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Abcd Parameters

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Srinivas Parvatini
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26 views

Abcd Parameters

Uploaded by

Srinivas Parvatini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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User Manual

ABCD Parameters of Transmission Line


Determination of A,B,C,D constants of short, medium and long lines.

Aim:
To determine A,B,C,D constants of transmission lines for R=4 OHMS, L=80mH, C=0.44
µf.

APPARATUS:

1. Digital Ammeter, 20A, AC - 02 Nos.


2. Digital Voltmeter, 0-600V, AC – 02 Nos.
3. Connecting Wires

Circuit Diagram: SHORT DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE

MEDIUM DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE

LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE

PROCEDURE:

DETERMINATION OF CONSTANT A.C.


 Make connections as per circuit diagram.

 Switch ON the trainer.

 Set the input voltage as 40 volts by adjusting Variac


 Note down the readings of VS, VR and IS in the digital meters.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

DETERMINATION OF CONSTANT B, D:

 Now short the output terminals of the transmission line.

 Switch ON the trainer.

 Set the input voltage as 10 volts by adjusting Variac

 Note down the readings of VS, IS and IR in the digital meters.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

Now repeat the above procedure (i.e conducting OC test and SC test) for medium
distance transmission line and long distance transmission line.
FERRANTI EFFECT IN A TRANSMISSION LINE

AIM:
To observe the Ferranti effect in a model of transmission line.

APPARATUS:
Transmission Line Trainer Kit

THEORY:
1 Ferranti Effect:

Long transmission line/cables draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line/cable is open
circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater than
voltage at sending end due to capacitive reactance. This is known as Ferranti Effect. Both capacitance and
inductance is responsible to produce this effect. The capacitance (which is responsible for charging current)
is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. Hence, this
phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines. The figure shown below is representing a transmission line
by an equivalent pi (p)-model. The voltage rise is proportional to the square of the line length.

In general practice we know, that for all electrical systems current flows from the region of higher potential
to the region of lower potential, to compensate for the electrical potential difference that exists in the
system. In all practical cases the sending end voltage is higher than the receiving end, so current flows from
the source or the supply end to the load. But Sir S.Z.Ferranti, in the year 1890, came up with an astonishing
theory about medium and long distance transmission line suggesting that in case of light loading or no load
operation of transmission system, the receiving end voltage often increases beyond the sending end
voltage, leading to a phenomena known as Ferranti Effect in Power System.

A long transmission line can be considered to compose a considerably high amount of capacitance and
inductor distributed across the entire length of the line. Ferranti Effect occurs when current drawn by the
distributed capacitance of the line itself is greater than the current associated with the load at the
receiving end of the line (during light or no load). This capacitor charging current leads to voltage
drop across the line inductor of the transmission system which is in phase with the sending end voltages.
This voltage drop keeps on increasing additively as we move towards the load end of the line and
subsequently the receiving end voltage tends to get larger than applied voltage leading to the phenomena
called Ferranti Effect.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig..Circuit for study of Ferranti effect

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect mains cable to 230VAC, Single phase supply with proper earth connection.

2. Keep MAINS MCB in OFF position and the variac in Zero position.

3. Make the connection as per circuit diagram shown in above fig . Now the connection is for
receiving end open condition.

4. Switch on MAINS MCB. All the meters will glow.

5. Set the voltage of sending end to required level by varying the variac.

6. Note down the reading for all parameters i.e., sending end voltage and receiving end voltage.

7. You can observe that the receiving end voltage will be higher than sending end voltage.

8. Note down the value for different sending end voltage readings.

9. The receiving end voltage will be higher than sending end.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No. Sending End Voltage Receiving End Voltage


EFFECT OF SHUNT COMPENSATION

AIM
To determine shunt compensation to counteract the voltage rise on no load and zero regulation at different
loads in a transmission line.

APPARATUS
Transmission Lie trainer

THEORY
In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It
works as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types:

Shunt capacitive compensation


This method is used to improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the
transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is
connected which draws current leading the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor.

Shunt inductive compensation


This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when there is very low load at the
receiving end. Due to very low, or no load – very low current flows through the transmission line. Shunt
capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification (Ferranti effect). The receiving end
voltage may become double the sending end voltage (generally in case of very long transmission
lines). To compensate, shunt inductors are connected across the transmission line.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Circuit for receiving end open

Fig. 2 Circuit with compensation connected


PROCEDURE:

1. Connect mains cable to 230VAC, Single phase supply with proper earth connection.

2. Keep MAINS MCB in OFF position and the variac in Zero position.

3. Make the connection as per circuit diagram shown in fig (6.1). Now the connection is for
receiving end open condition.

4. Switch on MAINS MCB. All the meters will glow.

5. Set the voltage of sending end to required level by varying the variac.

6. Note down the reading of sending end voltage and receiving end voltage.

7. You can observe that the receiving end voltage will be higher than sending end voltage.

8. Now introduce the compensation unit and Connect as per fig 2.

TABULAR COLUMN:

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