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20EC004 Industrial IoT
Applications
Department: Information Technology
Batch/Year: 2023 -2024/ IV Year

Created by:
Ms.M. Rekha

Date: 23.03.2023
Digital Course Material

CONTENTS
1. Course Objectives
2. Pre Requisites
3. Syllabus
4. Course outcomes
5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping
6. Lecture Plan
7. Lecture Notes
8. Assignments
9. Part A Q & A
10. Part B Questions
11. Activity based learning
12. Supportive online Certification courses
13. Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry
14. Contents beyond the Syllabus
15. Assessment Schedule
16. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books
17. Mini Project suggestions

5
1. Course Objectives

6
 1. Course Objectives

To introduce how IoT has become a game changer in the new economy
where the
customers are looking for integrated value.
To get insights over architecture and protocols of IIoT
To know the various sensors and interfacing used in IIoT.
To bring the IoT perspective in thinking and building solutions.
To introduce the tools and techniques that enable IoT solution and
Securityaspects.

7
2. Pre Requisites

8
 2. Pre Requisites

• Know basics about sensors for this subject

• Knowledge on Industry 4.0

9
3. Syllabus

10
 3. Syllabus
20EC004:Industrial IoT Applications LTPC:3003
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Introduction to IOT, What is IIOT? IOT Vs. IIOT, History of IIOT, Components of IIOT –
Sensors,Interface, Networks, People Process, Hype cycle, IOT Market, Trends; future Real life
examples,Key terms IOT Platform, Interfaces, API, clouds, Data Management Analytics,
Mining Manipulation;Role of IIOT in Manufacturing Processes, Use of IIOT in plant
maintenance practices, Sustainability through Business excellence tools Challenges, Benefits
in implementing IIOT
UNIT II ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS 9
Overview of IOT components; Various Architectures of IOT and IIOT, Advantages
&disadvantages,Industrial Internet - Reference Architecture; IIOT System components:
Sensors, Gateways, Routers,Modem, Cloud brokers, servers and its integration, WSN, WSN
network design for IOT; Need for protocols, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bacnet, IIOT protocols COAP,
MQTT, 6LoWPAN, LWM2M, AMPQ.
UNIT III SENSORS AND INTERFACING 9
Introduction to sensors, Transducers, Classification, Roles of sensors in IIOT , Various types
of sensors ,Design of sensors, sensor architecture, special requirements for IIOT sensors,
Role of actuators, types of actuators. Hardwire the sensors with different protocols such as
HART, MODBUS-Serial,Parallel,Ethernet, BACNet , Current, M2M
UNIT IV CLOUD, SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE 9
IIOT cloud platforms: Overview of cots cloud platforms, predix, thingworks, azure,. Data
analytics, cloud services, Business models: Saas, Paas, Iaas; Introduction to web security,
Conventional web technology and relationship with IIOT, Vulnerabilities of IoT, IoT security
tomography and layered attacker model,Identity establishment, Access control, Message
integrity; Management aspects of cyber security
UNIT V IOT ANALYTICS AND APPLICATIONS 9
IOT Analytics : Role of Analytics in IOT, Data visualization Techniques, Statistical Methods;
IOT Applications : Smart Metering, e-Health Body Area Networks, City Automation,
Automotive Applications, Plant Automation, Real life examples of IIOT in Manufacturing
Sector

11
4. Course outcomes

12
 4. Course outcomes

Upon completion of the course, students will be able to

CO1: Describe IOT, IIOT (K4)
CO2: Understand various IoT Layers and their relative importance (K2)
CO3: Interpret the requirements of IIOT sensors and understand the role of
actuators.(K2)
CO4: Study various IoT platforms and Security(K4)
CO5: Realize the importance of Data Analytics in IoT(K4)
CO6: Design various applications using IIoT in manufacturing sector.(K5)
5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

14
 Course Information

5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

PROGRAM OUTCOMES PSO

K3
P P P
,K
K3 K4 K5 K5 A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 S S S
CO HKL 4,
K5 O O O
PO PO PO 1 2 3
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
- - -
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
10 11 12
C203 3 2 1
K3 3 3 3
.1
C203 3 2 1
K3 3 3 3
.2
C203 3 2 1
K3 3 3 3
.3
C203 3 2 1
K3 3 3 3
.4
C203 3 2 1
K3 3 3 3
.5
C203 2 1 -
K2 2 2 2
.6

15
6. Lecture Plan

16
 No. Actual
Proposed pertaining Taxonomy Mode of
S.No Topic of 6. Lecture
Lecture Plan
date CO level Delivery
Periods Date
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
1 1 CO1 K4 Lecture
Introduction to
IOT, plant
maintenance
practices,
Sustainability
through Business
excellence tools
Challenges,
Benefits in
implementing
IIOT 07.08.2023
2 1 CO1 K4 Lecture

What is IIOT? IOT

Vs. IIOT, 09.08.2023
3 History of IIOT, 1 CO1 K1 Class
Components of Discussio
IIOT - 10.08.2023 n
4 1 CO1 K2 Lecture
Sensors,Interface,
Networks, People
Process, 11.08.2023
5 1 CO1 K2 Lecture

Hype cycle, IOT

Market, Trends; 12.08.2023
6 1 CO1 K2 Lecture
future Real life
examples, 14.08.2023
7 Key terms – IOT 1 CO1 K2 Lecture
Platform,
Interfaces, 16.08.2023
8 1 CO1 K3 Lecture
API, clouds, Data
Management
Analytics, Mining
Manipulation; Role
of IIOT in
Manufacturing
Processes, 17.08.2023
9 Use of IIOT in 1 CO1 K2 Lecture
plant maintenance
practices,
Sustainability
through Business
excellence tools
Challenges,
Benefits in
implementing
IIOT 18.08.2023 17
 No. of Actual Mode of
Propose pertainin Taxonom
S.No Topic Period Lectur Deliver
d date g CO y level
s e Date y
UNIT II ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS
10 Overview of IOT 1 CO2 K1 Lecture
components;
Various
Architectures of
IOT and IIOT, 19.08.2023
11 Advantages 1 CO2 K3 Lecture
&disadvantages,
Industrial
Internet - 22.08.2023
13 Reference 1 CO2 K3 Lecture
Architecture; 23.08.2023
14 IIOT System 1 CO2 K2 Lecture
components:
Sensors,
Gateways,
Routers, Modem, 24.08.2023
15 Cloud brokers, 1 CO2 K1 Lecture
servers and its
integration,
WSN, WSN
network design
for IOT; 25.08.2023
16 2 CO2 K3 Lecture
Need for
protocols, 26.08.2023
17 Wi-Fi, Zigbee, 1 CO2 K2 Case
Bacnet, IIOT Study
protocols 28.08.2023
18 1 CO2 K3 Lecture
COAP, MQTT, 29.08.2023
UNIT III LEVELS OF TESTING
19 Introduction to 1 CO3 K1 Lecture
sensors, 01.09.2023
Transducers,
20 Classification, 1 CO3 K3 Lecture
Roles of sensors 02.09.2023
in IIOT ,
21 Various types of 1 CO3 K3 Lecture
sensors , Design 04.09.2023
of sensors,
22 sensor 1 CO3 K1 Lecture
architecture,
special 05.09.2023
requirements for
IIOT sensors,
23 Role of 1 CO3 K1 Lecture
actuators, types 07.09.2023 18
of actuators.
 Actual
No. of Proposed pertaining Taxonomy Mode of
S.No Topic Lecture
Periods date CO level Delivery
Date
24 Hardwire the 1 CO3 K1 Lecture
sensors with
08.09.2023
different protocols
such as HART,
25 MODBUS-Serial, 1 19.09.2023 CO3 K2 Lecture
26 1 20.09.2023 CO3 K2 Lecture
Parallel, Ethernet,
27 1 CO3 K2 Individual
BACNet , Current, 21.09.2023 Project
M2M
UNIT IV TEST MANAGEMENT
28 IIOT cloud 1 CO4 K1 Lecture
platforms:
22.09.2023
Overview of cots
cloud platforms,
29 predix, 1 CO4 K1 Lecture
thingworks,
azure,. Data 26.09.2023
analytics, cloud
services,
30 Business models: 1 CO4 K2 Lecture
27.09.2023
Saas, Paas, Iaas; I
31 1 CO5 K2 Lecture
Introduction to 29.09.2023
web security,
32 Conventional web 1 CO6 K2 Lecture
technology and
29.09.2023
relationship with
IIOT,
33 Vulnerabilities of 1 CO6 K1 Lecture
IoT, IoT 30.09.2023
34 security 1 CO6 K1 Lecture
tomography and
03.10.2023
layered attacker
model,
35 Identity 1 CO6 K1 Lecture
establishment, 04.10.2023
Access control,
36 Message integrity; 1 CO6 K1 Lecture
Management
05.10.2023
aspects of cyber
security

19
 Actual
No. of Proposed pertaining Taxonomy Mode of
S.No Topic Lecture
Periods date CO level Delivery
Date

UNIT V TEST AUTOMATION

37 Analytics : Role of 1 CO6 K1 Lecture
Analytics in IOT, Data
06.10.2023
visualization
Techniques,
38 1 CO6 K1 Lecture

09.10.2023
Statistical Methods;
IOT Applications :
39 1 CO6 K3 Lecture
10.10.2023
Smart Metering,
40 1 CO6 K2 Lecture
11.10.2023
e-Health Body Area
Networks, C
41 1 CO6 K2 Lecture
12.10.2023
ity Automation,
42 1 CO6 K3 Lecture
Automotive 13.10.2023
Applications,
43 1 CO6 K3 Lecture
14.10.2023
Plant Automation,
44 Real life examples of 1 CO6 K3 Lecture
IIOT in 16.10.2023
Manufacturing Sector
45 Real life examples of 1 CO6 K3 Lecture
IIOT in 17.10.2023
Manufacturing Sector

20
7. Lecture Notes

21
UNIT I -INTRODUCTION
Introduction to IOT
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from
ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion
connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020
and 22 billion by 2025. Oracle has a network of device partners.
Why is Internet of Things (IoT) so important?
Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st
century. Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats,
baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible
between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies,
physical things can share and collect data with minimal human intervention. In this
hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction
between connected things. The physical world meets the digital world—and they cooperate.
What technologies have made IoT possible?
While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent advances in
a number of different technologies has made it practical.
Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable sensors are
making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect
sensors to the cloud and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms enables both
businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to scale up without actually
having to manage it all.
Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and analytics, along
with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses can gather
insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these allied technologies continues to push
the boundaries of IoT and the data produced by IoT also feeds these technologies.
Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have brought
natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal assistants Alexa,
Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing, affordable, and viable for home use.
IoT stands for the Internet of Things.It is a network of physical objects or "things" embedded
with sensors, software, and connectivity capabilities.These objects can collect and exchange
data over the internet.IoT includes everyday devices like smart appliances, wearables,
industrial machinery, and more.
Key components of IoT are devices, connectivity, data processing, cloud computing,
and data analytics.IoT devices use sensors to collect data from the environment (e.g.,
temperature, motion, humidity).The collected data is transmitted through various connectivity
options like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, etc.
Cloud computing platforms process and store the data, providing scalable storage
and computational resources. Data analytics and artificial intelligence help derive meaningful
insights from the collected data.
IoT has applications in smart homes, healthcare, industrial automation, agriculture,
transportation, and smart cities.Challenges in IoT include data security, privacy concerns,
interoperability, and cybersecurity.

What is IIoT?
IIoT is a network of intelligent devices connected to form systems that monitor,
collect, exchange and analyze data. Each industrial IoT ecosystem consists of the following:
• Connected devices that can sense, communicate and store information about
themselves.
• Public and private data communications infrastructure.
• Analytics and applications that generate business information from raw data.
• Storage for the data that’s generated by the IIoT devices.
• People.
These edge devices and intelligent assets transmit information directly to the data
communications infrastructure, where it’s converted into actionable information on how a
certain piece of machinery is operating. This information can be used for predictive
maintenance, as well as to optimize business processes.
IIoT Infrastructure

IIoT is a network of smart devices connected to systems of systems that monitor,

control, collect, exchange and analyze the data.
In other words, the Internet of things is a network of physical objects or things that collect
and exchange data to monitor and control industrial processes.
Importance of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The industrial internet of things (IIoT) is concerned with the effective utilization of smart
sensors, transmitters, and actuators to increase industrial production and manufacturing
processes.
IIOT uses the ability of smart machines and real-time analytics used to utilize the data that
“dumb old machines” have produced in industrial establishments for years.
This information can be used for predictive maintenance as well as to modify to achieve
maximum efficiency in business processes.
The philosophy that guides and also drives the industrial internet of things (IIoT) is that
smart machines are better than human beings at capturing and analyzing data in real-time.
IOT Vs. IIOT
IoT and IIoT have many technologies in common, including cloud platforms, sensors,
connectivity, machine-to-machine communications and data analytics, they are used for
different purposes. IoT applications connect devices across multiple verticals, including
agriculture, healthcare, enterprise, consumer and utilities, as well as government and cities.

S.No. IIOT IOT

It focuses on general applications

It focuses on industrial applications such as
1. ranging from wearables to robots &
manufacturing, power plants, oil & gas, etc.
machines.

It uses critical equipment & devices

Its implementation starts with small
connected over a network which will cause
scale level so there is no need to
2. a life-threatening or other emergency
worry about life-threatening
situations on failure therefore uses more
situations.
sensitive and precise sensors.

3. It deals with large scale networks. It deals with small scale networks.

It can be programmed remotely i.e., offers

4. It offers easy off-site programming.
remote on-site programming.

It handles data ranging from medium to

5. It handles very high volume of data.
high.

It requires robust security to protect the

6. It requires identity and privacy.
data.

7. It needs stringent requirements. It needs moderate requirements.

8. It having very long life cycle. It having short product life cycle.

9. It has high- reliability. It is less reliable.

History of IIOT

1960s: The origins of IIoT can be traced back to the development of Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, which enabled remote monitoring and control of industrial
processes.

- 1970s: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) were introduced, replacing manual control
systems with digital automation, laying the foundation for more interconnected industrial
systems.

- 1990s: The concept of "Machine-to-Machine" (M2M) communication emerged, enabling

devices to communicate and exchange data without human intervention.

- Late 1990s: The rise of internet connectivity and adoption of standard communication
protocols like TCP/IP opened new possibilities for connecting industrial devices and systems.

- Early 2000s: Wireless communication technologies like Wi-Fi and cellular networks gained
prominence, making it easier to deploy connected devices in industrial environments.

- 2008: The term "Industrial Internet" was coined by General Electric (GE), highlighting the
convergence of industrial machines, data analytics, and the internet.

- 2010s: The IIoT ecosystem saw rapid growth with advancements in sensor technology,
cloud computing, big data analytics, and edge computing, enabling more sophisticated data
processing and real-time decision-making.

- 2011: The Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) was founded to promote the adoption of
IIoT technologies and develop standards for interoperability and security.

- 2015: The German government launched "Industrie 4.0," a strategic initiative to digitize and
transform industrial production, emphasizing the role of IIoT in smart manufacturing.
- 2018: The Industrial Internet Consortium and the OpenFog Consortium merged to form
the OpenFog Consortium, fostering collaboration and standardization efforts in fog computing
for IIoT.

- 2020s: IIoT continued to evolve, with increased focus on edge computing, AI-driven
analytics, and 5G connectivity, enabling even more advanced industrial applications and
services.
Components of IIOT
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a subset of the broader Internet of Things
(IoT) that specifically focuses on connecting industrial devices, machines, and systems to
the internet. IIoT enables data collection, analysis, and automation in various industrial
sectors, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and optimization of processes. The
components of IIoT typically include:

Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc.A device that provides a usable output
in response to a specified measurement.
The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable
for processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or
material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity. The output of the
sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-readable form like changes in
characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance, etc.

Transducer :
• A transducer converts a signal from one physical structure to another.
• It converts one type of energy into another type.
• It might be used as actuator in various systems.
Interface
An interface in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the
mechanism or medium through which IoT devices and systems communicate with each
other and with humans. It enables the exchange of data, commands, and information
between various components of the IoT ecosystem.
Interfaces play a crucial role in IoT as they allow different devices, sensors, and
applications to interact seamlessly, facilitating data sharing and enabling smart
functionalities. There are several types of interfaces used in IoT:
1. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Interface: This type of interface enables direct
communication between IoT devices without human intervention. Devices can share data,
commands, and responses in real-time, making them capable of autonomous decision-
making.
2. Human-Machine Interface (HMI): The HMI allows humans to interact with IoT devices
and systems. It includes user interfaces such as mobile apps, web applications, voice
assistants, touchscreens, and other interfaces that enable users to control and monitor IoT
devices.
3. Application Programming Interface (API): APIs are sets of rules and protocols that allow
different software applications to communicate with each other. In IoT, APIs facilitate the
integration of various applications and services, enabling interoperability and data
exchange.
4. Network Protocols: IoT devices communicate over various network protocols, such as
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, MQTT, CoAP, etc. These protocols define how data is
transmitted, received, and interpreted by devices in the network.

5. Cloud Interfaces: Many IoT solutions use cloud platforms to store and process data.
Cloud interfaces enable IoT devices to connect to cloud services and securely transfer data
to and from the cloud.

6. Gateways: Gateways act as intermediaries between IoT devices and cloud services.
They collect data from local devices, process it, and send relevant information to the cloud or
other connected devices. Gateways often have multiple interfaces to communicate with
various devices.
Networks:

The communication infrastructure connecting IoT devices to each other and to cloud
platforms. They provide the communication infrastructure that connects IoT devices to
each other and to cloud platforms or other central servers. The choice of network plays a
crucial role in determining the efficiency, reliability, and security of data transmission in an
IoT system. Here are some key types of networks commonly used in IoT:

1. Local Area Network (LAN): LANs are used to connect IoT devices within a limited
geographical area, such as a home, office, or factory. Common LAN technologies used in
IoT include Wi-Fi and Ethernet. Wi-Fi is widely used for consumer IoT devices due to its
convenience and ubiquity.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN): WANs cover larger geographical areas and enable long-
range communication. Cellular networks, such as 4G LTE and 5G, are popular WAN
technologies for IoT, especially for applications requiring mobility or widespread coverage.

3. Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN): LPWAN technologies are designed to

enable long-range communication while conserving energy, making them ideal for battery-
powered IoT devices that need to operate for extended periods. Examples of LPWAN
technologies include LoRaWAN and NB-IoT.

4. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is commonly used for short-range communication between IoT

devices and smartphones or other devices acting as a gateway to the internet. Bluetooth
Low Energy (BLE) is especially popular in IoT applications due to its low power
consumption.
5. Zigbee: Zigbee is a low-power, wireless communication protocol designed for IoT
devices, particularly in home automation and industrial applications. It allows for low-
latency, mesh networking, and supports a large number of devices in a network.
6. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): MQTT is a lightweight messaging
protocol used for communication between IoT devices and cloud-based applications. It is
known for its low overhead and efficient data transmission.
7. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): CoAP is another lightweight protocol designed
for resource-constrained devices and networks, making it suitable for IoT applications.
People and Process
The human aspect of IIoT, involving the roles of operators, data analysts, and
decision-makers in utilizing IIoT insights to optimize processes.

Hype Cycle
The stages of expectation and disillusionment that new technologies typically go through
before reaching widespread adoption and maturity.

IoT Market and Trends:

• The IoT market has witnessed exponential growth in recent years, with various industries
adopting IoT solutions for improved efficiency and data-driven decision-making.
• The rising trend of edge computing enables real-time data processing and analysis, reducing
latency and dependence on cloud infrastructure.
• AI and machine learning are being integrated into IoT systems to enhance predictive analytics
and automate decision-making processes.
• The need for robust cybersecurity solutions to protect against cyber threats is becoming
increasingly crucial as IoT adoption expands.
• As IoT technologies mature, more industries are exploring the benefits of incorporating IoT
into their operations, leading to further market growth and innovation.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a subset of the broader Internet of Things (IoT)
that specifically focuses on connecting industrial devices, machines, and systems to the internet.
IIoT enables data collection, analysis, and automation in various industrial sectors, leading to
increased efficiency, productivity, and optimization of processes. The components of IIoT
typically include:
1. **Sensors and Actuators:** These are the foundational components of IIoT. Sensors are
used to collect data from the physical environment, such as temperature, pressure, humidity,
motion, and more. Actuators, on the other hand, are used to perform actions based on the data
received from sensors, like adjusting valves, motors, or other physical processes.
2. **Connectivity:** IIoT relies on a network infrastructure to transmit data between devices
and the cloud or central server. Common connectivity technologies used in IIoT include Wi-Fi,
Ethernet, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRa, cellular networks, and more.
3. **Gateways:** IIoT devices and sensors often communicate using different protocols and
standards. Gateways act as intermediaries between these devices and the central system,
facilitating seamless data transfer and translation between various protocols.
4. **Cloud Computing:** Cloud platforms play a crucial role in IIoT by providing storage,
processing power, and data analysis capabilities. IIoT systems generate vast amounts of data,
and cloud computing allows this data to be stored and processed efficiently.
5. **Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI):** IIoT generates a massive amount of
data that requires analysis to derive actionable insights. Data analytics and AI tools are used to
process this data, uncover patterns, trends, anomalies, and make predictive or prescriptive
recommendations to optimize industrial processes.
6. **Edge Computing:** In some IIoT applications, sending all data to the cloud for analysis
might not be practical due to latency or bandwidth constraints. Edge computing involves
processing data locally, closer to the devices or sensors, to reduce response times and alleviate
the burden on the cloud infrastructure.
7. **Security:** Given the critical nature of industrial systems, security is a paramount
concern in IIoT deployments. Robust security measures, including encryption, authentication,
access controls, and device management, are necessary to protect against cyber threats.
8. **Visualization and User Interfaces:** IIoT systems often provide user interfaces and
dashboards that allow operators and stakeholders to monitor and control industrial
processes, visualize data, and make informed decisions in real-time.
9. **Interoperability and Standards:** To ensure smooth integration of diverse IIoT
components from different vendors, adherence to industry standards and protocols is
essential. Interoperability allows devices and systems to communicate seamlessly and
effectively.
10. **Remote Monitoring and Control:** One of the key benefits of IIoT is the ability to
monitor and control industrial processes remotely, enabling operators to manage operations
from a central location and respond quickly to issues or changes.
 Future Real life examples
• Smart Homes: Developing smart homes has caused a revolution in designing residential
homes. The smart home products would save energy, time and money. A Smart Home would
enable the owner to control house hold jobs at the house even from a remote location. For
example, switching on the air conditioner or heaters minutes before reaching home,
switching on / off the lights, controlling the washing machine, etc. Although such smart
homes have been implemented but the cost of establishing such homes is still a major
restriction that limits its usage .
• Wearable Device: Wearable devices include wrist watches or glasses that are installed with
sensors and software which collect and analyze data. Companies like Google and Samsung
have invested heavily in building such devices. These devices broadly cover fitness, health and
entertainment requirements. A major challenge for developing such systems are that it should
be light weight, small in size and should have very low power consumption
• Traffic Monitoring: Vehicles should be capable of optimizing its operation, fuel consumption,
pollution control, maintenance and comfort of passengers. A breakthrough will be achieved if
such smart traffic could be developed as it would drastically reduce road accident causalities. By
installing sensors and using web applications, citizens can also find free available parking slots
across the city.
• Industrial Internet : Industrial Internet is the new buzz in the industrial sector, also termed
as Industrial Internet of Things (IloT). It is empowering industrial engineering with sensors,
software and big data analytics to create brilliant machines. IIoT holds great potential for
quality control and sustainability. Applications for tracking goods, real time information
exchange about inventory among suppliers and retailers and automated delivery will increase
the supply chain efficiency.
• Smart city: Smart City is another buzzword gaining immense interest from the public. Smart
surveillance, automated transportation, smarter energy management systems, water
distribution, urban security and environmental monitoring all are examples of internet of things
applications for smart cities. It will solve major problems faced by the people living in cities like
pollution, traffic congestion and shortage of energy supplies etc. Products like cellular
communication enabled Smart trash will send alerts to municipal services when a bin needs to
be emptied .
 Agriculture : Agriculture With the continuous increase in world's population, demand for
food supply is extremely raised. Governments are helping farmers to use advanced
techniques and research to increase food production. Smart farming is one of the fastest
growing field in IoT. Farmers are using meaningful insights from the data to yield better
return on investment. Sensing for soil moisture and nutrients, controlling water usage for
plant growth and determining custom fertilizer are some simple uses of IoT .
Healthcare: Healthcare The concept of connected healthcare system and smart medical
devices bears enormous potential not just for companies, but also for the well-being of
people in general. Research shows IoT in healthcare will be massive in coming years. IoT in
healthcare is aimed at empowering people to live healthier life by wearing connected devices.
The collected data will help in personalized analysis of an individual's health and provide
tailor made strategies to combat illness.

Key terms – IOT Platform, Interfaces, API, clouds, Data Management

Analytics, Mining Manipulation
IOT Platform
An IoT platform is an application or service that provides built-in tools and capabilities to connect
every “thing” in an IoT ecosystem. By providing functions including device lifecycle management,
device communication, data analytics, integration, and application enablement.
An IoT platform harmonizes the many moving parts that contribute to your IoT system. An IoT
platform is the foundation for building IoT solutions that deliver value to your business, your
customers, your customers' end users, and your partners. By enabling you to maintain visibility,
security and control over connected assets, IoT platforms enable you to start and scale IoT
projects efficiently so you can launch customer-centric services and remain competitive in an
evolving market environment
Uses an IoT platform
An IoT platform is critical to building an IoT ecosystem, it simplifies IoT, making it more
secure, regardless of where you are on your IoT journey to build smart, connected products.
IoT is a complex ecosystem that spans a network of devices and software applications touching
multiple parts of the physical and digital landscapes. It is rare for an organization to maintain in-
house expertise across all the relevant domains to build a complete set of IoT capabilities. As a
result, in the “buy versus build” debate over IoT capabilities, most enterprises see value in
buying an IoT platform to provide an out-of-the-box set of key capabilities, on top of which the
business can build differentiating logic and applications.
An effective platform enables you to rapidly connect and manage existing assets while creating
and supporting new, differentiated services. It helps get your IoT projects off the ground
quickly, and removes the technical complexity from IoT projects, enabling you to focus on real
business outcomes.
As IoT-enabled services become an increasingly important part of how organizations serve their
customers, delivering IoT at scale can be a challenge. The approach that works for an initial
proof-of-concept connecting a handful of machines may not scale properly—for example, it’s
common for system management to become a drain on innovation, or to find that costs spiral
out of control with thousands of deployments.
Additionally, IoT solutions are a service, not a project or a product. They don’t have a defined
start and end date, but rather a lifecycle that needs to be managed. IoT solutions built without
the right IoT platform means developers may be forced to shift from building new products to
supporting, maintaining and updating existing products. In doing so, IoT maintenance become a
cost center—leading to inevitable tradeoffs between sustaining what you have and building new
innovative products.
With these factors in mind, the fastest, most sustainable path to IoT innovation is not to buy or
to build—it’s to buy and build. Buying a flexible IoT platform delivers the foundation for
innovation and differentiation. Ready-to-use solutions help you achieve strategic business
outcomes fast, while intuitive tools enable you to easily build your own services on top. You get
a solid, reliable, scalable IoT platform as the foundation, with the ability to drive innovation and
differentiation.

Figure 1: An IoT platform provides a means to control your various applications and IoT devices,
as well as manage the process of collecting, analyzing and storing the data you generate
IoT platform capabilities
At a basic level, IoT platforms should allow you to connect and manage your devices with
ease, offer application enablement and integration tools, and analyze your IoT data for
actionable insights.

IoT connectivity
Connection is at the heart of IoT: devices are connected using protocols to share information
and enable new insights. An IoT platform provides out-of-the-box connectivity to many
device types and protocols.
For devices that do not support standard IoT protocols, an IoT platform is especially valuable
if it offers a software development kit (SDK) to integrate devices with the rest of your
ecosystem. Leading IoT platforms enable connectivity and integration using publicly
documented APIs.
IoT device lifecycle management
An IoT platform allows you to manage the lifecycle of IoT devices and sensors—from
planning and onboarding, monitoring and maintenance, through to retirement—remotely
from a centralized location. Robust device lifecycle management processes are often
neglected in early-stage IoT projects, when the focus is on building and launching a solution,
but they are fundamental to scale a rollout and maintain reliable performance.
Enterprise IoT users need to update and communicate with devices efficiently in a controlled,
secured and phased way. One example of this is the bulk registration of devices. Another is
updating software and firmware to maintain performance, uptime and security. An IoT
platform should allow you to access and monitor critical information easily, such as system
resource information, alarms and errors, cellular signal strength or GPS location.
Scalable IoT data management
IoT data is the source of insights. An IoT platform handles data logging, storing, and
processing, and manages data transactions. IoT data comes from many devices and
locations, and spans many data types. IoT platforms can orchestrate action based on real-
time data, and coordinate the long-term storage and analysis of large data sets to power
analytics.
IoT integration
An IoT platform needs to be much more than a passive destination for data from IoT
sensors. IoT needs integration to fill its promise, as integrating IoT data with other systems
builds value exponentially by helping you use insights from IoT in your existing systems and
processes to make better business decisions.
IoT platforms can offer powerful and intuitive routes to IoT integration. You can integrate
device data with enterprise apps, cloud apps, big data apps, data lakes and third-party
ecosystems and automate actions, workflows and processes across your operational
technology (OT) and information technology (IT) assets—ideally, without coding.
IoT application development
Building and maintaining IoT applications involves technical expertise, time and resources.
An IoT platform with application enablement features can help remove the resource
technical hurdles to building and deploying applications.
Many businesses see value in enabling their IoT users to develop custom applications with
an application builder—or by extending the platform’s default applications to meet their
specific business needs and requirements.
From amending existing applications according to customer needs to effectively scaling
successful applications, an IoT application enablement platform provides users with self-
service, low-code/no-code tools for developing, deploying, operating and extending custom
IoT applications.
IoT data analytics
The value of IoT is not in the fleet of devices and sensors an organization is monitoring, but
in the accurate and relevant data derived from these IoT devices and sensors. And the
value of that data comes from analytics.
IoT analytics, which encompasses historical analytics, real-time analytics and predictive
analytics, applies context to IoT data to reveal useful information, so you can make
accurate, real-time decisions that deliver value.
An IoT platform with powerful analytic capabilities enables you to access this key data and
discover insights. You can create dashboards that pull together data, so you have a single
view of the status of all devices and how your project’s performing.
An IoT platform with self-service analytics puts key data into the hands of many. The more
widely accessible your insights, the greater their value across the entire enterprise.
IoT platforms: from cloud to edge
Many IoT platforms run in the cloud to take advantage of speed, scale, lower costs and
access from around the world. For organizations that run remote assets, it is also important
to many customers for an IoT platform to support edge computing.
IoT edge computing puts data processing closer to the sensors, rather than sending a full
stream of data to the cloud. It is an advantage for organizations that have sensors and
devices in places
with limited connectivity, produce too much data to send to the cloud cost-effectively, or
need millisecond response times from analytics.
IoT edge computing exists on a spectrum. On one end, thin edge is defined by an
architecture where data from devices are collected and transmitted for centralized
processing. It is a lightweight and modular approach that provides new or current devices
with an easy, rapid way to connect to established systems. Thin edge is often used for
applications that rely on low-powered, resource-constrained sensors.
Thick edge is on the other end of the spectrum. In a thick edge architecture, processing is
more decentralized and occurs closer to data collection. Consider the processing that occurs
in an autonomous vehicle. Instead of sending sensor data to be processed on a distant
server, which would lead to latencies too high to safely respond to sudden changes on the
road, a vehicle’s systems process data directly onboard for autonomous navigation.
To take advantage of IoT edge computing, an IoT platform should enable you to develop
solutions once, and deploy anywhere: on any cloud, at the edge, or on-premises.
How does an IoT platform work?
An IoT platform works by supporting the connectivity and communication between all the
components in your IoT ecosystem through one application. It connects your devices and
sensors—from registering one new device to bulk connecting thousands of devices. It allows
you to remotely manage your devices and device groups, for example, by updating device
firmware and software.
An IoT platform then facilitates data transmission and applies analytics to the collected data.
It allows you to access IoT device data at both a granular and high-level view.
Finally, an IoT platform integrates this device data with other business applications and
systems of record, so you can generate insights and make impactful decisions.
1. Connect
Connect, view and group IoT devices and assets in bulk over networks. Manage and monitor
your devices.
2. Analyze
Exponentially increase your insights with powerful analytics. Monitor conditions and generate
real-time analytics.
3. Integrate
Integrate device data with enterprise apps, cloud apps, big data apps, data lakes and third-
party ecosystems. Assemble integration flows easily and start automated actions based on
IoT events.
4. Act
React immediately to conditions or situations. Turn device data into actions. Enable increasing
levels of automation for more efficient, reliable, sustainable operations.

How to choose an IoT platform

Technicality: Does the platform remove technical complexity from IoT projects? Or does it
require outsized investments of time and resources to stand up and maintain?
Scalability: Does the platform scale effectively when many devices are connected? Can it
scale to streamline management of many devices across their life cycle?
Flexibility: Does the platform enable you run on the hardware or cloud provider of your
choice? Does it allow you to experiment with new concepts and business models?
Extensibility: Does the platform empower you to easily build your own differentiating
services?
Simplicity: Does the platform enable you to run with a consistent architecture from the edge
to cloud and on-premises?
Universality: Does the platform enable every stakeholder in your organization—including
development teams, equipment operators, and business leads—to build solutions, define rules,
create dashboards, and manage other aspects of the platform?
Security: Is the platform certified with the highest grade for security?
Cost and ROI: Will the platform reduce IoT operational costs, help grow your revenue and
promise substantial ROI?
Speed: Will the platform help you create pilot projects efficiently to test and learn how to build
new capabilities and services?
Visibility: Will analytics be accessible to a wide range of people in your organization?
Support: Will you have access to professional services and experts who can help support
your IoT journey and empower your team to succeed?
IoT platform advantages
Software AG’s Cumulocity IoT platform is an IoT platform that simplifies things for you with
self-services tools and a configuration-driven approach. It’s designed to give you complete
business visibility and control of all the remote assets in your organization on a resilient
platform you can trust.
The Cumulocity IoT platform helps you do more with IoT for faster business results and
sustained innovation. It delivers enterprise grade IoT with unrivalled reliability, security and
performance.
Read on, and see what our truly connected customers are able to achieve with Cumulocity
IoT.
IoT platform supports new business models
“As-a-service” business models help you stay closer to customers and gain a competitive
advantage by creating new products and differentiating services that can provide resilient,
recurring revenue.
However, making the shift to new business models and transitioning to service-based
relationships can be a challenge.
An IoT platform provides businesses with data they need to transition with confidence. It helps
organizations build bridges with their customers through recurring services for remote
monitoring, more smart field services, and performance management, all to improve the
customer experience.
The most forward-looking are building Equipment-as-a-Service (EaaS) models that package
products and services in an integrated offering.
IoT platform scalability
Because IoT-enabled services are becoming an increasingly important part of serving
customers, an IoT platform that can help support your scalability is incredibly beneficial. IoT
projects often start out small but then grow quickly when the first successes materialize. An
IoT platform should be able to start as a proof-of-concept and then use the same platform and
interfaces to expand to multiple sites, devices and data points. And a platform where costs
scale efficiently, even as deployments scale exponentially, is even better.
Cumulocity IoT model scales pricing in line with deployments, allowing you to experiment
with new concepts and business models without significant up-front investments.
IoT platform security
An IoT security solution is an absolute essential to doing business in today’s connected
world. Without security, your business is vulnerable to hacks and data security breaches.
Private information can become public and exploited, threatening the well-being and
reputation of your company, your customers and business partners.
That’s why security is built into the Cumulocity IoT software development process, woven
into every line of code.
An IoT platform can make managing the security of your IoT assets much easier. Our IoT
security platform delivers carrier-grade features, such as secure multi-tenancy, scalability,
high availability and encryption—making it secure for virtually any IoT use case.
IoT platform cost savings
An IoT platform saves organizations substantial development costs to build IoT-capabilities
in-house. And further down the line, an effective IoT platform allows organizations to grow
revenue with value-added capabilities to deliver IoT services.
In addition, you’ll keep saving money with Cumulocity IoT’s advanced capabilities, such
as predictive maintenance and remote monitoring—for example, by avoiding costs
associated with maintenance repairs or unplanned downtime.
IoT platforms enable sustainability
An IoT platform supports sustainability by connecting the physical world. With knowledge—
knowledge of how equipment is performing, where assets are located, and the resources
your organization is consuming—comes the ability to drive smarter actions, smarter
production, and smarter consumption.
Monitoring capabilities help you to evaluate energy consumption and understand the
realities of your environmental footprint. With IoT, you can monitor energy use and
emissions from the granular to the global, finding new ways to reduce your carbon
intensity. Gain insights on equipment use, supporting improved maintenance to extend the
equipment’s lifespan. Manage and reduce waste more efficiently. Track the location of
materials and understand how products can be designed to support a circular economy.
IOT- Interfaces
The physical design of IoT (internet of things) includes things and different protocols. In this
article we are going to learn about different IoT things and see an overview of IoT protocols.
Things in IoT refers to IoT devices. Things have unique identities. Things can perform
sensing, actuation, and monitoring. Some of the examples of things in internet of things are
shown below
Some of the examples of IoT devices are:
• Home appliances: smart TV, smart refrigerator, smart AC, etc.
• Smart phones and computers
• Wearables: smart watch, smart sensors, etc.
• Automobiles like self-driving cars
• Energy systems
• Retail : smart payment
• Printers
• Industrial machines
• Healthcare: smart watch, smart healthcare, etc.
• Surveillance: smart cameras, smart trackers, etc.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices, both
wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.

IOT API
IoT devices offer many benefits as they are connected to the internet. This means they
collect data and can communicate with other computers and applications. APIs, or
applications programming interfaces, are what make it possible to communicate with a
connected device, based on a set of rules.
APIs are critical in IoT, both to communicate with the device and to leverage the
information from the device, but there is a lot to understand. In this post, we’ll dive into:

What is an IoT API?

The term API (application programming interface) is the tool software developers use to
gather and transfer data from one application or computer to another. Or in other words,
APIs enable developers to programmatically interact with software components both inside
and outside of their own code.
In IoT specifically, APIs are used to gather and transfer data from the connected device to
an application or computer. They are also used to instruct a connected device to take a
particular action. Because connected devices can be anywhere in the world, having an API
makes it possible to remotely access a device and make the data useful.
For Hologram specifically, we gather and transfer usage data via cellular connectivity and
share it in the Dashboard. Within the Dashboard, users can remotely pause, activate, or
deactivate devices; pull reports; and more. The Hologram API enables users to expand on
what’s done in the Dashboard as well as bring connectivity data directly into their own
applications or reports.
How do APIs and IoT work together?
An API is a way to enable users to programmatically access information about their devices
and make decisions or take actions based on it. There are an endless number of ways they
can work together in IoT. A few examples include:
• Managing a fleet: Everything from activating devices to billing and reporting are all done
via the API.
• Preventing fraud: Leveraging the API enables users to create alerts if a device is moved
or if a SIM card was stolen. We’ve also seen users configure SMS limits to prevent high
data charges if a device is stolen.
While the Hologram Dashboard surfaces all of this information and capabilities, users will
leverage the Hologram API to either bring data into their own tools or leverage it as part of
their application for their customers. APIs are powerful tools that take the data created at the
device level and make it usable.
What is an API endpoint and why is it important?
An API endpoint is the source which you want to get the data from. In more technical terms,
it’s an API call. The most obvious API endpoint in IoT is at the device level, gathering data
from the connected device. This collects data usage, connectivity status, and any other
additional data an IoT application is intending to collect.
Beyond the device endpoint, there are many other useful endpoints within an IoT
deployment. For example, a team may use the API to collect data as it relates to billing,
making finance reporting programmatic.
Main types of IoT APIs
There are four common types of APIs: Public, Partner, Internal and Composite.
Public APIs
Public APIs, also known as Open APIs, are available to the public with no restrictions. This
enables developers outside of an organization to access data to enhance their own
application
. Single sign on, using your email or social media account, is made possible through Public APIs,
bringing in the email provider or social platform code into your application.
Partner APIs
Partner APIs can be leveraged by a client or partner of an application. These APIs require users
to sign in and authenticate with an API key to access the API. The Hologram API is an example
of a Partner API, allowing customers to communicate directly with their connected devices and
bring data back to their applications.
Internal APIs
APIs used by a company to build and manage their applications are internal or private APIs.
This ensures that only those working on a product have access to make changes to a product or
to the sensitive data on a platform.
Composite APIs
Composite APIs batch several API requests into a single API call. This reduces the number of
trips to a server. By grouping a chain of API calls into one API, a client can make one API
request that includes a chain of calls and end with one response.
Types of API architectures and delivery formats
While we discussed the different types of APIs, there are also different approaches in how data
is transferred over a network using API calls. REST and SOAP are leading architectures, but
offer different benefits to users. JSON and XML are the formats in which the data is delivered.
SOAP API
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol specification for exchanging data between
two endpoints. SOAP is mostly used for applications that require a high level of security – like
payments.
REST API
REST, also known as a RESTful API (Representational State Transfer), is an architectural style
for building client-server applications. REST supports high-performing and reliable
communication at scale, independent of the technology used. It is a more lightweight
architecture than SOAP.
JSON and XML
JSON and XML are two of the formats in which data is delivered. SOAP relies exclusively on XML
while REST allows XML, JSON, HTML, and plain text. JSON is a lightweight, human-readable
format that can be used with any programming language. Most public web services use REST
APIs with JSON.
IOT Cloud
Cloud IoT is a technology architecture that connects IoT devices to servers housed in cloud data
centers. This enables real-time data analytics, allowing better, information-driven decision
making, optimization, and risk mitigation. Cloud IoT also simplifies management of connected
devices at-scale.
Cloud IoT is different from traditional, or non-cloud-based IoT in a few key ways:
• Data Storage: the cloud collects IoT data generated by thousands or millions of IoT
sensors, with the data being stored and processed in a central location. While in other
types of IoT architectures, data may be stored and processed on-premises
• Scalability: cloud IoT is highly scalable, as cloud infrastructure (compute, storage, and
networking resources) can easily handle thousands of devices and process their data
across large systems
• Flexibility: cloud IoT provides a high level of flexibility, as it allows devices to be added or
removed as-needed, without having to reconfigure the entire system
• Maintenance: in cloud IoT, the maintenance of servers and networking equipment is
handled by the cloud service provider (CSP). While in other types of IoT architectures,
maintenance may be the responsibility of the end user
• Cost: cloud IoT can be more cost-effective over the long-term, as users only pay for the
resources they actually consume, and users do not have to invest upfront in their own
expensive compute, storage, and networking infrastructure
How Does Cloud IoT Work?
Cloud IoT connects IoT devices – which collect and transmit data – to cloud-based servers via
communication protocols such as MQTT and HTTP and over wired and wireless networks. These
IoT devices can be managed and controlled remotely and integrated with other cloud services.
IoT data is sourced from anywhere and everywhere, including sensors, actuators, operating
systems, mobile devices, standalone applications, and analytic systems. By involving the cloud,
vast amounts of IoT data can be stored and processed in a central location.
Scalable Storage
Cloud IoT platforms provide scalable object storage services, such as Amazon Simple Storage
Service (Amazon S3), that allow organizations to easily increase or decrease their data storage
requirements. This type of flexibility is beneficial for IoT applications, as they often generate
large volumes of unstructured data and must be able to store this information without
sacrificing device performance.
Device Connectivity
Cloud-based IoT platforms offer straightforward, reliable, and secure connectivity at-scale
between physical IoT devices and cloud services. In turn, an organization can connect
thousands or millions of IoT devices to the cloud, without the need to provision or manage
the requisite servers and networking equipment.
Analytics and Reporting
Cloud-based IoT platforms are equipped with powerful analytics capabilities – in combination
with computing resources – that enable organizations to gain real-time insights into the large
datasets that IoT devices produce. Through sophisticated algorithms, such as predictive
modeling, statistical analysis, and machine learning (ML), IoT device data can be used to
improve efficiency and make better, information-driven decisions.
Additionally, IoT device data can be combined with other relevant data stored in the cloud to
extract meaningful insights for organizations. Furthermore, built-in data reporting features
offered by cloud services allow organizations to create useful reports based on collected IoT
data.
Identity and Access Management (IAM)
Security for the data generated by IoT devices can be protected in the cloud using Identity
and Access Management (IAM), which is an authentication and authorization service. IAM
enables organizations to grant or deny access to services and resources in the cloud for large
numbers of users with different access needs.
With so much IoT data being sent to the cloud, the granularity of IAM controls allows
organizations to comply with security and regulations that are relevant for storing and
accessing sensitive information.

IOT- Data Management Analytics

The Industrial IoT refers to the billions of industrial devices - factory machines to aircraft
engines - filled with sensors. Sensors interact, collect data locally, store data, and exchange
data via wireless sensor networks or Wi-Fi. The advent of miniaturized, low-cost smart
objects, like sensors and broadband wireless networks, now means that each IoT sensor,
even the smallest connected devices, can be connected to the network. And given the level
of current digital intelligence that allows them to be monitored and controlled, as well as
share their status and communicate with other devices
. Furthermore, all this IoT device data can be collected and analyzed to improve the efficiency
of business processes. The endgame IoT platforms leads to better control over the business
and more straightforward ways to find new revenue streams.
The IoT Data Management: Strategies and Solutions
Industrial IoT analytics is important because of its potential for faster and more efficient
decision-making. The changes that IoT data analytics and data management can bring are a
part of the overall digital transformation that many business entities are working on. By
providing highly detailed real-time data, IoT data analytics and data management in IoT can
help business entities better understand their business processes and, by analyzing the data
coming from sensors, can make their operations more efficient and even unlock new revenue
streams. The Industrial Internet of Things can also give businesses an insight into the wider
supply chain, allowing companies to coordinate and improve efficiency.
Here are the essential components of a complete IoT data management and analytics solution
that both manufacturers and business people should know about:
● Preparing machine-readable data: receives, structures, sorts, filters, transforms, modern
IoT data management and analytics, groups, analyses, and broadcasts data obtained from
"things" - big and small - regardless of whether they come from a fitness bracelet or SDH
network monitoring equipment. It prevents “descriptive analytics.” Depending on the type of
this data,
they can either be redirected to applications for which they are of the most significant value or
directly processed by operators of the platform and vertical solutions built on its basis.
● Data normalization is a crucial part of the IoT data management strategy. The optimal IoT
data analytics system is developed with individual analytical modules without any idea of the
physical meaning of the data they will process. Instead, device drivers abstract the received
values based on the characteristics of communication protocols. This information is then fed
into a single data model, where it is scaled and transformed for consistency. After that, the
data can freely move between any platform modules.
● Big data: The flow of information in the IoT can be overwhelming. Hundreds of thousands
of transactions within data management in IoT, every second at the moment, is "the peak
load" for a large financial institution, while for an oil refinery, processing this amount of metrics
is a typical work situation. All this IoT data requires an optimized framework to achieve similar
amounts of data processing on a single server and much better performance when using a
cluster of servers connected through the distributed infrastructure (so-called "fog computing"
data management framework.)
● Domain-specific languages: Successful IoT data management implies a specific IoT
architecture. The optimal architecture should implement query, expression, and process (as well
as some others) languages explicitly designed for the "natural" understanding of the normalized
data circulating in the system. In addition, the built-in development environment and debugger
greatly simplify data processing, without which it is currently challenging to imagine a corporate-
level monitoring and control system.
● Machine Learning: Discovering relationships between real-time data, historical data, and
recently collected data is a critical feature of successful IoT platforms. More than 20 algorithms
and hundreds of parameters will satisfy any data analyst's expectations. In addition, the visual
process editor allows you to set up, train, evaluate and manage models according to the given
logic, while incremental training and the ability to stream data complete the picture.
● Real-time analytics: Systems that are particularly good at analyzing time series are the most
common data type in IoT. This allows you to detect anomalies, predict the behavior of graphs and
classify time series, regardless of the physical meaning of the information and the number of
metrics in the data array. In addition, support for working with streams provides seamless
processing of large amounts of information that will never fit in memory.
● Event Management: The capabilities of the event monitoring and processing module include
filtering, sorting, aggregation, de-duplication, masking, correlation, validation, enrichment, and
root cause search. Most analytic modules support event activation and can be triggered by events
received from external IoT sources or user-created object and process models.
● Dashboards for data analytics: From the visual part of the IoT platform, as a rule, nothing
more is expected than counters, maps, tables, and graphs. Modern IoT data management and
analytics can compete with the best representatives of business intelligence systems in creating
statistical, analytical, and data mining interfaces. You can drill down on accumulated data,
discover new relationships, and find ways to save energy consumption or equipment downtime.
● Focus on results: Although the platform does not bring anything to your business, it allows
you to focus on generating profits instead of solving infrastructure problems. The development
and deployment of a modern IoT data management and analytics-based solution in a customer's
infrastructure usually take only a few months. At the same time, the actual economic effect is
visible already in the first weeks of implementation
● Digital Twins: The object and process modeling engine allows you to create digital twins of
physical assets and services. Models use business rules to make decisions when important events
occur automatically. Each model can be attached to devices, data sources, or other models lower
in the digital enterprise hierarchy.
Challenges of Implementing Predictive Analytics in IoT
As world statistics show, about 80% of analytical projects in this direction remain
unsuccessful and are not being exploited. This may be due to both technological risks and
organizational problems. In addition, various barriers hinder the successful implementation of
predictive analytics. The most important of them, according to the experience of Factory5,
can be divided into three groups:
1. Data. The model's performance critically depends on the availability and quality of the
data obtained. At the same time, no data is needed, but suitable according to specific
criteria.
2. Business processes. It is essential to understand who is doing what when the "red
light" lights up. And the results should influence maintenance and repair processes.
3. Expertise. It is needed both when creating and interpreting the model - "bare
mathematics" does not work well. Often vendors have their own closed and universal
algorithms to cover the maximum possible range of equipment. The system for each sensor
compares the actual value with the calculated one at the current time. Then the diagnostic
rules analyze the value of the total deviation and the contribution of each sensor's variation.
Forecasting is usually limited. This is also due to the specifics of the models. For example,
the value of an individual sensor can be predicted for a short period.
Why are IoT Data Management and Analytics Important?
Collecting, storing, and visualizing raw data is just the beginning of any significant IoT
project. The economic effect is achieved by management decisions to optimize existing
processes and bring new products and services to the market for end customers. Technically,
the above is achieved by aggregating, processing, and in-depth analyzing data received from
devices. However, for each significant solution, these operations will be unique - optimizing
the storage space of harvested crops is fundamentally different from orchestrating
transactional data in smart grids or managing a forklift fleet. Analytic capabilities range from
simple emergency alerts to advanced data processing with machine learning modules to
detect anomalies and predict events such as turbine failure. Years of presence in the market
and thousands of projects implemented by our partners in all vertical markets have allowed
us to ensure that the platform has the necessary set of tools for each case.
Potential of IoT Device Management
IoT solutions require automated zero-touch device control at the scale of millions of things.
Therefore, predictive analysis and proactive maintenance are critical success factors. In
addition, IoT Device Management should automatically classify devices into states that
depend on the context of use. If not, they are ineffective solutions for lame ducks. (с) Kurt
Peterhans.
IoT device management is a process that helps business entities manage their network
infrastructure and endpoints remotely. With the implementation of the IoT Device
Management Solution, decision-makers can monitor the performance and health of devices
on their network and remotely configure and update them.
Customer experience gives them better visibility into the status of their devices. The IoT
space is rapidly evolving and has incredible potential to impact digital life. In the meantime,
effective IoT device management is fundamental to any successful IoT solution - provision,
authenticate, configure, control, monitor, and maintain IoT devices at scale. IoT solution
incorporates future-ready modules and functionalities for successfully deploying, monitoring,
and managing IoT devices for any vertical.
IoT device management refers to the combination of access control, quality of service, and
data security systems for IoT devices. This is a critical feature for any IoT management and
analysis system. Several features are commonly included in IoT device management
solutions, such as:
● Identity and Access Management: This helps ensure that only authorized users can
access device data.
● Quality of Service: This ensures that devices can perform optimally and provide the
required level of service.
● Data Security: This helps protect valuable data from unauthorized access.

IoT Data Management vs. Traditional Database Management Systems

Today, business entities need a solution that can provide efficient, unified management of
diverse data at a single level. IoT data management and analytics systems are built on top of
management platforms. They can include traditional databases, data lakes and warehouses,
big data management systems, analytics, and more.
All these components interact, forming a single platform for working with data. It provides IoT
data management and analytics tools used in enterprise applications and analysis tools and
algorithms for processing this data. Although modern tools make it possible to automate many
management tasks, most database deployments are so large and complex that the intervention
of a database administrator is still necessary. This increases the likelihood of errors. Reducing
the need for manual IoT data management and analytics is one of the main goals of the new
IoT technology for data management, the autonomous database.
Cloud platforms provide an opportunity to quickly scale the number of resources used without
extra costs, thus growing in popularity among business users. In addition, some of these
platforms are cloud services, providing additional cost savings for business entities.
Big Data Management
The term big data should be taken literally: it means a large, tremendous amount of data.
However, big data is diverse and collected faster than traditional data. For example, imagine
how much data a social network like Facebook generates daily. The quantity, variety, and speed
of such data are of particular value to businesses. However, managing big data is also tricky.
The volume of data coming from disparate sources (cameras, social networks, audio recordings,
IoT devices) is constantly increasing, inevitably leading to the emergence of big data
management and analytics systems. These systems have three main areas of application:
● Big data integration - working with data of different types (from batch to streaming) and
converting them for subsequent use;
● Big data management - efficient, reliable, and secure storage of data in a lake or data
warehouse, as well as its processing (often using an object storage system);
● Big data analytics - extract new, actionable insights using analytics tools, including graph
analytics, and build models with machine learning and ai-powered visualizations.
Business entities are using big data to improve and accelerate product development, proactive
maintenance, customer experience, security, operational efficiency, and more. As big data
grows, new opportunities open up for us.

Data Privacy and Data Governance Principles

The GDPR, a regulation, has guided the collection, unification, and use of personal data in the
EU since May 2018. To protect data, it regulates seven critical principles for managing and
processing personal data.
According to these principles, when initiating data access, or working with data, legality,
integrity, transparency, accuracy, integrity, confidentiality, compliance with restrictions, and
storage requirements, must be ensured, among other things.
The GDPR and similar laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), are changing
how we manage data. These requirements have shaped data protection standards that give
individuals control over their data and its use. In practice, this means that consumers become
the data owners and can sue if business entities collect data about them without informed
consent, fail to maintain adequate controls over how data is used and hosted, or fail to comply
with data deletion or portability requirements.
What is IoT data management and analytics? Practical recommendations
Data management: To successfully manage the challenges of data management, you need a
comprehensive, well-thought-out set of best practices. Which recommendation to choose
depends on the type of data and the industry, but the following practical recommendations will
help you deal with some of the most significant challenges facing businesses today.
Challenges for IoT Data Management and Analytics
Today's data management and analytics challenges are driven primarily by the exponential
growth of data and the accelerating pace of business. Business entities have access to more
diverse data, which is processed faster and in more significant volumes. This creates a need
for effective management tools. Here is a list of some of the toughest challenges business
entities face today.
Lack of analytical presentation of data Business entities collects and store data from an
increasing number of diverse sources: sensors, smart devices, social networks, and video
cameras. But all this data will be useless if the company does not know what it is, where it is
stored, and how to use it. In addition, IoT data management and analytics solutions require
scale and performance to generate meaningful insights at the right time.
Difficulty maintaining performance levels of IoT data management and analytics
systems. Business entities are increasingly collecting, storing, and using data. And to
maintain peak response rates throughout the data layer (which continues to expand), you
need to constantly monitor the queries the database responds to and adjust indexes as
queries change. Yet, with all this, efficiency should not decrease.
Compliance issues with changing data requirements Regulations are complex, cross-
jurisdictional, and constantly changing. Therefore, business entities must be able to analyze
their data and determine to which part of it new or altered requirements apply. Furthermore,
extra attention should be paid to information that can be used to identify a person: it must be
identified, tracked, and checked against international data privacy requirements (which are
becoming more stringent).
The need to efficiently process and transform data The data found and collected is not
valuable in itself - the company needs to process it. Data transformation can take too much
time and effort. However, the experts insist on using the data form convenient for analysis so
that the data doesn't lose value over time.
The constant need for efficient data storage Today, when data management and analytics
issues have become especially relevant, business entities store information in several systems,
including data warehouses and unstructured data lakes, where any data in any format can be
placed in one repository. As a result, data scientists need to quickly and effortlessly convert data
from one source format to another, presenting it the way it is and creating models suitable for
virtually any type of analysis.
The need to continually optimize IT agility and costs The availability of cloud-based IoT
data management and analytics systems allows business entities to choose whether to store
and analyze data on-premise, in the cloud or through a hybrid combination of these options. To
maximize IT agility and reduce costs, IT professionals must assess the similarity between on-
premises and cloud environments.

IOT Mining Manipulation

Mining is an emerging industry. Before declaring results, mining industries use a variety of
technologies and big data in between the procedures. How is IoT affecting the mining industry?
What are its advantages and limitations in the mining industry? Which industry has implied IoT
in its mining process? We will learn about the entire concept step by step.
IoT and mining
IoT expands for the Internet of Things. The internet of things may be defined as expanding
connectivity of the internet on physical devices such as laptops, mobiles, and tablets. The
physical devices include the daily devices available nearby.
What are the uses of IoT?
IoT is quite useful in the following ways.
1. It gives devices a soul or life.
2. When hardware is embedded with the internet, the devices are able to interact with
each other.
3. IoT enables devices to be remotely monitored and controlled.
4. IoT helps in achieving cost and productivity optimization.
5. IoT improves the safety measures and develops the need for artificial intelligence.
IoT in the mining industry
IoT is often referred to as the backbone of the mining industry. IoT is useful for the mining
industry in one or many ways. Mining industry often requires rapid innovations,
technologies, automation, digitization and electrification.
The internet of things or IoT is providing the mining sector these facilities. From cost
optimization to quick decision making, different advantages and uses of IoT in the mining
industry is mentioned under the next title.
IoT helps in implementing artificial intelligence in the mines, thus, makes them more
efficient and able. AI further enhances the power of IoT solutions as a way of streamlined
operators. It helps in reducing the final costs and also improves the safety and quality level
of the mining industry. AI and IoT together help the mining industries to improve their
metal extracting process, they make the process more accurate and thus, less waste
generating.

What is the need of IoT in the mining industry?

• IoT is required in the mining industry for the following three reasons.
• To improve the performance and productivity and eliminate the unnecessary costs.
• To anticipate machinery failures, this is known as the industrial internet of things.
• Various types of machinery and the plants are covering their machinery with smarter,
cheaper and smaller internet connected sensors.

Advantages of IoT in the mining industry

The IoT is also called the backbone of the mining industry. With its advent the entire
process of mining has become easier and cheaper. Here is the list of top few advantages of
IoT in mining industries:
1. Robotics advances for mining
Having the self-standing products i.e., working of vehicle and equipment together, the more
data is collected, which improves the accuracy rates. IoT allows mining companies to find
the latest technologies, inventions, development trends, new innovations and how to stay
top in the market. This makes the job easier and gives a lot of experience in the market
and how to run it and how to deal with the various problems that come in between.
2. Analytical maintenance
Having an integrated network and monitoring every aspect of operation becomes very easy
and it leads to greater safety and productivity. It includes a variation of various vital pieces
of equipment and also projecting when repair is required.
3. Energy and cost benefits
Investment in the industrial internet of things reduces the use of energy and it also
maintains the cost of the mining industries. They also have a transparent system where
each part is monitored, and it allows a more efficient process. This continues to grow, and
the cost spent on the workers also reduces and it allows the industry to become more
profitable.
4. Time saving
When we develop and maintain the mine site IoT helps. The data is collected before the
digging takes place for mining, it ensures that the process is managed correctly, and it also
has less risk. Some of the mining industries use driverless vehicles and they are
experimenting with autonomous drilling systems which are operated by machines
themselves and there is no human use in this process. In this process the time clock is set
according to the extraction process that takes place in the shorter time.
5. IoT improving safety
IoT is improving safety measures, various types of difficulty or danger comes during the
extraction process, the condition of land is also an important aspect in the mining
process. Technologies manage some of the risk and it prevents the collapse of unstable
shafts. For example, the sensors pick up the real time data and predict whether there are
issues or not.
6. Cost optimization
IoT helps in optimizing the costs of raw and finished products.
7. Increased Productivity
Implying IoT in the mining process also enhances the productivity level of the mining
industry.
Drawbacks of IoT in the mining industry
With so many uses mentioned above, IoT has certain limitations in the mining industry.
Following are the drawbacks of IoT in mining industry:
1. Security and privacy
To keep the gathered data which is transmitted by the Iot devices safely is very challenging
as they evolve and expand in use. Cybersecurity is very important and it is a priority for
the mining companies. IoT devices aren't always included in the strategy. These devices
must be protected from physical tampering, internet-based attacks, hardware-based
attacks. Data privacy is an important concern for the mining companies because IoT
devices are used in the more sensitive industries such as finance and healthcare. Various
types of information privacy laws are coming globally which are very important and
beneficial for the mining industries.
2. Technical complexity
It might seem like IoT devices are performing simple tasks such as counting the entry
swipes at a secure door , there's a lot of complex technologies involved in creating them. If
they are providing important data to another workflow or system, then they could
negatively affect everything which is connected to it.
3. Requires regular electrification
Most of the devices depend on continuous power or internet connectivity to function
properly. When either of them goes down then the device also goes down and anything
which is connected to it. Nowadays these devices are very important and if they go down
then a lot of things will halt.
4. Integration
Currently there's no consensus regarding the protocols of industrial internet of things and
their standards so the devices produced by the different manufacturers might work or not
with the existing technologies. Each type requires a different type of configuration and
hardware connection and makes it hard to deploy efficiently.
5. Time consuming
Industrial internet of things is very time consuming; they need a lot of time investment
and also money investment. There are a number of devices to be purchased and the staff
also have to configure them and have to install all of them and other integrate them into a
network and support calls to the manufacturer for help. If they all are going into the single
location, businesses can make up that investment quickly.
Role of IIOT in Manufacturing Processes
Here are some ways the IoT helps streamline the production process:
1. It enables manufacturers to collect data from various machines and equipment in the
factory, allowing them to identify trends and areas for improvement.
2. It offers critical metrics and allows monitoring of production status in real time. This
enables easy replication of the production processes, automated auditing and timely
resolution of production-related problems.
3. It connects machines and equipment wirelessly to the internet, which allows
manufacturers to remotely monitor and control them, reducing downtime and increasing
efficiency.
4. IoT-enabled machines can communicate with each other, allowing for a more coordinated
and streamlined production process.
5. IoT can help manufacturers fix problems before they occur, reducing unplanned
downtime and increasing productivity.

Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that helps manufacturers avoid

equipment failures and downtime. The IoT is increasingly important in predictive maintenance
for manufacturing. Connecting devices and machines to the internet allows data to be
collected and analyzed in real time to identify potential issues before they cause disruptions.
IoT-enabled predictive maintenance sensors can help improve the efficiency and safety
of manufacturing operations and reduce the cost of poor quality (COPQ). These wireless
predictive maintenance sensors calculate the vibrations of machines, surrounding
temperature, acceleration, displacement and sound frequencies to detect if the machines
operate under normal conditions.
Because these sensors can take precise temperature measurements, including
extremely low and high temperatures, they are ideal for measuring the temperatures of
industrial boilers, liquids and food storage units. This type of IoT-enabled sensor finds
application in:
1. Vibration measurement of compressors, motors, robotic equipment, transport
vehicles and conveyors.
2. Machine health monitoring.
3. Future fail detection.
4. By predicting downtime, IoT sensors enable manufacturers to take corrective action
in time to prevent disruption in the manufacturing process.
5. In addition, wireless industrial sensors optimize safety by helping predict if a machine
is about to explode or is reaching a dangerous working condition.

Streamlining Asset And Location Tracking

One of the key challenges of asset tracking in industries is the sheer volume of assets
that need to be tracked. Additionally, given that assets are often moved around frequently, it
can be difficult to keep track of them, leading to lost or damaged assets, which can be costly.
 Optimizing Quality Control
Effective quality management involves monitoring a vast array of process and
machine parameters influencing product quality. Many manufacturing facilities product
quality and process reliability depend on optimal humidity, air quality and temperature
control.
There are several reasons why humidity control is so important in manufacturing.
High humidity can cause:
1. Material degradation.
2. Increased energy consumption.
3. Microbiological growth.
4. Inaccuracy of testing equipment.
5. Product drying issues.
In the past, quality assurance in manufacturing was a manual process that was often
error-prone. With the advent of the IoT, manufacturers can now track quality parameters
such as humidity, temperature, pressure and particulate matter with greater accuracy.
IoT sensors help collect data that can determine which products match quality standards
and must be inspected more closely. This is especially important for manufacturers that
meet quality standards such as ISO and GMP.

Facilitating Warehouse Management

Logistics is the management of materials, products and equipment. Because of
changing demands, rising costs and increasing complexity, logistics has become one of the
most critical elements in manufacturing today.
As a result, companies are investing millions of dollars in improving their capabilities.
But these investments are not always successful because they often fail to anticipate or
address their particular industry's unique challenges.

Overall, several areas stand out as the biggest challenges in logistics:

• Complexity: The sheer volume of products and services that need to be shipped can
make it difficult to manage and control.
• Speed: The speed at which orders can be processed and delivered can also pose a
problem. Increasingly complex production processes, growing supply chain complexity, and
globalization translate to faster
delivery times, shorter lead times and shorter distance traveled by the carrier.
• Cost: As shipping costs continue to rise due to increased fuel prices, it becomes
increasingly important for companies to minimize their transportation costs wherever
possible.
• Capacity: Some of the biggest warehouse management challenges for the
manufacturing industry are warehouse capacity, inefficient warehouse layout, managing
inventory levels and tracking the movement of goods.

Use of IIOT in plant maintenance practices, Sustainability through

Business excellence tools Challenges
Plant maintenance has often been a source of untimely, expensive and unplanned
equipment downtime. Preventive maintenance, managed by a computerized maintenance
management system, has been a much better alternative to reactive, "breakdown"
maintenance, but has not always been the cure to failures and production downtime. A
solution that's on the horizon, which promises to combat the high cost of plant
maintenance, is predictive maintenance, a radically new form of maintenance that is
enabled through implementation of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems at
manufacturing facilities.
From Preventive to Predictive Maintenance
There are many differences of opinion in the manufacturing industry with regard to
the value of the Industrial Internet of Things. The on-going debate on the value of IIoT
has frequently reduced the problem to corporate buy-in and capital investment, yet often
overlooks its usefulness in the area of plant maintenance, which can amount to about 20%
of operating expenses and between 4% to 7% percent of gross revenues for large
organizations, according to the consulting firm Accenture. Without a doubt preventive
maintenance has improved equipment life cycles and controlled the rising slope of capital
costs. But the value of IIoT is multi-faceted; in the context of plant maintenance, it
has the ability to take maintenance to a new level — well beyond a
preventive style of regularly scheduled maintenance to an innovative,
condition-based maintenance that is predictive in nature.
This move to predictive maintenance is expected to occur in the very
near future as thousands of machine-based sensors feed data to industrial
control systems in order to provide real-time information about both
operational status and rule-based equipment conditions. Predictive
maintenance is expected to significantly reduce unplanned downtime and
eliminate many instances of catastrophic failures - those untimely accidents
waiting to happen that kill productivity targets. But the promise of predictive
maintenance can only be realized with the full scale adoption of the IIoT.
Featuring more complex hardware and software as well as many I/O sensor
networks, the IIoT poses a wholly new set of implementation challenges.

Reactive to predictive
Technology development is expanding the tools available to increase
the effectiveness of maintenance to dramatically improved uptime and
equipment availability. Reactive maintenance, which waits for machines and other
equipment to break down and then fixes them, is a costly method, affecting
production efficiency and manufacturing quality. This practice also has a big
impact on increased life-cycle costs, often shortening the useful life of
equipment.

Preventive maintenance based on calendar time improves equipment

effectiveness. However, lacking a link between equipment use and wear, this
method has not proven to be reliable, and it requires a significant
commitment of labor resources. Much of the work and materials are overkill.
Condition-based maintenance using real-time monitoring to constantly assess
the condition of assets can dramatically improve availability and limit
downtime. The big next step in maintenance is enabled by IoT technology
and cloud computing. Companies identify and correlate patterns in variables
that, taken as a whole, affect equipment performance to determine actions
that can prevent failures. The application of predictive methods can
significantly improve maintenance
strategy and the ability to anticipate performance issues and mitigate them
before they impact operations and cause unscheduled downtime.

Exploiting asset data

More and more intelligence is built into sensors on equipment every
day. Automation systems linked to these intelligent sensors deliver insights
into real-time performance data. With the application of Internet of Things
technology, these terabytes of data turn into actionable information. The
opportunity is for a much clearer fact-based understanding of asset
performance and efficiencies to lower maintenance costs, improve production
uptime (lower downtime), improve product quality, improve production yield,
reduce unplanned downtime, and optimize maintenance labor resources. This
data can also be used to justify replacement of existing equipment and verify
performance of new production processes and recently installed equipment.

Newer and easier-to-use analytic modeling software is becoming

available due to the demands of customers whose appetites are whetted by
compelling results and who drive the need for more and more insight into
their business operations. Analytic models are bringing high-hanging fruit in
reach; maintenance and operational improvement directly affects the bottom
line, and that is why large enterprises are so interested in leveraging these
technologies.

Exploring potential worth

Data from automation and monitoring systems, leveraged with
analytics, monitoring, and reporting, creates the basis for a real-time
maintenance program. The potential impact of employing predictive
maintenance is significant, as illustrated by a Nucleus Research analysis of
potential improvements:

• Reduction of annual unplanned downtime: 60-90 percent

• Reduction of excess capacity required to compensate for
unplanned downtime: up to 90 percent
• Scrap or rework reduction: up to 50 percent
• Asset life extension improving lifetime return on assets: 5-15 percent

Identify and prioritize needs

• A valuable analysis is to identify and prioritize your situation
considering three factors relative to analytic use cases.
• Operational and organizational readiness: Are you ready, or do people
need more information and training?
• Business and strategy alignment: Is this in line with your company's
goals and objectives?
• Risk and return value: For your operations, what is the economic
potential?

The Challenges of Implementing IIoT

Security, interoperability and connectivity are often cited as the three
major obstacles to implementing IIoT. A lack of security for critical
infrastructure is a risk to operational performance. A lack of
standardized protocols for industrial networks can pose significant
limitations on how to get gear from different vendors "talking" to one
another. Since industrial processes operate in real time, the need for
time sensitive, low latency and high reliability networks that connect
massive wireless I/O to the controller is another important challenge
that cannot be underestimated.
Beyond the considerations of data security, interoperability and
connectivity is the I/O itself. One fact of life (and wireless sensor
network maintenance) is that the life expectancy of sensors is uneven.
As machine-level devices, IIoT sensors endure a significant amount of
environmental exposure and stress that isn't experienced by data
processing equipment housed or co-located in an environmentally
controlled data center. And sensor networks used in the IIoT will be
huge - 20,000 to 50,000 at large facilities.
The maintenance of such a large I/O would likely be unmanageable
without making communication down to the sensor visible - a critical
need for the success of the IIoT. This is why the IO-Link standard is so
important to implementing the IIoT and achieving the holy grail of
plant maintenance - predictive maintenance.
Maintaining a Large I/O Demands Sensor Communication
Maintaining a large I/O starts with making communication down to the
sensor visible. This is one of the goals behind the IO-Link International
Standard (IEC 61131-9). What is IO-Link? In brief, it is the first I/O
technology for communicating with sensors and actuators to be adopted as
an international standard (IEC 61131-9). Technically speaking, it is a fieldbus
and vendor-independent communication standard. Since IO-Link compliant
devices can provide information about their status, they can be deployed to
help reduce downtime because they can notify plant operators of faulty
components in real time. As a result, the frequency of sudden failures can be
drastically reduced.
IO-Link allows consistent communication between sensors/actuators
and the controller by providing access to all process data, diagnostic data,
and device information so corrective maintenance as well as the scheduling
of preventive maintenance can be optimized. IO-Link can minimize the risks
of catastrophic failures and reduce the efforts needed for troubleshooting
equipment problems.
Omron's IO-Link compliant products can make sensor process and
diagnostic data, as well as device information visible in order to help reduce
maintenance downtimes, eliminate frequent and sudden failures, and
improve the efficiency of production changeovers.
With IO-Link, the last yard between the sensor/actuator to the fieldbus
or controller becomes communication-enabled. The parameters for the
actuators and sensors can be stored in the controller and automatically
transferred when the unit is replaced. It allows the detection of wiring cable
disconnections and errors. IO-Link can also help improve system
commissioning and changeover efficiency by checking identifications in
batches. This is especially useful when I/O checks for any of the thousands
of sensors installed on a production line must be performed.

IO Link Helps Realize the Promise of IIOT

The importance of the IIoT to the continued success of the
manufacturing industry is no longer in the experimental arena. The majority
of manufacturers are already at some stage of investment in
IIoT technology. But the broad scale adoption of IIoT and the benefits it promises to
offer - from predictive maintenance to high productivity and ROI - will depend on the
engineering of a coordinated set of solutions, of which, IO-Link compliant devices will
play a key role at the sensor/actuator level.

Benefits in implementing IIOT

These are 8 of the biggest benefits of adopting a fully connected IIoT manufacturing
operation.
Increased efficiency
The biggest benefit of IIoT is that it gives manufacturers the ability to automate,
and therefore optimize their operating efficiency. Robotics and automated machinery can
work more efficiently and accurately, boosting productivity and helping manufacturers
streamline their functions. Additionally, physical machinery can be connected to software
via sensors that monitor performance on a constant basis. This enables manufacturers
to have better insights into the operational performance of individual pieces of
equipment as well as entire fleets.

IIoT-enabled data systems empower manufacturers to improve operating efficiencies by:

• Bypassing manual tasks and functions and implementing automated, digital ones
• Making data-driven decisions regarding all manufacturing functions
• Monitoring performance from anywhere - on the manufacturing floor or from
thousands of miles away

Shorter Time to Market

Greater operational efficiencies also allow for a faster and more efficient manufacturing
process. Industrial IoT solutions enable direct communication from network components
to employees, which:
• Enables faster decision-making in reaction to market fluctuations
• Provides greater insights into supply chain operation and improves response time
to disruptions
 • Identifies inefficiencies in the product cycle time, allowing for
better optimization in different lines

Reduced Errors
Industrial IoT empowers manufacturers to digitize nearly every part of their
business. By reducing manual process and entries, manufacturers are able to reduce
the biggest risk associated with manual labor - human error.

This goes beyond just operational and manufacturing errors. IIoT solutions also
can reduce the risk of cyber and data breaches caused by human error. According to
the World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report, 95% of cybersecurity threats have
been traced back to human error. AI and machine learning-enabled programs and
machinery can do much of the required computing themselves, eliminating the
potential for someone to make a simple mistake and put the manufacturer's data at
risk.

Predictive Maintenance
Nothing negatively impacts a manufacturing operation more than machine
downtime. Experts estimate that the average manufacturer experiences 800 hours of
equipment downtime a year, which adds up to an industry-wide cost of $50 billion a
year in unplanned expenses. What could be causing such drastic issues that
manufacturers cannot operate? The answer is simple — lack of proper and predictive
maintenance.

When maintenance in the manufacturing world is reactive rather than proactive,

manufacturers are stuck trying to identify what the issue is, how it can be repaired, and
what it will cost. With predictive maintenance powered by industrial IoT solutions, all of
those issues are alleviated.

When machinery performance and function are monitored consistently,

manufacturers can create a baseline. This baseline and the corresponding data
empowers companies with the information they
need to see any issue before it occurs. They can then schedule maintenance prior to
downtime, which benefits them in that they:
• Have the parts required for the job
• Know the cost of the project beforehand, and can budget for it
• Move production to another area of the facility, so the product
quotas are unaffected
• Ensure that machinery is operating at maximum efficiency
Improved Safety:
All of the data and sensors required of a fully functioning IIoT manufacturing operation
are also helping to bolster workplace safety. "Smart manufacturing" is turning into "smart
security" when all of the IIoT sensors work together to monitor workplace and employee
safety.

Integrated safety systems are protecting workers on the floor, on the line, and in
distribution. If an accident occurs, everyone in the facility can be alerted, operations can
cease, and company leadership can intervene and make sure the accident and incident is
resolved. This incident can also generate valuable data that can help prevent a repeat
occurrence in the future.

A newer option some manufacturers are utilizing is the use of wearable technology
among their employees. Wearables have been part of IoT since its infancy, and it are just
now being utilized in industrial IoT operations.

Wearables help leadership keep tabs on things like employee posture and the
surrounding noise levels, and they can then improve work conditions and potentially improve
performance. They can also alert employees when they aren't following proper workplace
safety procedures, so they can correct their actions and stay safe on the job.

Line Optimization
If the initial utilization of IIoT during Industry 4.0 was about individual machine
optimization, today's Industry 5.0 is now more focused on optimizing the entire
manufacturing process. IIoT solutions allow for the standardization of work output across an
entire production
 line, making it easier to optimize operations across entire plants.

For example, say you have six plants, each with different capabilities and production lines.
Industrial IoT provides the capability to look at the manufacturing process across each plant,
allowing you to review factors like machine capabilities, current capacity, and overall availability.
These insights make it easier to determine the most efficient place to make a specific product
across all sites and how to enable operation efficiencies across different processes in multiple
locations.

Digital Twins
Digital twins refer to exact virtual copies of physical objects made possible by IoT, AI,
machine learning, and cloud computing. With virtual copies of equipment and spare parts,
engineers and managers can simulate numerous processes, conduct experiments, discover
issues, and achieve needed results without risking or damaging physical assets.

Digital twins also allow a look at the bigger picture across the entire production line while
it's in operation, for a better review of efficiency and performance. Through digital recreations,
you can take a deep dive into a representation of a single machines or step back for a larger
view of the entire process. This enables you to see where any performance bottlenecks may be
occurring. For example, if your feeder is slow, a review of digital representation of the
production line could reveal an inefficiency with the packaging system.

Reduced Costs
Knowledge is power, and the knowledge provided to manufacturers via IIoT solutions is
giving them the tools they need to reduce costs and generate more revenue. Data-driven
insights into operations, production, marketing, sales, and more can steer businesses in a
profitable direction.

All of the aforementioned benefits of IIoT - predictive maintenance, fewer errors,

improved quality control, and maximized efficiencies - will all boost profits for a manufacturer.
Industrial IoT also offers arguably the most valuable tool for leaders of a manufacturing

Remote monitoring of manufacturing operations is now possible 365 days a year, 24/7,
from anywhere in the world. This 360-degree view into the entire manufacturing process, and
the follow-up service provided to customers in their buying journey, is an invaluable asset.
Company insights from anywhere anytime.
8. Assignments

69
 8. Assignments

Collect the IOT devices used in Smart TV and explain

the working principle of Smart TV
9. Part A Q & A

71
 9. Part A Q & A
1. What are the ways the IoT helps streamline the production process ?
Here are some ways the IoT helps streamline the production process:
1. It enables manufacturers to collect data from various machines and equipment in the factory,
allowing them to identify trends and areas for improvement.
2. It offers critical metrics and allows monitoring of production status in real time. This enables easy
replication of the production processes, automated auditing and timely resolution of production-related
problems.
3. It connects machines and equipment wirelessly to the internet, which allows manufacturers to
remotely monitor and control them, reducing downtime and increasing efficiency.
4. IoT-enabled machines can communicate with each other, allowing for a more coordinated and
streamlined production process.
5. IoT can help manufacturers fix problems before they occur, reducing unplanned downtime and
increasing productivity.
2. Define Predictive maintenance.
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that helps manufacturers avoid equipment failures and
downtime. The IoT is increasingly important in predictive maintenance for manufacturing. Connecting
devices and machines to the internet allows data to be collected and analyzed in real time to identify
potential issues before they cause disruptions.
3. What is the effectiveness of predictive maintenance sensors ?
IoT-enabled predictive maintenance sensors can help improve the efficiency and safety of
manufacturing operations and reduce the cost of poor quality (COPQ). These wireless predictive
maintenance sensors calculate the vibrations of machines, surrounding temperature, acceleration,
displacement and sound frequencies to detect if the machines operate under normal conditions.
Because these sensors can take precise temperature measurements, including extremely low and high
temperatures, they are ideal for measuring the temperatures of industrial boilers, liquids and food
storage units.
4. Mention some applications of some IoT-enabled sensors.
This type of IoT-enabled sensor finds application in:
1. Vibration measurement of compressors, motors, robotic equipment, transport vehicles and
conveyors.
2. Machine health monitoring.
3. Future fail detection.
4. By predicting downtime, IoT sensors enable manufacturers to take corrective action in time to
prevent disruption in the manufacturing process.
5. In addition, wireless industrial sensors optimize safety by helping predict if a machine is about
to explode or is reaching a dangerous working condition.
5. Short notes on asset tracking.
One of the key challenges of asset tracking in industries is the sheer volume of assets that
need to be tracked. Additionally, given that assets are often moved around frequently, it can
be difficult to keep track of them, leading to lost or damaged assets, which can be costly.

6. Short notes onOptimizing Quality Control

Optimizing quality management effectively involves monitoring a vast array of process and
machine parameters influencing product quality. Many manufacturing facilities product quality
and process reliability depend on optimal humidity, air quality and temperature control.
There are several reasons why humidity control is so important in manufacturing. High
humidity can cause:
1. Material degradation.
2. Increased energy consumption.
3. Microbiological growth.
4. Inaccuracy of testing equipment.
5. Product drying issues.

8. Short notes on quality assurance

In the past, quality assurance in manufacturing was a manual process that was often error-
prone. With the advent of the IoT, manufacturers can now track quality parameters such as
humidity, temperature, pressure and particulate matter with greater accuracy.
IoT sensors help collect data that can determine which products match quality standards and
must be inspected more closely. This is especially important for manufacturers that meet
quality standards such as ISO and GMP

9. What is optimizing Quality Control ?

Optimize quality management involves monitoring a vast array of process and machine
parameters influencing product quality. Many manufacturing facilities product quality and
process reliability depend on optimal humidity, air quality and temperature control.

10.Why should there be effective quality management ? Effective quality management

involves monitoring a vast array of process and machine parameters influencing product
quality. Many manufacturing facilities product quality and process reliability depend on
optimal humidity, air quality and temperature control

11. Why is humidity control so important in manufacturing?

There are several reasons why humidity control is so important in manufacturing. High
humidity can cause:
1. Material degradation.
2. Increased energy consumption.
3. Microbiological growth.
4. Inaccuracy of testing equipment.
5. Product drying issues.
12. Short note on quality quality assurance.
In the past, quality assurance in manufacturing was a manual process that was often error-
prone. With the advent of the IoT, manufacturers can now track quality parameters such as
humidity, temperature, pressure and particulate matter with greater accuracy.
IoT sensors help collect data that can determine which products match quality standards
and must be inspected more closely. This is especially important for manufacturers that
meet quality standards such as ISO and GMP

13. Facilitating Warehouse Management

Logistics is the management of materials, products and equipment. Because of changing
demands, rising costs and increasing complexity, logistics has become one of the most
critical elements in manufacturing today.
As a result, companies are investing millions of dollars in improving their capabilities. But
these investments are not always successful because they often fail to anticipate or
address their particular industry's unique challenges.

14. What are the challenges faced in logistics?

1. Complexity: The sheer volume of products and services that need to be shipped can
make it difficult to manage and control.
2. Speed: The speed at which orders can be processed and delivered can also pose a
problem. Increasingly complex production processes, growing supply chain complexity,
and globalization translate to faster delivery times, shorter lead times and shorter distance
traveled by the carrier.
3. Cost: As shipping costs continue to rise due to increased fuel prices, it becomes
increasingly important for companies to minimize their transportation costs wherever
possible
4. Capacity: Some of the biggest warehouse management challenges for the manufacturing
industry are warehouse capacity, inefficient warehouse layout, managing inventory levels
and tracking the movement of goods.

15.List the skills needed by a Test specialist(CO4,K2)

✓ Organizational and planning skills
✓ The ability to keep track of and pay attention to details
✓ The determination to discover and solve problems
✓ The ability to mentor and train others
✓ The ability to work with users and clients
✓ The ability to think creatively
16.What are the steps in forming the test group?(CO4,K2)
✓ Upper management support for test function
✓ Establish test group organization, career paths
✓ Define education and skill levels
✓ Develop job description
✓ Interview candidates
✓ Select Test group members

17.Explain the Test team hierarchy.(CO4,K2)

✓ The Test Manager
✓ The Test Lead
✓ The Test Engineer
✓ The Junior Test Engineer

18.What is the use of V-model in testing?(CO4,K2)

The V-model is model that illustrates how testing activities can be integrated in to each phase of
the standard software life cycle.

19.What are the various approaches to test cost estimation.(CO5,K2)

✓ COCOMO Model
✓ Use of test cost drivers
✓ Test Tasks
✓ Testers / Developers ratio
✓ Expert judgment.

20.What is the role of a Test Manager in a Test group?(CO5,K2)

The test manager is usually responsible for, test policy making, customer interaction, test planning,
test documentation, controlling and monitoring of tests, training, test tool acquisition, participation
in inspections and walkthroughs, reviewing test work, the test repository, and staffing issues such
as hiring, firing, and evaluation of the test team members.
21.What is the role of a Test Lead in a Test group?(CO5,K2)

The test lead assists the test manager and works with a team of test engineers on
individual projects. He or she may be responsible for duties such as,(i) test planning,
(ii) staff supervision, (iii) status reporting. The test lead also participates in test
design, test execution and reporting, technical reviews, customer interaction, and
tool training.

22.What is the role of a Test Engineer in a Test group?(CO5,K2)

The test engineers design, develop, and execute tests, develop test harnesses, and
set up test laboratories and environments. They also give input to test planning and
support maintenance of the test and defect repositories.

23.What is the role of a Junior Test Engineer in a Test gro

up?(CO5,K2)

The junior test engineers are usually new hires. They gain experience by
participating in test design, test execution, and test harness development. They
may also be asked to review user manuals and user help facilities defect and
maintain the test and defect repositories.

24.What is a Test Incident Report?(CO6,K2)

The tester should record in a test incident report (sometimes called a problem
report) any event that occurs during the execution of the tests that is unexpected,
unexplainable, and that requires a follow-up investigation.

25.What is a Test Log?(CO6,K2)

The test log is prepared by the person executing the test. It is a diary of the events
that take place during the test.
10. Part B Questions

77
 10. PART-B (QUESTIONS)

1. Why is testing planning so important for developing a repeatable and managed

testing process?(CO4,K2)

2. What role do managers play in support of a test group? (CO4,K2)

3. Discuss in detail about the test specialist skills. (CO4,K2)

4. Discuss in detail about the test plan components. (CO5,K2)

5. Describe with example test people management. How will you build a testing
group, discuss with an example. (CO5,K2)

6. Develop the challenges and issues faced in testing service organization, also
write how we can eliminate challenges. (CO4,K2)

7. Briefly explain about Organization Structure for testing teams. (CO4,K2)

8. Describe the role of IIOT in Manufacturing Processes. (CO5,K2)

9. Explain uses of IIOT in plant maintenance practices, Sustainability through

Business excellence tools Challenges. (CO5,K2)

10. Narrate the benefits in implementing IIOT. (CO4,K2)

11. Activity based learning

79
 11. Activity based learning

All the students where asked to prepare one question with pictures as clue for
answers.

A quiz was conducted by asking the students to share their questions.

Link for activity based learning

https://www.javatpoint.com/software-testing-mcq

https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/some-interesting-software-
testing-interview-questions/

• Quiz Links:
• https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/topic/software-testing
• https://skillvalue.com/en/quiz/testing/
• https://www.softwaretestinggenius.com/software-testing-quiz-part-1-and-2/

• Video Quiz
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9jXtP-vnzI

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpnTaCgieJY
12. Supportive online Certification courses

81
 12. Supportive online Certification courses

1. NPTEL: SOFTWARE TESTING

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105150/

2. https://www.udemy.com/course/software-testing-qa-fundamentals-and-manual-
testing-concept/

3. https://www.udemy.com/course/software-testing-and-career-in-qa/

4. https://www.udemy.com/course/software-manualtesting/

5. https://www.udemy.com/course/test-case/

6. https://www.udemy.com/course/testerbootcamp/

7. https://www.udemy.com/course/software-testing-masterclass-from-novice-to-
expert/

8. https://www.coursera.org/specializations/software-testing-automation

9. https://www.coursera.org/learn/introduction-software-testing

10. https://www.coursera.org/learn/ruanjian-ceshi

11. https://www.coursera.org/learn/black-box-white-box-testing
13. Real time Applications in day to day life
and to Industry

83
13. Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry

IBM ENGINEERING TEST MANAGEMENT

❖ Increase efficiency and quality of software delivery with test planning, workflow
control, tracking, and metrics reporting.

❖ Available on prem and as SaaS.

❖ Use comprehensive test plans Use test plans that are customizable live artifacts
which capture a variety of testing activity dimensions.

❖ Meet regulatory requirements Provides help to meet regulatory requirements and

get ready for compliance audits.

❖ Get reporting with a purpose Always have an accurate real-time status without
having to ping each and every team member.

❖ Run test scripts quickly Accelerate manual testing using rich text, in-line images
and assisted data entry and validation for precise test definition and execution.

❖ Accelerate time to value Use the cloud to get up and running faster and focus on
technological innovation.

❖ Better manage your machines Whether it is a test lab or virtual machines, track
all your lab resources in one place.

❖ Make sure that the required resources to execute your test plan are available.
14. Contents beyond the Syllabus

85
 14. Contents beyond the Syllabus
Test Management Tools: Jira

Test organization and efficient management are indispensable to the overall

quality of your product or release. To match the faster release velocity and high
volume of production required in the era of digital transformation, everything
from the processes, to resources and testing tools need to be Agile.

Many businesses using Jira to organize and manage projects and tasks within the
organization can leverage test management tools that are integrated with Jira for
efficiency and user-friendliness. A few reasons why you should consider using
tools inside Jira for test management Easier and faster user on-boarding, No need
for new infrastructure ,Agile teams are able to include test cases within sprint
,Multi-location teams and interdisciplinary teams can leverage the existing Jira
ecosystem,Extends the functionalities of Jira to cover test management

QMetry Test Management for Jira: Designed for DevOps and Agile
teams, QMetry Test Management for Jira is a complete test management solution
aimed at bringing quality with speed to the testing lifecycle. It is a feature-rich
tool with capabilities that include: Complete Test Management ,Authoring, cloning,
linking, versioning and reusability within Jira. Test Cycles for Execution, Create
Test Runs, carry out bulk updates, link bugs, attach screenshots and view
automation test results in test runs with exceptions, clone test runs. Record test
executions faster and smartly with cycles. Test Plan ,Enable QA teams to plan and
track releases with QMetry Test Plan, link multiple test cycles inside a test plan.
Reporting, Make critical quality decisions using Coverage Analytics, Test Run
Report and Traceability Reports, customize reports with dashboard gadgets across
projects and teams. Integration and Automation, Supports major automation
frameworks like Cucumber, Junit, SpecFlow, QAF, UFT, TestNG, etc.; integration
for CI/CD tools like Jenkins and Bamboo using free APIs
Using Jira for Test case management-How to Create Test Case in Jira

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdyfYfu3Wyk
15. Assessment Schedule

87
 15. Assessment Schedule

FIRST INTERNAL ASSESSMENT TEST

SCHEDULED ON 24/09/23

SECOND INTERNAL ASSESSMENT TEST

SCHEDULED ON 28/10/23
16. Prescribed Text Books &
Reference Books

89
Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Srinivasan Desikan and Gopalaswamy Ramesh, ―Software Testing – Principles

and Practices‖, Pearson Education, 2006.
2. Ron Patton, ―Software Testing‖, Second Edition, Sams Publishing, Pearson
Education, 2007.

REFERENCES:

1. Ilene Burnstein, ―Practical Software Testing‖, Springer International Edition,

2003.
2. Edward Kit,‖ Software Testing in the Real World – Improving the Process‖,
Pearson Education, 1995.
3. Boris Beizer,‖ Software Testing Techniques‖ – 2nd Edition, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, 1990.
4. Aditya P. Mathur, ―Foundations of Software Testing _ Fundamental Algorithms
and Techniques‖, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., Pearson Education, 2008.
 E-book reference

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Srinivasan Desikan and Gopalaswamy Ramesh, ―Software Testing –

Principles and Practices‖, Pearson Education, 2006.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1i92MFNqIVnHqgcAq79CQzJQAdEhfv-
49/view?usp=sharing

REFERENCES:

1. Ilene Burnstein, ―Practical Software Testing‖, Springer International

Edition, 2003.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MAQS8w6kV4nCIg1UkFpyG7KHL40vnF
u4/view?usp=sharing
17. Mini Project suggestions

92
 17. Mini Project suggestions

1. Suppose you are working for a very large software development organization.
Your company is often involved in developing very large and complex mission critical
software for customers affiliated with the defense industry.
• Suggest approaches to organize a test group for your company, keeping in mind
the size of the company and the type of software developed.
• Give reasons for your choice.

2. JUnit (A programmer-oriented testing framework for Java )

• Explore this framework and submit a report about it how exactly its help to
achieve various testing options.

3. You have completed a project and the live date is next day, you got one big
problem but that problem can't be resolved in short time and the estimate is 30
days. What are your options ..?

4. You have tested the application and it is released. The user asks for some
changes in the project and gives one week time to complete it. Out of the one
week, 6 days is taken by the developer to make the changes. So you have only
one day to test it. What will you do in the case in case of manual testing?

5. 5. If there is game which has 20 levels an expert can only play the game upto
20 levels if i am as a normal person or tester can play the game upto 12th level
then how i will test the game upto 20th level. Please guide me.

6. What is the difference between testing a product and testing any web -based
application?
 Thank you

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