CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
WORKING PRINCIPLE
THEORY
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
PRACTICAL
DEMONSTRATION
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
BIBILIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
LC oscillation refers to the phenomenon where
an electric circuit containing an inductor (L)
and a capacitor (C) exhibits periodic exchange
of energy between the inductor's magnetic
field and the capacitor's electric field. This
forms the basis of many electronic devices such
as radios and oscillators.

In an LC circuit, the capacitor stores energy in

the form of an electric field when it is charged,
and the inductor stores energy in the form of a
magnetic field when current flows through it.
When these two components are connected,
the energy oscillates between the capacitor
and the inductor, resulting in an
alternating current (AC). This oscillation
occurs at a natural resonant frequency
determined by the values of the
inductance and capacitance, and is described
by the formula:

where:
• 𝑓 is the resonant frequency,
• 𝐿 is the inductance in henries (H),
• 𝐶 is the capacitance in farads (F)
Working Principle
1. Initial Condition: Assume the capacitor is
initially charged with voltage 𝑉0. At this
moment, the energy is entirely stored in the
capacitor.
2. Discharge and Inductor Charging: When
the circuit is closed, the capacitor begins to
discharge, causing a current to flow through
the inductor. As the current increases, the
inductor's magnetic field builds up, storing
energy.
3. Energy Exchange: As the capacitor
discharges, its voltage decreases to zero, and
all the energy is transferred to the inductor.
At this point, the inductor's magnetic field is
at its maximum, and the current is at
its peak.
4. Recharging the Capacitor: The current
continues to flow due to the inductor's
magnetic field, now charging the capacitor in
the opposite direction. The energy stored in
 the inductor's magnetic field is gradually
transferred back to the capacitor.
5. Oscillation: This process repeats, with
energy oscillating between the inductor and
the capacitor, creating an AC. The frequency
of this oscillation depends on the inductance
and capacitance values.
THEORY
LC Circuit :-
An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a
capacitor connected either in series or parallel.
The energy oscillates between the inductor
and the capacitor, resulting in a periodic
voltage and current.

Components :-
Inductor (L):
• Function: Stores energy in its magnetic
field when current flows through it.
• Energy Storage: The energy stored in an
inductor is given by 𝐸L=1/2𝐿𝐼2, where 𝐿 is
 the inductance and 𝐼 is the current through
the inductor.

Capacitor (C):
• Function: Stores energy in its electric field
when a voltage is applied across it.
• Energy Storage: The energy stored in a
capacitor is given by 𝐸C=1/2𝐶𝑉2, where C
is the capacitance and V is the voltage
across the capacitor.

Properties and behaviors in an oscillating

circuit :-
In an oscillating circuit, the properties and
behaviors depend on the components
involved, typically capacitors, inductors, and
resistors. When the circuit is powered, energy
is exchanged between the inductor's magnetic
field and the capacitor's electric field. This
exchange causes oscillations, leading to
alternating currents and voltages. The
frequency of oscillation is determined by the
values of the components in the circuit and
can be calculated using formulas like the
resonant frequency equation for an LC circuit.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
Equations of Motion

When the capacitor is charged and the

switch is closed, the charge 𝑞 on the
capacitor and the current 𝐼 in the circuit
oscillate as described by the following
differential equation:
 This differential equation characterizes the
simple harmonic motion of the charge in the
LC circuit.

Solution to the Differential Equation

The solution to this equation is a sinusoidal
function representing simple harmonic
motion:

where:
• 𝑄 is the maximum charge on the capacitor,
• 𝜔 is the angular frequency of oscillation,
• 𝜙 is the phase constant.
The angular frequency 𝜔 is given by:
Energy Considerations
The total energy in the circuit remains constant
(neglecting resistance and other losses):

This indicates that the energy alternates

between the magnetic field of the inductor
and the electric field of the capacitor.
• Magnetic Field Energy: When the current 𝐼
is at its maximum, the energy is
predominantly stored in the inductor’s
magnetic field.
• Electric Field Energy: When the charge 𝑞 is
at its maximum, the energy is
predominantly stored in the capacitor’s
electric field.
Throughout the oscillation, the total energy
remains conserved, continually transferring
back and forth between the inductor and the
capacitor. This interplay is what creates the
characteristic oscillations of an LC circuit.
Practical
demonstration
Apparatus:
• Inductor (L)
• Capacitor (C)
• Oscilloscope
• Function generator (optional for exciting
the circuit)
• Connecting wires and breadboard

Procedure:
1. Set Up the Circuit:
• Connect the inductor (L) and capacitor (C)
in series on the breadboard.

2. Charge the Capacitor:

• Use a DC power source to charge the
capacitor. Once charged, disconnect the
power source to allow the LC circuit to
oscillate.
3. Connect the Oscilloscope:
• Connect the oscilloscope probes across the
capacitor to observe the voltage
waveform.

4. Observation:
• Observe the sinusoidal voltage waveform
on the oscilloscope, which indicates the
oscillations of the LC circuit.

5. Record the Waveform:

• Measure the time period 𝑇 of the
oscillation from the oscilloscope.

Calculations:

1. Experimental Frequency:
• Calculate the experimental frequency 𝑓
using the measured time period 𝑇 :

2. Theoretical Frequency:
 • Compare the observed frequency with the
theoretical value given by:

Steps for Detailed Observations and

Comparisons
1. Observe the Oscilloscope Display:
• The oscilloscope should display a
sinusoidal waveform. Note the peak-to-
peak voltage and the time period 𝑇.
2. Measure Time Period 𝑇
• Measure the time interval for one
complete cycle of the oscillation.
3. Calculate Experimental Frequency:
• Using the measured time period 𝑇 :

4. Calculate Theoretical Frequency:

• Using the known values of inductance 𝐿
and capacitance 𝐶 :
5. Compare Results:
• Compare the experimental frequency 𝑓exp
with the theoretical frequency 𝑓theory . Note
any discrepancies and consider possible
sources of error such as resistance in the
circuit, accuracy of component values, and
measurement precision.

Calculation
Assume:
• Inductance L=1mH (millihenries)
• Capacitance C=1μF (microfarads)
Theoretical Frequency:

Experimental Frequency:
If the measured time period 𝑇 from the
oscilloscope is, say, 6.28 :
 Applications
1. Radio Tuning Circuits:
• LC circuits are integral to radio tuning
circuits, enabling the selection of specific
frequencies. By adjusting the inductance (L)
or capacitance (C), the resonant frequency
of the LC circuit can be changed, allowing
the radio to tune into different stations.
This selective frequency capability is
essential for distinguishing between
multiple broadcast signals and isolating the
desired frequency.

2. Oscillators:
• LC circuits form the core components of
various types of oscillators used in
communication systems. These oscillators
generate stable and precise frequencies
necessary for transmitting and receiving
signals. Examples include:
• Crystal Oscillators: Utilize the resonance
of an LC circuit along with a crystal to
 produce highly stable frequencies,
essential in telecommunications and
computing.
• Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs):
Employ LC circuits where the frequency
can be adjusted by changing the voltage,
used in frequency modulation (FM) and
phase-locked loops (PLLs).

3. Filters:
• LC circuits can act as filters, allowing or
blocking specific frequency ranges. These
filters are critical in various applications,
such as:
• Low-Pass Filters: Allow signals with
frequencies lower than a certain cutoff
frequency to pass through, blocking
higher frequencies.
• High-Pass Filters: Permit signals with
frequencies higher than a certain cutoff
frequency, blocking lower frequencies.
• Band-Pass Filters: Allow signals within a
specific frequency range to pass,
blocking frequencies outside this range.
• Band-Stop Filters (Notch Filters): Block
signals within a specific frequency range,
allowing frequencies outside this range
to pass.
 CONCLUSION
LC oscillations demonstrate fundamental
principles of energy transfer and conservation
in electrical circuits. By studying LC circuits,
one gains insight into more complex electronic
systems and their applications in modern
technology.
 bibiliography
• https://www.vedantu.com/revision-
notes/cbse-class-12-physics-notes
• https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/physics-notes-
class-12/
• https://www.learncbse.in/cbse-notes-class-
12-physics/
• NCERT TEXTBOOK
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?leph1=0-
8
• https://www.wikipedia.org/