1. What can be said for incidents in aviation caused by human?

a. Human failures decreases as the times go on

b. It is increased to 80%
c. It decreases while the incidents caused by technology increases

2. Which definition is true for hull loss?

a. Loss of airworthiness of aircraft after an accident
b. The accidents that are not really noticed by public
c. That is an unsignificant mistake corrected easily

3. Which can not be the consequence of Fender Bender accidents?

a. Change of crew, medical care of injured persons
b. Increase in assurance rate and rebooking of passengers
c. Improvement of the image due to fast solution of problem

4. Waht does Mc Murphy’s law state?

a. Many a little makes a mickle
b. If anything can go wrong it will
c. If you lie down with dogs you will rise up with fleas

5. Which of the followings is not an element of internal PSF?

a. Stress
b. Education
c. Inadequate training support

6. What are most recent PSFs?

a. Insufficient type training, stress, inadequate working conditions
b. Medical condition, stress, trouble
 c. Tools and equipment, education, frustration

7. Which of the followings can not be behaviour of certifying staff?

a. In case of emergency situations he may ask the colleagues to help
b. Working according to norms since he has enough training and experience
c. He is aware of unsafe situations and acts carefully

8. What is the proper reaction in case of a mistake?

a. Take any afford to find out why this could happen
b. Take any afford to find out who made it
c. Assign blame to the person to make him/her understand the mistake

9. What is the range of hearing of a human?

a. 20 Hz to 20 kHz
b. 20 Hz to 200 Hz
c. 20 kHz to 20,000 kHz

10. What is the sound intensity limit where ear protection must be worn?
a. 120 dB
b. 100 dB
c. 80 dB

11. Which of the following learning ways applies to processes such as memory,
attention, perception etc.?
a. Cognitive learning
b. Motor learning
 c. Affective learning

12. Which of the following is some of the responsibilities of left brain?

a. Musicality, artistic, intuition
b. Responsible for rational intelligence
c. Responsible for emotions

13. Which is not true for claustrophobia?

a. It involves the fear of enclosed or confined spaces
b. Claustrophobes may suffer from panic attack
c. Indications of claustrophobia is activeness and comfort

14. Which is true according to Maslow’s Hierarchy?

a. The lower need in pyramid, the less powerfull it is
b. A person can only be motivated to a higher level if the lower one has been
satisfied
c. Security is one of the first needs of human

15. Which of the followings effects motivation of an employee negatively?

a. Mobbing
b. Recognition
c. Professional education

16. Personal habits and desires may effect a group norm of attitudes and behaviours.
How is that called?
a. Teamwork
b. Social psychology
c. Peer pressure
17. Which is not function of management?
a. Ordering
b. Planning
c. Leading

18. Which one is true for a Professional?

a. He/she should be customer oriented and orderliness and serve immediately
b. He/she should be on Schedule and self oriented
c. Complacency, immediate service, consolidated knowledge can be his/her
characteristics

19. Why are families and supervisor companies are important with respect to the
requirements for an employee?
a. They are the financial sources
b. They support the employee to be successful in working life
c. An employee doesnt need to make an effort to earn his/her living, they can do
it instead of him/her

20. what are the elements of ideal fitness triangle?

a. Mental and emotional health and physical fitness
b. Physical activity, nutrition and emotional health
c. Intellect, intuition, body

21. Any factor that causes stress is called…

 a. Trouble
b. Stressor
c. Pressure

22. How is positive stress called?

a. Eu-stress
b. Dis-stress
c. Processive stress

23. How is negative stress called?

a. Eu-stress
b. Dis-stress
c. Processive stress

24. Which element of fitness states that ‘keeping business and work up-to-date,
accepting changes in technology, undergoing training on new software, hardware
and procedures’?
a. Intellect
b. Emotion
c. Intuition

25. Which can be the consequence of time pressure?

a. Accomplishing a task immediately without any risk at the time
b. Fatigue, stress and loss of efficiency
c. Self actualisation, feeling highly motivated

26. According to Pareto Pricnciple, what can be said?

a. 80% of the working time is spent for 80% of the required result
b. 20% of the working time is spent for 20% of the required result
 c. 80% of the time is spent for 20% of the required result

27. Which can be led by fatigue?

a. It may cause microsleeps and loss of concentration
b. An efficient work causes fatigue and it is the only way to gain a good
experience
c. It is able to continue functioning normal abilities due to an increased level of
effort

28. Which is not true for the types of sleep?

a. REM sleep is characterised by loss of skeletal muscle tone and sympathetic
nervous system
b. NREM sleep is characterised by parasympathetic nervous system
c. During REM sleep, the body gets ready for tension and reflection

29. Which is true for working times?

a. Working between 02:00 and 04:00 increases performance because the body is
ready for wake-up
b. Working time between 12:00 and 16:00 is the most ideal one
c. Highest probability to make mistake is between 02:00 and 04:00

30. Which is less effective comparing the others, as the cause of the sleep disorders or
short period sleeps?
a. Change between day and night shift
b. Less sleep during day time
c. High responsibility in working area

31. What is the measurement unit of light intensity?

a. LX
b. LUX
 c. LAMP

32. What is the lighting requirement in aircraft maintenance?

a. It is desireable to use illumination as much as possible
b. For a particular task there may be a spesific illumination interval
c. According to the procedures, it is not allowed to perform maintenance except
that at daylight

33. Which is true for the temperature in working area?

a. Increasing temperature out of the ideal range will lead to an increase in the
error rate
b. The higher temperature the less rest needed
c. Temperature must be Standard for any task and doesnt vary with work load

34. What are the elements of communication?

a. Gesture, facial expression, posture, speach
b. Subconscious mind, gesture, speach
c. Speach, gesture, posture

35. What does visual management mean?

a. Graffic to show all necessary information of next task and when to start it
b. To check the cracks on a part or component visually
c. To evaluate the performance of staff by observing

36. Which is true for the stages of Error Iceberg?

a. The tip of the iceberg shows the serious incidents which have not been
announced officially
b. The middle section contains all occurences which can be officially investigated
 c. The lower section is visible and announced officially

37. Which dirty dozen factor exists in a working area where day shift doesnt know
what night shift did last night?
a. Lack of Teamwork
b. Lack of Communication
c. Distraction

38. Which is true for errors?

a. 75% of all errors are introduced during maintenance phase
b. 80% of all errors are discovered during customer operation
c. 75% of all errors are discovered during product definition, development and
planning phase

39. Which of the following conditions creates a risk of no flight?

a. Criticality of fault is high and there is no probability of fault occurence
b. There is a probability of fault occurence and the fault is not critical
c. There is a probability of fault occurence and criticality of fault is high

40. Which element of shel model includes the procedures and instructions?
a. Software
b. Environment
c. Liveware

41. What is the difference between ideal system and real system according to Swiss
cheese model?
a. In the ideal system there is no interference but pitfalls in real system
b. In the real system there is an effect from human but not in ideal system
c. Consequently, the ideal system is dangerous but the real system is not
42. Which of the following behaviours may lead to an accident?
a. Abnormalities are not ignored
b. Abnormalities are recognised and interpreted
c. Malfunctions are not detected

43. In which hazard mode there is no risk?

a. Dormant
b. Armed
c. Active

44. What are the dynamic effects of Fish Bone?

a. Man, machine, material
b. Man, milieu, management
c. Machine, method, material

45. What is the purpose of 6M diagram?

a. To provide a feed-back system amongst all factors
b. To achieve quality, safety and reliability
c. To gain positive effect from all causes by improving management

46. What are the static effects of fish bone?

a.man, machine, material
b. man, milieu, management
c. machine, method, material

47. What should you do if one of your colleague has alcohol problem at work?
a. You are not trained for such a situation and you better do nothing
 b. Tell him it is not a good habit and suggest him to join a therapy session
c. Try to convince him it is a dangerous situation and report it to your supervisors

48. The risk is defined by:

a. Age of the aircraft and quality of maintenance
b. Probability of fault criticality and occurence of faults in maintenance
c. Probability of fault occurence and criticality of fault

49. What is the philosophy of SHELL Model?

a. Defining relations between Hardware, Software and Enforcement
b. Defining relations between Liveware, Hardware, Software and Environment
c. Defining relations between Liveware, Software, Environment and Handling

50. What does ‘visual management’ mean?

a. Grafic to show all steps of work over a time line
b. Protocol from the last management meeting
c. Report to show in writing the planned work over costs

51. What can be the correct behaviour to prevent a misunderstanding?

a. Ask someone immediately if anything seems unclear
b. That is not under your responsibility, an expert is needed
c. Dont worry, someone will clear it

52. Claustrophobia is:

a. Fear of flying
b. Fear to work in small and constrained compartments
c. Fear to work under ladders
53. What items are included in maslow’s hierarchy of human needs ?
a. Recognition, information, leading feedback
b. Mobbing, disregard, unfair salary
c. Selfactualisation, esteem, security

54. Which elemet of Maslow’s hierarchy may cover the abilities of creativity and
problem solving?
a. Physiological
b. Esteem
c. Self actualisation

55. From the beginning of air operations the amount of technical related accidents are:
a. Decreasing to about zero %
b. Increasing to about 80%
c. No change in the rate

56. Who must take training of Human Factors according to the regulations?
a. All employees in a maintenance organisation
b. Only certifying staff in a maintenance organisation
c. Only supervisors in maintenance organisation

57. What are complacency, distraction and lack of communication items of?
a. Cause and effect diagram
b. Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs
c. Dirty dozen

58. Why is the lack of awareness dangerous?

a. Fully concentrated on the work
b. Being not aware of work and having a distraction
 c. Target time may be exceeded

59. Why is it dangerous to work between 1 and 4 o’clock a.m?

a. Aircraft is not suitable to be fixed at these hours
b. Posibility of making mistake increases since the body rhythm slows down
c. It is almost impossible to concentrate the task since the body rhythm speeds
up

60. What is the importance of reporting and recording in aviation?

a. Important for authorities to identify released aircraft
b. To prove a safe job and anything was in accordance with the rules
c. For knowledge and experience proof

61. What are the types of inspection in aviation?

a. Only by measurement
b. It is done mechanically by removing the malfunctions
c. Visually and by measurement

62. What is the advantage of taking Human Factors training?

a. Making less mistakes and have not to care anymore about quality and safety
b. Making less mistakes and thereby reducing costs for repairs
c. Working more quietly and respecting breaks every 60 minutes

63. What are the requirements for a qualified staff in aviation?

a. Fitness, knowledge of type, teamwork
b. Good basic education, language and communication skill
c. Knowledge of type, anger management, being supported by the family

64. What are the main reasons of accidents?

 a. Technical faults and mistaken procedures
b. Human failures and technical failures
c. If anything can go wrong it will

65. Which of the following are the element of internal PSF?

a. Frusturation, stress, education
b. Bad environment, inadequate training support, trouble
c. Tools and equipment, insufficient equipped workshop

66. Which doesnt make ‘safety culture’ in an organization?

a. Exemplary function of all leading staff
b. Be aware of unsafe situations
c. Assign blame to the persons

67. Which of the following are under the responsibility of left half of brain?
a. Control of left hand, reading, writing
b. Control of right hand, logical toughts, speaking
c. Musicality, artistic, intuition

68. Status, property and career are the elements of…

a. Self actualisation
b. Social
c. Esteem

69. Which of the followingis not element of fitness?

a. Interest, intellect, emotion
b. Intellect, intuition, body
c. Intellect, intiution, instinct
70. In a communication what are the sources for speaker to transmit a message,
information or opinion?
a. Personal experience, attitude, subconscious mind
b. Gesture, facial expression, posture
c. Perception, reception, background

71. The accronym SHELL stand for?

a. Software, hardware, environment, liveware and language
b. Software, hardware, environment, liveware and liveware
c. Software, hardware, evolution, liveware and language

72. What is meant by Software in SHELL model?

a. Facilities, equipments, hangars
b. Tools and equipments
c. Procedures, manuals, instructions

73. What is the purpose of SHELL model?

a. To show that one system element can not be changed without influencing
others
b. To present things that a man must be isolated to work efficiently
c. To improve the relation between two person by using the common materials
around

74. One colleague tells you to be hurry in order to complete a task earlier than
determined duration. Which element of dirty dozen explains this situation?
a. Lack of awareness
b. Time pressure
c. Norms
75. Which of the following can be a safety net against ‘distraction’?
a. Try to complete task immediately then go to relax
b. Use some medicine or drug to be able to focus the task
c. Stop working or unfasten all connection and take a rest

76. Which of the following safety nets can not be useful against lack of communication?
a. Use logbooks to communicate, to remove doubt
b. Discuss the work to be done
c. Use your sixth sense and assumptions when you need

77. Which of the following can be a mean against complacency?

a. Use the manual even if the task has been made million times before
b. Use your time efficiently and say no if you feel a pressure
c. Stop working, that is not a profession that you can do

78. Which of the following is not an effect of excessive noise?

a. Deafness
b. Damage of eardrum
c. Acoustic communication easiness

79. What is the possible consequence of time pressure?

a. Errors may occur due to the stress, the target time may be exceeded
b. Everyone will be winner since that will increase the efficiency of work
c. All task is accomplished without any mistake and that will be a good exemplary
consequence for others

80. How often is human factor gotton as a continuation training according to Part 145
regulations?
 a. 1 year
b. 2 year
c. 3 year

81. Which is not under responsibility of right half brain?

a. Control of right hand
b. Intuition
c. Pictorial vision

82. Which of the following about Maslow’s Hierarchy is correct?

a. A person can only be motivated to a lower motivation level if the higher has
been satisfied
b. A person can be forced to want to do something but not to do it
c. If the level security has been satisfied a person can be motivated to the level
social

83. Which of the following gives positive motivation?

a. Recognition
b. Disregard
c. Exessive demand

84. Which of the following can not be a behaviour of supervisor in positive motivating-
management style?
a. Appreciation of all performances
b. Rewarding special service
c. Complaints even for negligible errors

85. What can be the consequence of authoritarian management style?

a. Supervisor and also employee are winner
 b. Employee will present an accepting appreciation against honest appreciation
of supervisor
c. Employee will internally quit after missing appreciation

86. What is the ideal working time interval?

a. 07:00-12:00 and 16:00-20:00
b. 02:00-04:00 and 16:00-20:00
c. 02:00-04:00 and 12:00-16:00

87. What defines the management in 6M(F ish Bone)?

a. The conditions such as location, time etc
b. Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its quality
c. How the process is performed and the specşfşc requirements for doing it

1-B 11-A 21-B 31-B 41-A 51-A 61-C 71-B 81-A

2-A 12-B 22-A 32-B 42-C 52-B 62-B 72-C 82-C
3-C 13-C 23-B 33-A 43-A 53-C 63-A 73-A 83-A
4-B 14-B 24-A 34-A 44-B 54-C 64-B 74-B 84-C
5-C 15-A 25-B 35-A 45-B 55-A 65-A 75-C 85-C
6-A 16-C 26-C 36-B 46-C 56-A 66-C 76-C 86-A
7-B 17-A 27-A 37-B 47-C 57-C 67-B 77-A 87-B
8-A 18-A 28-C 38-B 48-C 58-B 68-C 78-C
9-A 19-B 29-C 39-C 49-B 59-B 69-A 79-A
10-C 20-A 30-C 40-A 50-A 60-B 70-A 80-B
Please answer the following questions by using your own words. It is important to write complete
and legible sentences according to the philosophy of essay examinations.
1. What is the basic definiton of human factors?

2. What are the reasons for aircraft accidents? How has the effect of factors been
changing by time?

3. Which type of accidents are called Fender Bender accidents? What are the costs
caused by Fender Bender?

4. Explain performance shaping factors by giving examples to internal and external

PSFs.

5. What do you understand with the term ‘safety culture’? How can an individual gain
it?
6. Explain the responsibilities of left and right halfs of brain with examples.

7. What is claustrophobia? Which parts of aircraft is risky for claustrophobes?

8. What is the phylosophy of Maslow’s Hierarchy? Explain the elements of it.

9. Identify a Professional person.

10. What are the requirements for an employee? Why is family and supervisor
company important?
11. What are the elements of fitness? Explain 2 of them with short examples.

12. What are the types of stress? Identify a negatively stressed person.

13. Explain the Pareto Principle.

14. What are the elements of Dirt Dozen and explain 3 of them with short examples.

15. What are the variables of risk. Give an example for risk by using variables.

16. What does the acronym SHELL stands for? Describe it with an example.

17. How can an error be handled?

18. What is the main purpose of cause and effect diagram? Describe the six elements
by categorising them.

19. Explain 5 of the elements which effects significantly motivation of an employee.