Computer & Age of Information

The Information age commonly known as the Computer

Age or Digital Age, is a period in human history
characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the
industrial revolution brought through industrialization, to
an economy based on the manipulation of information, i.e., - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), a German
an information society. mathematician, successfully introduced a calculator
designed in 1673 but was completed in 1694.
The Information Age began around the 1970s and is still - The calculator could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
going on today. This era brought about a time period in which
people could access information and knowledge easily. Schikard's Machine
- Wilhelm Schikard, a German scientist,
Characteristics of the Information Age invented a machine in 1623 that used
1. Use of information to increase productivity sprocketed wheels to add, multiply and
2. Global use of information divide.
3. Emphasis on innovations
Slide Rule
The Printing Press - Developed by William Oughtred, it
- Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and printer. consists of two movable rulers placed
- Gutenberg was the first to develop movable type. This side by side. Sliding the rulers can do
allowed for mass production of books. multiplication and division.
- Gutenberg's invention revolutionized book-making in
Europe.
- Gutenberg was the key figure in spreading the Difference Engine
Renaissance.
- His invention of movable type is still considered the most
important invention in history.

The Mechanical Computer era (1623–1945)

- mechanical computers were built from only moving
mechanical components such as levers and gears, rather
than electronic components.
- Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, built a
Evolution of Computer Technology working model of an early computer-ike mechanical
device that called the Difference Engine that can solve
Abacus mechanical problems using the capacity of 20 decimals.
- One of the early precursors of the - Charles Babbage's invented these machines which had a
computer. It is an instrument containing significant influence in computer development. He drew
beads used for arithmetic calculations. up detailed plans for mechanical calculating engines, both
the table-making Difference Engines (1821) and the
Napier's Bone Analytical Engines (1837).
- Invented by John Napier - Though the machines were mechanical and bulky, the
- it can perform multiplications and basic concept is similar to the modern computer. It is for
divisions. It contains a set of 11 sticks this reason why he is often looked at as one of the
(bones) and are used by placing them pioneers of computers.
side by side.
- invented the logarithms and Napier's Jacquard’s Loom
bones and popularized the use of the decimal. - Developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard, a
French inventor. This machine uses punch
The Pascaline cards to program designs on fabrics and
- Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician carpets, making them easier to be woven.
invented a calculating machine that can
add and subtract and comes with eight The Hollerith Tabulating Machine
rotating gears, with each wheel - Herman Hollerith, an American inventor,
representing places in the decimal designed a coding scheme and a mechanical
system. tabulating machine which used punch cards
that can be electronically read to process
high volumes of data.
Leibniz’s Calculator/Wheel
The Turing Machine A.K.A The Universal Machine 1936 Mark I
- Developed by Howard Aiken, Mark I
was the first electromechanical digital
computing machine.

Eniac

- The story of modern electronic digital computing should

start with Alan Turing who published a paper in 1936 On
Computable Numbers, with an application to the
Entscheidungs problem (which means “decision - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
problem”). The paper proved that a machine equipped - The ENIAC computer was very large in size.
with wheels and levers was capable of calculating various - Its technology is Vacuum tubes.
mathematical equations and store aggregate amounts of - It was the first general purpose computer.
data, thus making it more efficient than humans who
served as manual computers. The development of John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John Mauchly (1907-
Universal Turing Machine UTM known as the first 1980) of the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of
“computing machine” earned him the title “Father of the Engineering
Modern Technology”
- In his paper, Turing presented a theoretical machine that
could solve any problem that could be described by Univac
simple instructions encoded on a paper tape. - Universal Automatic Computer
- Used stored programs
- The Univac computer was made in 1951.
- This computer was faster and smaller that
Eniac and Mark I computer.
- It was the first successful commercially
available machine.

- Konrad Zuse, German civil engineer and entrepreneur

devised the world’s first programmable computer between Computer Generations
1936-1939. - Is a computer era or period characterized by development
- His electromechanical computer, the Z3, was the first and use of a particular computer technology that
Turing-complete digital computer to be created and significantly changed the way computers operated.
became operational in 1941. - The Development of Computer technology is grouped
into five generations.
- Each generation is marked by advancement in basic
technologies which have resulted in:
• computers of lower cost
• higher speed
• greater memory capacity
• smaller size than computers of preceding/former
generations.

- Around 1939, John V. Atanasoff together with Clifford

Berry, they created the first electronic digital computer
called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
- The machine was able to solve for variables one at a time
until an entire system of equations is solved.

- Tommy Harold Flowers, a British Post Office employee,

invented the world’s first programmable electronic
computer in 1943 called the Colossus.
 First Generation (1940-1956) Third Generation (1964-1971)

Vacuum Tubes Integrated Circuits or ICs

- The first computers used vacuum - The development of the
integrated circuit was the
tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums
hallmark of the third
for memory, and were often generation of computers.
enormous, taking up entire rooms. - Transistors were
- They were very expensive to operate miniaturized and placed on
and in addition to using a great deal of silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and
electricity, generated a lot of heat,
efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and
which was often the cause of malfunctions. printouts, users interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program
that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time
became accessible to a mass audience because they were
smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Second Generation (1956-1963)

Transistors
- Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered
in the second generation of computers. The Fourth Generation (1971-2000)
transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late - In the fourth generation of computers, the invention of the
1950s. The transistor was far superior to the microprocessor, thousands of integrated circuits built onto
vacuum tube, allowing computers to become a single silicon chip (commonly known as CPU) helped to
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient get computers to the desk and, later, lap-size that we still
and more reliable than their first-generation know and use today.
predecessors. Though the transistor still - The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
generated a great deal of heat that subjected the components of the computer-from the CPU and memory
computer to damage, it was a vast improvement to input/output controls on a single chip.
over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still - In 1981, we saw the first home computers, brought to us
relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. by IBM, and in 1984, the first Apple Macintosh was
introduced.
- Over time these small computers became more powerful
and, before long, the Internet was developed.
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) - Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized
communications and methods of commerce by allowing
- Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial various computer networks around the world to
intelligence. interconnect.
- Are still in development, though there are some - The internet is a globally connected network system
applications, such as voice recognition. facilitating worldwide communication and access to data
- The use of parallel processing and superconductors is resources through a vast collection of private, public,
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. business, academic and government networks.
- The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are The Internet has grown and evolved over time thus it facilitate
capable of learning and self-organization. services like:
• Email.
• Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services.
• Online movies and gaming.
• Data transfer/file-sharing, often through File Transfer
Protocol (FTP).
• Instant messaging
• Internet forums
• Social networking
• Online shopping
• Financial services

The World Wide Web

- The World Wide Web (www) is a huge collection of
documents called web pages written in HTML (Hyper
Text Mark-up Language). These pages are linked to each
Moore’s Law
other by hyperlink. When a hyperlink takes you to a
- According to Moore’s Law, the number of transistors on a
picture or video, it is known as hypermedia.
chip roughly doubles every two years (18 months). As a
- The World Wide Web was conceived in 1990 at CERN
result, the size of computers gets smaller and smaller.
Switzerland, at the European Laboratory for Particles
- This was an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon
Physics by a young scientist Tim Bemers Lee. The
Moore in 1965. He noticed that the number of transistors
World Wide Web is now managed by a committee which
per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every
is known as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
year since their invention.
- To access information from this global network, the
- Moore’s law predicts that this trend will continue into the
World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990 by Tim
foreseeable future, making computers smaller and
Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist and researcher
cheaper.
at CERN
- Web is one of the services communicated over the
Internet and World Wide Web
internet; a portion of the internet.
- During cold war (1945-1989), different nations utilized
computer technology to be able to efficiently gather and
deliver information MOSAIC (1993) popularized the World Wide Web and the
- In US, academic institutions and government agencies Internet: client for internet protocols; first browser to display
worked together to come up with systems to address such images online with text instead of displaying images in a
processes separate windows
- The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) was created in 1969. INTERNET EXPLORER 1995) series of graphical web
- ARPANET was a packet switching network that grouped browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the
data in a message into parts or packets that are sent Microsoft Windows line of operating systems starting in 1995
independently to other computers in the system through
the most optimal route. MOZILLA FIREFOX or Firefox is a free and open source
- Once the message reaches its destination, it reassembles web browser developed by Mozilla Foundation; created in
itself and can be read as it was originally composed. 2002 under the codename "Phoenix"
- In the 20 years of its operation, ARPANET was able to
connect computer networks across the UnitednStates, Microsoft develops programs like Microsoft Office, Microsoft
Europe, and Australia until it was decommissioned in Windows and other influential products
1990.
- It was then replaced by a system called the internet. Microsoft office is a family of client software, server software
- INTERNET is a collective name of all the devices that and services; first announced by Bill Gates on August 1,1988
consist the global network including hardware and
infrastructure. Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating
system amilies that caters to certain sector
Web Browsers - a computer-based platform to facilitate sharing our
- used primarily for displaying and accessing websites on thoughts, ideas, and information to communicate with
the internet, as well as other content created using other people.
languages such as HTML and Extensible Markup - usually based on user-generated content and they give
Language (XML). translate web pages and websites people the chance to get to know each other better.
delivered using HTTP into human-readable content. they - social media websites & applications are designed to
also have the ability to display other protocols and facilitate the creation & exchange of information in a
prefixes, such as secure HTTP (HTTPS), File Transfer virtual space
Protocol (FTP), email handling (mailto:), and files (file:). - can be accessed through computers or mobile phones
- social media is where you can show your life and you can
see others’ lives.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language), standard language
used to create websites and application

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), the protocol that

defines how information is formatted and distributed on
servers and browsers.

Internet Protocol (IP) are addresses used to properly identify

each individual device connected to the Internet.

Examples of Web Browsers

• Safari
• Microsoft Edge
• Google Chrome
• Opera Browser The Rise of Social Media
• Firefox - It currently plays a large role in the advertising industry
• Brave - It can also help people engage in political matters
- It also allowed many of its users to enter or create virtual
• Vivaldi
worlds where they can express themselves freely, as well
• Torch
as share experiences with others with similar interests
• Avast Secure Browser - It is also used as a means for leisure, and most users use it
• UR Browser to connect with family, friends, and loved ones
• Aloha Browser - Also allowed people to express their opinions on virtually
• Epic Privacy Browser anything for other people to read; locally news agency use
• SlimBrowser it to disseminate news & announcements every day.
• Waterfox
• Tor Browser The easy access to social media presents its own risks.
- The issue of privacy & identity theft
Search Engine and URL - Cyberbullying
- search engine is a (usually web-based) computer program - Sexual abuse online
that collects and organizes content from all over the - Effects on the way a society establishes its norms &
internet. ideologies
- Responds to the user’s query composed of keywords or
phrases by providing a list of results that best match the Social Media in Education
user’s query; the results can take the form of links to
websites, images, videos, or other online data
- Examples of search engines : Google, Bing, Yahoo!,
Ask.com, Baidu, DuckDuckGo, Yandex

Social Media
- As Aristotle, the Greek philosopher has claimed, man is a
social animal. He needs to interact with other humans to
satisfy his needs.
- Although man and his lifestyle have changed, some things
never change. Interaction with other people is one of Some facts that you might didn’t know about social media
those never-changing needs.
- Interaction has so many forms and as technology is being - The average time a user spends on social media per day is
developed, ways of being social evolve. 2 hours & 24 minutes.
- the most prominent technological advancement of the new - The number of apps that social media users check
millennium averagely reaches up to 8, including social networks and
messaging apps.
- 4.95 B people around the world use the internet as of Jan.
2022, mostly for using social media (4.62B people).
- The most used social platforms are Facebook YouTube
WhatsApp Facebook Messenger, WeChat, and Instagram.
- Facebook had 2.96 billion monthly active users as of Q3
2022,( placing it 1st in the ranking of the world’s most
‘active’ social media platforms, 2 billion total number of
daily active users
- 73% marketers believe social media is effective in their
business.
- 54% of internet users search social media to find their
favorite products.
- In 2019, the number of active stories and Instagram
reached 500 million.
- 91% of social media users access the social channels via
mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
- India has the largest Facebook audience sizes the largest
Facebook audience size (329.65 M)

Top 3 Facebook stats every marketer should know

- Facebook is the third most visited website following
Google and Youtube, respectively. This puts it ahead of
other leading platforms like Twitter and Instagram.
- The platform boasts 3.065 billion active users on a
monthly basis. This makes it the most used social media
platform worldwide.
- In 2023, Facebook's total ad revenue amounted to $135
billion, up from $116 billion the previous year.

Out of the 3.065 billion monthly active users, 2.1 billion

people use the platform daily. That's 68.6% of users who
spend at least some amount of time daily on the platform.