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Physics Projet 1

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58 views15 pages

Physics Projet 1

Uploaded by

nshashvataishvarya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIM

TO STUDY THE CONSTRUCTION


AND APPLICATION OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. COMPONENTS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

3. CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WHEATSTONE


BRIDGE
5. EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

6. APPLICATIONS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

7. LIMITATIONS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

8. SUMMARY

9. PRECAUTIONS
10. CONCLUSION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit design
dating back to the early 1800's. It is named for its most
famous user, Sir Charles Wheatstone. The Wheatstone
bridge circuit was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie
(17841865) and first described in 18331 . Sir Wheatstone
actually called the circuits "Differential Resistance
Measurer."
The Wheatstone bridge is one of the most sensitive
and precise methods of measuring small changes in
resistance. This is possible through its use of transducers
(devices which change one form of energy into another,
such as mechanical to electrical or electrical to
mechanical). The Wheatstone bridge incorporates one or
more electrical transducers that change resistance as a
result of an environmental change or input (e.g.,
temperature, pressure, stress). This change is sensed by
the circuitry of the Wheatstone bridge which provides a
useable electrical output (voltage) representative of the
input.
The Wheatstone bridge is widely used today in both
macro sized and micro-sized sensors. This unit will
describe the basics of the Wheatstone bridge circuit.

COMPONENTS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
 A resistor with an unknown resistance value

 Two resistors (with known resistance value)

 Rheostat

 Voltage/ DC source

 Galvanometer

 Connecting wires

 Circuit construction

 Construction of wheat stone bridge


CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION

A wheat stone bridge is a bridge-type structure having


four resistors, three of known and one of unknown value.
Here RI, R2, and R3 have known values among which
R2 is adjustable and finally Rx is the value to be
measured. Along with these resistances, a galvanometer
(Vg) is there between B and D, and a DC supply between
A and C.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Now according to the wheastone bridge principle if the
ratio of the two resistances (RI/R2) on one edge is equal
to the ratio of the two resistances (R3/Rx) on another
edge then there will be no flow of current between the
used of the two edges of resistance. This condition of the
bridge is known as the balanced bridge condition.
In the balanced bridge condition, the current through the
galvanometer is zero and also the voltage difference
between the points B&D becomes zero, i.e., at both pints
voltage level would be the same.
Writing equations for the balance bridge condi tion would
look like:
RI/R2=R3/Rx (or)
Thus, /RI)
This detection of zero current in galvanometer is of high
precision of known values, the unknown resistance can be
found with the highest rate of accuracy and precision.

In the wheatstone bridge experiment, one resistor should


always be variable in order to obtain a balanced
condition. The circuit performs at its best when the
regulated voltage source is used, instead of the current
with repelling characteristics.
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Let us consider the below circuit where the bridge is in


an unbalanced condition and we need to calculate the
voltage difference between QI and Q2, i.e, volt and hence
the value ofR4 needed to make the bridge balanced,

Example of wheatstone bridge as per the voltage division


law,
* Vs , where Vs—IOO volts (voltage
source)
Putting values of R3 -40 ohms , RI-50 ohms , and Vs—
IOO volts , we get Vql= 44.4 volts
Similarly, vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * vs
Putting the values , R4= 500hms , R2= 100 ohms , and
VS= 100 volts, we get
Vq2=33.3
Thus ,volt can be found as, Volt=Vq1-Vq2
So, volt=44.4 - 33.3 = 11.1 volts
Now to make the bridge balanced , we can find a suitable
value for R4 as done below:
R4 = R2 * CR3/R1)
Putting the values of RI , R2 , and R3 , we have
100 * (40/50)
R4 = 80 volts
Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the value of resistor which
should be used to make the bridge in a balanced
condition.
APPLICATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
 Used in Light detecting devices.
 For measuring the changes in the pressure.
 For measuring the changes in the strain of the circuit.
 Used for the sensing of mechanical and electrical
quantities.
 Also, photo resistive devices use this circuit.
 Thermometers also use wheat stone bridges for the
temperature measurements which need to be accurate.
 Value like capacitance, inductance, impedance etc., can
be measured with some variations in the wheat stone
bridge circuit,
LIMITATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Along with all these advantages, there are a few

limitations of the wheat stone bridge as well, such as:

 Reading may be inaccurate under unbalanced

conditions.

 The range of measured resistance varies from a few

ohms to mega ohms,

 Susceptibility for high DC current is not there.


SUMMARY

 Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s

 Wheatstone bridges are one of the best methods of

measuring resistance due to the basic mathematical ratio

involved.

 Accurate standards with sensitive enough voltmeter,

measurements of resistance within .05% can be reached.

 Many calibration laboratories still use this method today.

 The Wheatstone Bridge are replaceable; however, for its

simplicity and versatility the circuit is an indispensable

piece of technology.
CONCLUSION
The Wheatstone Bridge is a highly effective tool for
measuring unknown electrical resistances with precision.
By balancing the bridge circuit, we can determine
unknown resistances based on known ones, leveraging the
simple principles of proportionality and Ohm's law.
Through this study, we have confirmed that the
Wheatstone Bridge can accurately measure resistance
when the circuit is balanced, making it valuable in
laboratory experiments and practical applications like
sensor measurements.
PRECAUTIONS
 Clean the connecting wires properly

 Hold the jockey perpendicular to the wire.

 All connections should be neat and tight.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Website
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.google.com
2. BOOKS:
 Comprehensive Practical Manual
 NCERT Class XII

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