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62 views17 pages

Phyproject

Uploaded by

82rcmqt7kg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

RAJENDRA PUBLIC SCHOOL


SESSION 2024-25

TOPIC- REFRACTIVE INDEX

SUBMITTED BY- NAITIK MANCHANDA

CLASS- 12th Science


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that NAITIK MANCHANDA of class


12th Science has successfully completed the physics
investigatory project on the topic REFRACTIVE
INDEX in the session 2024-25.

Date-

Teacher's signature-

Examiner's signature-

Principal's signature-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my
subject teacher for their encouragement and for all the facilities
that they provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate
this magnanimity by taking me into their fold for which I shall
remain indebted to them. I take this opportunity to express my
deep sense of gratitude for their invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude
and immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all
stages of this project work. I can't forget to offer my sincere
thanks to my classmates who helped me to carry out this
project work successfully and for their valuable advice and
support, which I received from them time to time.
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 OBJECTIVE / AIM

 APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED

 DIAGRAM

 THEORY

 PROCEDURE

 OBSERVATIONS

 CALCULATIONS

 RESULTS

 PRECAUTIONS

 SOURCES OF ERRORS
INTRODUCTION

In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction n of


a material is a dimensionless number that describes
how light propagates through that medium. It is defined
as
n = C/V

Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the


phase velocity of light in the medium. For example, the
refractive index of water is 1.333; meaning that light
travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in
water.
AIM
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water (b) oil
using a plane mirror, an equi-convex lens, and an
adjustable object needle.

APPARATUS

Convex lens

Plane Mirror

Water

Oil

Clamp Stand

An optical needle

Plumb line

Spherometer

Half meter scale

Glass Slab
DIAGRAM
THEORY
1) If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex
lens and liquid lens and f be the focal length of their
combination then:-
1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2

2) Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R


and R2=∞ then by using lens maker’s formula:-
3) The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is
given by:

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the


spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and
then on plane mirror.
PROCEDURE

(a) for focal length of convex lens:

1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.

2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the


iron stand and then a convex lens on the plane
mirror.

3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its


position on the stand such that there is no parallax
between tip of the needle and its image.

4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface


of the lens by using a plumb line and half meter
scale. Also measure the distance between tip of
needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the
mean of the two readings. This means distance will
be equal to the focal length of the convex lens ( f1).
(b) for focal length of the combination:

5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and


put the convex lens over it with its same face above as
before. The water spreads in a form of layer and acts
like a Plano-concave lens.

6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent


focal length of the combination.

7. Record the observation.

8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid


(oil).

(c) for radius of curvature of convex


lens surface:

9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the


spherometer.

10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put


the spherometer on this lens surface.

11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be placed


symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw
tip to touch the surface of the lens.

12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens


and place on the plane mirror surface and record the
reading.

13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.

14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the


spherometer on a paper and mark them and their
average distance.

L = l1 + l2 + l3 / 3
OBSERVATIONS

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm

Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm

Distance between the legs:

(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3 cm

CALCULATIONS

Mean distance between two legs = 3 cm

Mean of h = 0.5775 cm
To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:

Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil

1) With water between the convex lens and the plane


mirror:

2) With oil between the convex lens and the plane


Mirror:
RESULTS
The refractive index of water is µ 1 = 1.0831

The refractive index of oil is µ 2 = 1.2886

PRECAUTIONS

1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining


surface.

2.The liquid taken should be transparent.

3.The parallax should be removed tip to tip.

4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the


needle while removing the parallax.

5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its


layer should be thick.

6.The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.

7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one


direction only.
SOURCES OF ERROR

1.Liquid may not be quite transparent.

2.The parallax may not be fully removed.

3.The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical


on the surface of the convex lens.

4. The tip of the central screw should not just touch the
surface of lens or mirror.

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