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4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

CS3352-FOUNDATIONS OF DATA SCIENCE

UNIT III
PART-A
1. What are the types of relationships?
Positive Relationship Occurs insofar as pairs of scores tend to occupy similar
relative positions (high with high and low with low) in their respective.
Negative Relationship Occurs insofar as pairs of scores tend to occupy dissimilar
relative positions (high with low and vice versa) in their respective distributions.

2. What is linear and curveliunear relationship?

A linear relationship that can be described best with a straight line.
Curvilinear Relationship A relationship that can be described best with a
curved line

3. What is correlation and pearson coefficient?

Correlation Coefficient :A number between –1 and 1 that describes the
relationship between pairs of variables.
Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r): A number between –1.00 and +1.00 that
describes the linear relationship between pairs of quantitative variables.

4. Write the formula for correlation coefficient

5. Write the procedure for determine the least square regression equation

1. Determine values of SSx′ SSy′ and r by referring to the original correlation

analysis
2. Substitute numbers into the formula and solve for b.
3. Assign values to X and Y by referring to the original correlation analysis
4. Substitute numbers into the formula and solve for a.
5. Substitute numbers for b and a in the least squares regression equation.

6. What is Least Squares Regression Equation

The equation that minimizes the total of all squared prediction errors for known Y
scores in the original correlation analysis.

7. Write the formula for standard error estimate.

8. Write the procedure for calculation of standard error estimate

 Assign values to SSy and r by referring to previous work with the least
squares regression equation.

CS3352_FDS

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4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

 Substitute numbers into the formula and solve for sy|x.

9. What is Multiple Regression Equation

A least squares equation that contains more than one predictor or X variable

10. What is Regression Toward the Mean

A tendency for scores, particularly extreme scores, to shrink toward the mean.

11. What is Regression Fallacy,

Occurs whenever regression toward the mean is interpreted as a real, rather than
a chance, effect
PART-B

1. Speculate on whether the following correlations reflect simple

cause-effect relationships or more complex states of affairs. (Hint: A cause-effect
relationship
implies that, if all else remains the same, any change in the causal variable should
always
produce a predictable change in the other variable.)
(a) caloric intake and body weight
(b) height and weight
(c) SAT math score and score on a calculus test
(d) poverty and crime.

2. Calculate the standard error of estimate for the data in Question 7.2 on page 132,
assuming
that the correlation of .30 is based on n = 35 pairs of observations

3. Assume that an r of .30 describes the relationship between educational

level and estimated hours spent reading each week.
(a) According to r², what percent of the variability in weekly reading time is
predictable from its relationship with educational level?
(b) What percent of variability in weekly reading time is not predictable from this
relationship?
(c) Someone claims that 9 percent of each person’s estimated reading time is
predictable from the relationship. What is wrong with this claim?

CS3352_FDS

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5. Assume that r 2 equals .50 for the relationship between height and weight for adults.
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) Fifty percent of the variability in heights can be explained by variability in
weights.
(b) There is a cause-effect relationship between height and weight.
(c) The heights of 50 percent of adults can be predicted exactly from their
weights.
(d) Fifty percent of the variability in weights is predictable from heights.

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