roster form as

f = {(1, 0); (2, 3); (3, 8); (4, 15)}

(d) Domain (f) = {1, 2, 3, 4} Range (f) = {0, 3, 8, 15}

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 Example

More examples on domain, co-domain and range of function:

1. Let N be the set of natural number if f: N → N by f (x) = 3x +2, then find f

(1), f (2), f (-3), f (-4).

Solution:

Since for f(x) = 3x + 2

then f(1) = 3 × 1 + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5

f(2) = 3 × 2 + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8

there for f(-3) = 3 × (-3) + 2 = -9 + 2 = -7

f(-4) = 3 × -4 + 2 = -12 + 2 = -10 Dr.Shipra Jain

 Type Of Functions
One-to-one function (injection):- if different elements of A have different images in B. For
f:-AB f(a) # f(b) for all a,b  A

Many-to-one function:- if two or more elements of Set A has same images in B.For f:-AB
there exists x,y  A such that x # y but f(x)=f(y).

Onto function (Surjection):-if every element of B is the image of some element of A. In

this case range of f is co-domain of f.

Into function:-if there exists an element in B which is not the image of any element of A.

Bijection (one-to-one onto function):-if function is one-to-one as well as onto then it is

bijection.

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 Type Of Functions

One-to-one into mapping:- Function which is one-to-one as well as into is one-to-

one into Function.
Many-to-one into mapping:- Function which is many-to-one as well as into is called
many-to-one into mapping.
Many-to-one onto mapping:- Function which is many-to-one as well as onto is
called many-to-one onto mapping

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Type Of Functions

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Type Of Functions

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Type Of Functions

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Type Of Functions

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Type Of Functions

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Type Of Functions

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Type Of Functions

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Type Of Functions

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 Example
Ex.-Let A be the set of students sitting on chairs in a class room and let B be the set of chairs
in a class room.Let f be the correspondence which associates to each student the chair
on which he sits. Since every student has some chair to sit on(of course two or more
than two students might sit on one chair) and no student can sit on two or more then
two chairs,
Therefore f:AB
1) If every student gets a separate chair and no chair is left vacant,then this is a case of
one-one onto mapping.
2) If every student gets a separate chair and still some chair lie vacant it is a one-one into
mapping.
3) If every student does not sit on separate chair and no chair is left vacant ,then this is a
case of many one onto mapping.
4) If every student does not sit on separate chair and some chair are left vacant then this
is a case of many one into mapping

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One-to-one function

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Onto function

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Example-1

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Example-2

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Example-3

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Example-1

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Example-2

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Example-1

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Example-2

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Example-3

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Example-3

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Example-4

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Example-5

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Example-6

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Example-7

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Example-8

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Example-9

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Example-10

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Example-10

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