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Feeder Protection

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Srinivas Parvatini
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50 views3 pages

Feeder Protection

Uploaded by

Srinivas Parvatini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aim: To study feeder (Radial) protection system

Theoretical Background:

Whole of the power system can be subdivided in to number of radial feeders fed from one end.
Generally such radial feeders are protected by over current and earth fault relays used as primary
relays for 11 kV and 66 kV lines. For lines of voltage rating beyond 66 kV, distance protection is
applied as a primary protection whereas over current and earth fault relays are used as back up
relays.

A simplified radial feeder network without transformers (in actual practice transformers do exist at
substations) is shown in single line diagram of below fig.

If the fault occurs in distribution network, fuse should isolate the faulty section. Should the fuse fail,
relay R3 shall give back-up protection. Relays R1, R2, and R3 act as primary relays for faults in section
I, section I, and section III respectively. If fault in section III is not cleared by relaying scheme at
relaying point R3, relay R2 will act as a back-up. Similarly back-up protection is provided by relay R1
for faults in section II. A,B, C and D are substations in above fig.

Generally Inverse time over current relays with Definite Minimum Time feature (IDMT relays) are
used in practice. There are many types of such relays available in relay market, viz. normal inverse
relays, very inverse relays and extremely inverse relays. The other types of o/c relays are 3 second
relay and 1.3 second relay. This means the time of operation of the relay is either 3 or 1.3 second at
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) equal to 10. Long time inverse relays are used for o/c cum overload
application. Voltage restrains o/c relays have their own application.

Very inverse relays are less prone to the ratio ZS/ZL. Extremely inverse relays are yet better. Very
inverse relays are faster in operation for close-in faults yet maintaining the discrimination with fuse
and other relays. Extremely inverse relays are more meritorious in this aspect too. Instantaneous o/c
relays are not immune to ZS/ZL ratio. Definite time o/c relays are 100 % immune to this ratio. Very
inverse relays can be used with an additional advantage while protecting a machine or a transformer
as they match with the heating characteristic of equipment better than their normal inverse
equivalent. 17

Microprocessor-based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as providing
types of protection and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays. Electromechanical
relays provide only rudimentary indications of involved phase and zone targets. In many cases a single
microprocessor relay provides functions that would take two or more electromechanical devices. By
combining several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost
over electromechanical relays. Important transmission lines and generators have cubicles dedicated
to protection, with many individual electromechanical devices, or one or two microprocessor relays.

Laboratory Simulations:

Referring to AC circuit of below fig. a live model of a radial feeder fed from one end can be self understood.
A microprocessor based feeder protection system having three Over current relays used to protect the radial
feeder protection system.

This is only a single phase version of a radial feeder. Faults in different sections can be created by switches S1 , S2
and S3. Here C.T. secondary rating is 1 Amp and relay rating is 1 Amp. This is contradicting the practice for
practical purpose.
PROCEDURE: -
1) The above circuit already connected internally in the Kit. Connect the CT secondary to Relay as per
color of the Connector, for example Red connector to red, yellow connector to yellow and blue
connector to blue. Short the all CT second terminal and connect to Black terminal of the Relay.
2) Set current and time setting of relays as per requirement
3) Switch on power supply to dimmer as well as to time interval meter.
4) Adjust the current setting of the relay.
5) Adjust the time setting of relay.
6) Now put the selector switch in SET mode. Now set on the selector switch and slowly vary the variac
and bring it to above the set value in the Relay.
7) Now put the selector switch into TEST mode and push the Start Push button.
8) Observe the relay, it turn off the Circuit breaker.
9) Note the reading of the timer
10) The above procedure can be repeated for different relay set current and operating any one of the
three switches provided on the front panel.

Tabular column

Fault Location Relay setting Current Feeder Fault Current Tripping Time

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