EE2015: Electric Circuits and Networks

Tutorial 5
(September 13, 2024)

1. Let the open circuit impedance matrix of network N be

 
0 −r
.
r 0

1
Zin ZL
N
1’

Find Zin (s) in terms of r and ZL (s). If ZL (s) is 1/sC, show that the network behaves
like an inductor at the input terminals.

Solution: From the z matrix z11 = 0, z12 = -r, z21 = r and z22 = 0 and assume V1
and I1 at input port and V2 and I2 at output port.
which implies,

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 = −rI2 (1)

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 = rI1 (2)
and from circuit,
V2 = −I2 ZL , (3)

by solving 1, 2, 3 gives

V1 r2
Zin = = ,
I1 ZL
1
and if ZL = sC
, then
Zin = r2 Cs = L′ s,
where L′ = r2 C.

2. Find the Z parameters for the 2 port network marked with dotted lines and then find
the Zout (impedance seen by the 1kΩ resistor) for the terminated two port network.

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 I1 → ← I2
200Ω + +

10−3 V2
−
+ Vs V1 5kΩ 20I1 V2 3kΩ 1kΩ

− −

Solution:

I1 → ← I2
A B
200Ω + +

10−3 V2
−
+ Vs V1 5kΩ 20I1 V2 3kΩ 1kΩ

− −

From the circuit, applying KCL at points A and B gives the following equations:

V1
−I1 − 10−3 V2 + =0
5kΩ
V2
−20I1 − I2 + =0
3kΩ
Rearranging these equations yields:

V1 = 305kΩI1 + 15kΩI2
V2 = 60kΩI1 + 3kΩI2

Thus, the impedance matrix Z is:

 
305k 15k
Z=
60k 3k

For Zout , when Vs = 0, we have:

V2
Zout =
I2

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 I1 → ← I2
A B
200Ω + +

V1 5kΩ 10−3 V2 20I1 V2 3kΩ

− −

From circuit,
V1 = −200I1
V1 = 305kΩI1 + 15kΩI2
V2 = 60kΩI1 + 3kΩI2
On solving all three Zout = 51.11Ω

3. The two port network N is an RLC network. If i1 (t) = δ(t), v2 (t) = (3e−t + 5e−t )u(t).
a. If j2 (t) = u(t), find e1 (t)
b. If j2 (t) = cos 500tu(t), find the response e1 (t).

+ +
i1 v1 N v2
- -

+ +
e1 N e2 j2
- -

Solution: This can be solved by reciprocity since RLC networks are reciprocal. Here
v2
i1
= z21 = ej21 = z21
For a), according to reciprocity If i1 (t) = δ(t), v2 (t) = (8e−t )u(t), then if j2 (t) = δ(t),
e1 (t) = (8e−t )u(t) it implies j2 (s) = 1, e1 (s) = s+1 8
. Therefore Ĥ(s) = s+1 8
. For
1 1 −t
j2 (s) = s , e1 (s) = Ĥ(s) s . Therefore, e1 (t) = (8 − 8e )u(t)

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 8s
Similarly for b), e1 (s) = (s2 +5002 )(s+1)
.

4. For the circuit given below, use reciprocity and superposition to determine Vout in terms
of Vk , k = 1, 2, . . . , 6.

2Ω 1Ω V5 1Ω V6
+

+
−

−
+
2Ω 2Ω 2Ω
V1 +
− Vout
+
− V2 +
− V3 V4 +
−

Solution:
First, let us use superposition. The response we get at Vout will be the superposition
of the responses due to each of the Vi ’s.
Consider Vout,1 , the response at Vout due to only V1 , in the below circuit:
2Ω 1Ω 1Ω
+

2Ω 2Ω 2Ω
V1 +
− Vout,1

−
Now, let us invoke reciprocity across the V1 port (the ‘input’) and the Vout,1 port
(the ‘output’). We are allowed to do this since it is a purely resistive network. Let
Vout be port 2 and V1 be connected to port 1. Since we wish to find VVout
1
with I2 = 0,
I1
which is g21 , we should use g21 = −g12 . g12 = I2 with V1 = 0. So connect a current
source as shown and find I1 .

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 2Ω 1Ω 1Ω

2Ω 2Ω 2Ω 1A
1
8
A

This current ends up being 18 A. The current direction (coming out of the port) takes
care of the negative sign in g21 = −g12
Now, for a 1A excitation we provided at the output port, we received a 18 response
at the input port. Therefore, for a V1 excitation we provide at the input port, we
will receive a V81 response at the output port. Therefore, Vout,1 = V81 .
We can proceed the same way for all of the other voltage sources. Even though we
solve the circuit only once (in the above figure), we get all the branch currents and
hence we can apply reciprocity in one shot.
Based on the above discussion, we get:
V2 V3 V4
Vout, 2 = 8
, Vout, 3 = 4
, Vout, 4 = 2
, Vout, 5 = − V45 , Vout, 6 = − V26 .
P6 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
Using superposition, we get Vout = i=1 Vout, i = + + + − − .
8 8 4 2 4 2

5. The two-port network shown below can be viewed as a cascaded combination of three
two-port networks A, B, and C.
(a) Find the transmission parameters of each network.
(b) Find the transmission parameters of the overall network.

I1 1Ω 3Ω 5Ω I2
+ +

V1 2Ω 4Ω 6Ω V2

− −

A B C

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 Solution:
I1 R1 I2
+ +

V1 R2 V2

− −

This question can be solved by a knowledge of cascading of two-port networks.

Firstly, consider the general two-port as shown below, which for appropriate val-
ues of R1 and R2 can be used to represent the two-port networks A, B, and C.
To find the T matrix, first set I2 = 0.
R1 +R2 V2
We get V1 = R2
V2 and I1 = R2
Now set V2 = 0.
We get V1 = −R1 · I2 and I1 = −I2
Based on this, we get the T matrix to be:
1+ R
 
1
R2
R 1
1
R2
1
Using this, we can compute the T matrices of each of the parts A, B, and C:
     
1.5 1 1.75 3 1.84 5
TA = , TB = , TC =
0.5 1 0.25 1 0.16 1
Using cascading of transfer function, the net transfer function for the cascade is
simply the product of the T -matrices of the individual parts,
     
1.5 1 1.75 3 1.84 5 6.17 19.875
Tef f = TA · TB · TC = =
0.5 1 0.25 1 0.16 1 2.47 8.125

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 + I1 h11 = 25 Ω
h12 = 4
h21 = −4
h22 = 1S I2
+
6. A series-parallel connection of two V1 V2
two-port networks is shown on the −
right. Terminals 1 and 1’ and 2 and h11 = 16 Ω
2’ are connected. Determine the z- h12 = 1
parameters of the overall network. h21 = −1
− h22 = 0.5 S

Solution:
Let the two-port network on the top be A, and the network below be B. It can be
observed that,

I1A = −I1B = I1
I2A + I2B = I2
V1A − V1B = V1
V2A = V2B = V2

Using the h-parameters,

V1A = h11,A I1 + h12,A V2
I2A = h21,A I1 + h22,A V2
V1B = −h11,B I1 + h12,B V2
I2B = −h21,B I1 + h22,B V2

Hence, we get h-parameters as,

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V1 h11,A + h11,B h12,A − h12,B I1
=
I2 h21,A − h21,B h22,A + h22,B V2

    
V1 41 3 I1
=
I2 −3 1.5 V2

Rearrange
 the equations
 in terms of I1 and I2 to get the z-parameters as
47 2
z=
2 0.667

7. In the circuit below, find the z parameters individually for the networks A and B. Now, if
a voltage source Vs is connected between terminals a and b and a load resistor RL = 10Ω
is connected between terminals c and d, find the voltage gain VV41 using the z parameters
of the networks A and B.

+ a +
2Ω 4Ω + + 4Ω 8Ω c
V1 10Ω V2 V3 20Ω V4
- -
- _
b A B d

Solution:

 
R1 + R3 R3
z-parameters of the above T-network is .
R3 R2 + R3
 
12 10
We get z-parameters of network A as . Similarly, for B we get z-parameters
10 14
 
24 20
as .
20 28

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 Also, we get I2 = −I3 and V2 = V3 . When a load resistor of 10Ω is connected across
c and d, we get V4 = −10I4 .
Using the z-parameters of B, we get V3 = V2 = 2.56V4 and I3 = −I2 = 0.19V4 .
Now using z-parameters of A, we get I1 = 0.522V4 and V1 = 4.364V4 .
The voltage gain VV14 = 0.229.

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