SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is used in Every Software Development Company The classical waterfall model is the

aterfall model is the basic software development life cycle model. It is

because it is the root of the Development Cycle, if that model would not exist in the world, firstly no very simple but idealistic. Earlier this model was very popular but nowadays it is not
software can build secondly if any how it would be made, it’s not going to succeed it has no use, used. However, it is very important because all the other software development life cycle
because of no maintenance, but Luckily SDLC model exist in Tech world But why we need it Actually models are based on the classical waterfall model. The waterfall model is useful in
To provide a structured and organized approach to software development: The SDLC provides a situations where the project requirements are well-defined and the project goals are
framework for managing the software development process, which helps to ensure that all necessary clear. It is often used for large-scale projects with long timelines, where there is little
steps are taken and that the final product meets the requirements. room for error and the project stakeholders need to have a high level of confidence in the
1] Requirements gathering and analysis: This phase involves gathering information about the outcome. The Waterfall process is a step-by-step development and project management
software requirements from stakeholders, such as customers, end-users, and business analysts. process. As the name suggests, this model follows a straight path where each step (like
2] Design: In this phase, the software design is created, which includes the overall architecture of planning, designing, building, testing, and launching) needs to be finished before moving
the software, data structures, and interfaces. 3] Implementation or coding: The design is then to the next. This approach works well for projects where all the steps are clear from the
implemented in code, usually in several iterations, and this phase is also called as beginning. The classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into a set of phases. This
Development.4]Testing: The software is thoroughly tested to ensure that it meets the requirements model considers that one phase can be started after the completion of the previous
and works correctly. 5] Deployment: After successful testing, The software is deployed to a phase. That is the output of one phase will be the input to the next phase. Thus the
production environment and made available to end-users. 6] Maintenance: This phase includes development process can be considered as a sequential flow in the waterfall. Here the
ongoing support, bug fixes, and updates to the software. phases do not overlap with each other.

computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is the implementation of computer-facilitated tools The Spiral Model is a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model that provides a
and methods in software development. CASE is used to ensure high-quality and defect-free software. systematic and iterative approach to software development. In its diagrammatic
CASE ensures a check-pointed and disciplined approach and helps designers, developers, testers, representation, looks like a spiral with many loops. The exact number of loops of the
managers, and others to see the project milestones during development. ADV : Improved spiral is unknown and can vary from project to project. Each loop of the spiral is called
Documentation: CASE tools automate documentation, ensuring it is accurate, up-to-date, and error- a phase of the software development process. The exact number of phases needed to
free, reducing misunderstandings caused by outdated material. Reusing Components: CASE tools develop the product can be varied by the project manager depending upon the project
support the creation and reuse of modular components, enabling faster development through tested, risks. As the project manager dynamically determines the number of phases, the project
reusable solutions. Quicker Development Cycles: Automation of tasks like testing and code manager has an important role in developing a product using the spiral model. It is based
generation shortens development times, allowing faster delivery of software and meeting evolving on the idea of a spiral, with each iteration of the spiral representing a complete software
business demands. Improved Productivity: By automating repetitive tasks, CASE tools let engineers development cycle, from requirements gathering and analysis to design,
focus on complex, creative aspects of development, enhancing overall output. implementation, testing, and maintenance. A risk is any adverse situation that might
DIS Cost: CASE tools are expensive, making them less attractive for small-scale software affect the successful completion of a software project. The most important feature of the
development, as the cost is often justifiable only for large systems. Learning Curve: Productivity may spiral model is handling these unknown risks after the project has started. Such risk
initially drop as users need time to learn the tools, requiring training and support to speed up the resolutions are easier done by developing a prototype.
learning process. Tool Mix: Selecting the right mix of tools and ensuring seamless integration across
platforms is critical for maximizing cost benefits and ensuring data consistency.
1] Software testing aims to reveal defects, not to prove that software is defect-free. It reduces the The RAD model or Rapid Application Development model is a type of software
presence of defects but cannot guarantee their absence. Testing can confirm the existence of bugs development methodology that emphasizes quick and iterative release cycles, primarily
but never ensures that the software is 100% free of them, even after multiple tests. 2] Exhaustive focusing on delivering working software in shorter timelines. Unlike traditional models
testing involves testing all possible inputs and conditions, but it is impractical because it's such as the Waterfall model, RAD is designed to be more flexible and responsive to user
impossible to test every test case. Only a subset of test cases is tested, and it’s assumed the feedback and changing requirements throughout the development process. IBM first
software will work correctly for untested cases.3] In a project, a small number of modules can proposed the Rapid Application Development or RAD Model in the 1980s. The RAD
contain most of the defects. The Pareto Principle for software testing states that 80% of software model is a type of incremental process model in which there is a concise development
defects come from 20% of modules. 4] Repeating the same test cases, again and again, will not find cycle. The RAD model is used when the requirements are fully understood and the
new bugs. So it is necessary to review the test cases and add or update test cases to find new bugs. component-based construction approach is adopted. Various phases in RAD
5] The testing approach depends on the context of the software developed. Different types of are Requirements Gathering, Analysis and Planning, Design, Build or Construction, and
software need to perform different types of testing 6] If a built software is 99% bug-free but does not finally Deployment. The critical feature of this model is the use of powerful development
follow the user requirement then it is unusable. It is not only necessary that software is 99% bug-free tools and techniques. A software project can be implemented using this model if the
but it is also mandatory to fulfill all the customer requirements. project can be broken down into small modules wherein each module can be assigned
independently to separate teams. These modules can finally be combined to form the
final product. Development of each module involves the various basic steps as in the
waterfall model i.e. analyzing, designing, coding, and then testing, etc. as shown in the
figure. Another striking feature of this model is a short period i.e. the time frame for
delivery(time-box) is generally 60-90 days.
A Use Case Diagram is a vital tool in system design, it provides a visual representation of how users Software Crisis is a term used in computer science for the difficulty of writing useful and
interact with a system. It serves as a blueprint for understanding the functional requirements of a efficient computer programs in the required time. The software crisis was due to using
system from a user’s perspective, aiding in the communication between stakeholders and guiding the the same workforce, same methods, and same tools even though rapidly increasing
development process. A Use Case Diagram is a type of Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram software demand, the complexity of software, and software challenges. With the
that represents the interaction between actors (users or external systems) and a system under increase in software complexity, many software problems arose because existing
consideration to accomplish specific goals. It provides a high-level view of the system’s functionality methods were insufficient. Suppose we use the same workforce, same methods, and
by illustrating the various ways users can interact with it. Use Case Diagram in UML serves as a same tools after the fast increase in software demand, software complexity, and
powerful tool for capturing and visualizing the functional requirements and interactions within a software challenges. In that case, there arise some issues like software budget
system. By representing actors, use cases, and their relationships in a clear and concise manner, this problems, software efficiency problems software management, and delivery problems,
diagram provides a high-level overview of the system’s behavior. etc. This condition is called a Software Crisis. Software myths are widespread
misconceptions about the software development process that can lead to
misunderstandings and unrealistic expectations. One common myth is that simply
building software will ensure user adoption, but in reality, marketing and understanding
user needs are critical for success. Another myth is the belief that all requirements can
be defined upfront; however, software requirements often evolve, making flexibility
essential during development.Many people assume that adding more features
automatically improves software, but this can lead to complexity and bloat. It’s also a
myth that testing is a single phase; instead, testing should be integrated throughout the
development process to catch issues early.