Expansion

2.1 Expansion

Definition

Expansion of algebraic expression is the product of multiplication

of one or two expressions in brackets.

Expansion on Two Algebraic Expressions

When doing an expansion of algebraic expressions, every term within the bracket needs to be multiplied with the term outside the
bracket.

Example

a(x + y) = (a × x) + (a × y)

= ax + ay.

Combined Operations including Expansion

Combine operations for algebraic terms must be solved by following the 'BODMAS' rule.

B = Brackets

O = Order

    D = Division
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M = Multiplication

A = Addition

S = Subtraction

Examples

(i) (m + n)(x + y)

= mx + my + nx + ny.

(ii) y(x + z) = yx + yz

(iii) (b + c)(d + e)

= bd + be + cd + ce.

(iv) (d + e)2

= (d + e)(d + e)

= d2 + de + de + e2

= d2 + 2de + e2 .

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 = d2 + 2de + e2 .

(v) (k − l)2

= (k − l)(k − l)

= k 2 − kl − kl + l2

= k 2 − 2kl + l2 .

(vi) (b + c)(b − c) = b2 − c2

(vii)

(h − j)2 − 2h(3h − 3j)

= (h − j)(h − j) − 6h2 + 6hj

= h2 − 2hj + j 2 − 6h2 + 6hj

= −5h2 + j 2 + 4hj.

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 Factorisation

2.2 Factorisation

Definition

A process of determining the factors of an algebraic expression or algebraic terms and when multiplied together will form the
original expressions.
Also known as the reverse process of expansion.

Terms that related to the Product of Algebraic Expressions

(i) Factor

A number or quantity that when multiplied with another produces a given number or expression.

(ii) Common factor

The factor of an algebra term that divides two or more other terms exactly.

(iii) Highest Common Factor (HCF)

The largest of those common factors.

Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions

(i) Using HCF

Example

Factorise 7x + 35.

7x = 7
×x  
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35 = 5 × 7

∴ HCF = 7.

The algebraic expressions, 7x + 35 can be written as a product of two factors, 7(x + 5).

The common factor, 7, has been taken out and placed in front of the bracket.

The expression inside the bracket is obtained by dividing each term with 7.

(ii) Using difference of squares of two terms

This method can only be used if the two algebraic terms are perfect squares.

(iii) Using Cross Multiplication

Algebraic expressions of ax2 + bx + c, where by a 

= 0 and a, b, c are integers that can be factorised.

(iv) Using common factors involving 4 algebraic terms

Example

− + −

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 jm − jn + ym − yn

= j(m − n) + y(m − n)

= (j + y)(m − n).

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 Algebraic Expressions and Basic Arithmetic Operations
2.3 Algebraic Expressions and Basic Arithmetic Operations

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

Rules
Before adding or subtracting two algebraic fractions, check the denominators first.
If they are not the same, you need to express all fractions in terms of common denominators.

Examples

(i) 3y 3y 6y
+ =
5 5 5

(ii) 2 4s
−
3 9

2 × 3 4s
= −
3×3 9

6 − 4s
= .
9

(iii) 1 1
−
2k kj

1×j 1×2
= −
2k × j kj × 2

   
j−2
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Multiplication and Division

Factorise expressions before division or multiplication when it is necessary.

Example

m + n (m + n)2
÷ 2
x−y x − y2

m+n (x + y)(x − y )
= ×
x−y (m + n)(m + n)

x+y
= .
m+n

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