THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE

TIRUPATTUR

STUDY MATERIALS

BAMA15C-MATHEMATICS I

For
II YEAR PHYSICS, III SEMESTER

Prepared by

Dr. NARASIMMAN PASUPATHI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
TIRUPATTUR-635 901, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
 MATHEMATICS I

Objectives: To Explore the Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics.

UNIT-I: ALGEBRA Partial Fractions - Binomial, Exponential and logarithmic

Series (without Proof) - Summation - Simple problems.

UNIT-II: THEORY OF EQUATIONS Polynomial Equations with real Coef-

ficients - Irrational roots - Complex roots- Transformation of equation by increasing
or decreasing roots by a constant - Reciprocal equations - Newton’s method to find
a root approximately - Simple problems.

UNIT-III: MATRICES Symmetric - Skew-Symmetric - Orthogonal and Uni-

tary matrices - Eigen roots and eigen vectors – Cayley - Hamilton theorem (without
proof)-Verification and computation of inverse matrix.

UNIT-IV: TRIGONOMETRY Expansions of sinnθ, cosnθ, sinnθ, cosnθ,

tannθ - Expansions of sinθ, cosθ, tanθ in terms of θ.

UNIT-V: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Successive differentiation upto third

order, Jacobians -Concepts of polar co-ordinates-Curvature and radius of curvature
in Cartesian co-ordinates and in polar co-ordinates.

Recommended Text Books:

P.Duraipandian and S.Udayabaskaran,(1997) Allied Mathematics, Vol. I & II.Muhil

Publishers, Chennai.

Chapter-2: Sections 2.1-2.10 (Omit Applications 1 and 2 of 2.7)

1
2 MATHEMATICS I

Chapter-3: Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7.

Reference Books:

1. P.Balasubramanian and K.G.Subramanian,(1997) Ancillary Mathematics. Vol.

I & II. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

2. S.P.Rajagopalan and R.Sattanathan,(2005) Allied Mathematics .Vol. I & II.

VikasPublications, New Delhi.

3. P.R.Vittal (2003) Allied Mathematics .Marghan Publications, Chennai

4. P.Kandasamy, K.Thilagavathy (2003) Allied Mathematics Vol-I, II S.Chand&

company Ltd., New Delhi-55.

5. Isaac, Allied Mathematics. New Gamma Publishing House, Palayamkottai.

 MATHEMATICS I 3

UNIT I

ALGEBRA

Partial Fractions: Consider an rational expression

p(x)
f (x) =
q(x)

where both p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and the degree of p(x) is smaller than the
degree of q(x).

Partial fractions can only be done if the degree of the numerator is strictly less
than the degree of the denominator.

•Factor in denominator ax + b
A
Term in partial fraction decomposition ax+b
.

•Factor in denominator (ax + b)k

A1 A2 Ak
Term in partial fraction decomposition ax+b
+ (ax+b)2
+ ··· + (ax+b)k
, k =
1, 2, 3, . . . .

•Factor in denominator ax2 + bx + c

Ax+B
Term in partial fraction decomposition ax2 +bx+c
.

•Factor in denominator (ax2 + bx + c)k

A1 x+B1 Ak x+Bk
Term in partial fraction decomposition ax2 +bx+c
+ (axA22+bx+c)
x+B2
2 + · · · + (ax2 +bx+c)k ,

k = 1, 2, 3, . . .

3x+11
R
Problem 1. Evaluate the integral x2 −x−6
dx.

Solution:

3x + 11 A B
= +
x2 −x−6 x−3 x+2
3x + 11 A(x + 2) + B(x − 3)
=
(x − 3)(x + 2) (x − 3)(x + 2)
3x + 11 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 3)
4 MATHEMATICS I

By substituting x = 3 and x = −2, we get

A = 4, B = −1

Therefore,
Z Z  
3x + 11 4 1
2
dx = − dx
x −x−6 x−3 x+2

Z
3x + 11
dx = 4 log(x − 3) − log(x + 2) + c
x2 −x−6

Home Work:
x2
R
Evaluate the integral x2 −1
dx.

1
Problem 2. Find the coefficient of xn in (1+2x)(1+3x)
.

Solution:

1 A B
= +
(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x) (1 − 2x) (1 + 3x)
1 = A(1 + 3x) + B(1 − 2x)

Put x = 12 , we get
     
1 1
1=A 1+3 +B 1−2
2 2
 
3
1=A 1+
2
 
5
1=A
2
2
A=
5
 MATHEMATICS I 5

Put x = − 13 , we get
  
1
1=B 1−2 −
3
 
5
1=B
3
3
B= .
5

Therefore,
1 2 3
= (1 − 2x)−1 + (1 + 3x)−1
(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x) 5 5
2
1 + 2x + (2x)2 + (2x)3 + · · · + (2x)n

=
5
3
+ 1 + (−3x) + (−3x)2 + (−3x)3 + · · · + (−3x)−n

5

Therefore, coefficient of xn = 52 2n + 35 (−3)n

2n+1 + (−1)n 3n+1

=⇒ xn =
5
.

BINOMIAL SERIES:

The Binomial theorem for positive integral integers

   2  3
− p p x p(p + q) x p(p + q)(p + 2q) x
(1 − x) q =1+ + + + ...
1! q 2! q 3! q

(1) (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . .
(2) (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + . . .
(3) (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + . . .
(4) (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 + . . .
(5) (1 − x)−n = 1 + 1!n x + n(n+1)
2!
x2 + n(n+1)(n+2)
3!
x3 + . . .
(6) (1 + x)−n = 1 − 1!n x + n(n+1)
2!
x2 − n(n+1)(n+2)
3!
x3 + . . .
(7) (1 + x)n = 1 + 1!n x + n(n−1)
2!
x2 + n(n−1)(n−2)
3!
x3 + . . .
(7) (1 − x)n = 1 − 1!n x + n(n−1)
2!
x2 − n(n−1)(n−2)
3!
x3 + . . .
6 MATHEMATICS I

Problem 3. Sum the series

2 1  2.5 1 2 2.5.8 1 3
S =1+ /2 + / + / + ...
3 3.6 2 3.6.9 2

Solution:

The factors in the numerators are in Arithmetic Progression which implies

2 1  2 · 5 1 2 2 · 5 · 8 1 3
1+ /6 + /6 + /6 + . . .
1! 2! 3!
Here,
x 1 3 1
= =⇒ x = =⇒ x = .
q 6 6 2

Now,
 − 2
− pq 1 3
(1 − x) = 1−
2
2
= (2)− 3
q
= (2)2
3

√3
= 4.

Therefore,
√
3
S= 4

Problem 4. Prove that

   2  3
2n n(n + 1) 2n n(n + 1)(n + 2) 2n
1+n + + + ...
1+n 1.2 1+n 1.2.3 1+n
   2  3
2n n(n − 1) 2n n(n − 1)(n − 2) 2n
=1+n + + + ...
1−n 1.2 1−n 1.2.3 1−n

Proof. Here,
p = n, q = 1
and
x 2n
=
q n+1
2n
=⇒ x = .
n+1
 MATHEMATICS I 7

Now,
 −n  −n
− pq 2n 1 + n − 2n
(1 − x) = 1− =
1+n 1+n
1−n −n


Therefore, LHS = 1+n
.

In RHS,
p = n, q = −1
and
x 2n
=
q n−1
 
2n
=⇒ x = −
n−1

Now,  n  n  n
− pq 2n 1 − n + 2n 1+n
(1 − x) = 1 + = =
1−n 1−n 1−n
1−n −n


Therefore, RHS = 1+n . Hence LHS=RHS. 

Problem 5. Sum the series

S = 1 − 51 + 1.4
5.10
− 1.4.7
5.10.15
+ ...

Solution:

1 −1.−4 1 2 −1.−4.−7 1 3




S = 1 + (−1) 5
+ 2! 5
+ 3! 5
+ ...
Here,
p = −1, q = −3
and  
x 1
=
q 5

 
3
=⇒ x = −
5
8 MATHEMATICS I

Therefore,
 − 1
− pq 3 3
(1 − x) = 1 +
5
 − 13  − 13
5+3 8
= =
5 5
 − 13
5
=
8
r
3 5
=
8
Problem 6. Sum to ∞ or
3 3.5 3.5.7
s∞ = 1 + + + + ··· + ∞
4 4.8 4.8.12

Solution
   2  3
3 1 3.5 1 3.5.7 1
s∞ =1+ + + + + ··· + ∞
1! 4 2! 4 3! 4
Here,
p = 3, q = 2
and
x 1
=
q 4
2
=⇒ x =
4
1
=⇒ x =
2
Now,
 − 3  − 3
− pq 1 2 2−1 2
− 3
(1 − x) = 1− = = 12 2
2 2

1 √ √
= 23 2 = 23 = 8
 MATHEMATICS I 9

Problem 7.
1 1.3 1.3.5
s∞ = + + + ...∞
3 3.6 3.6.9

   2  3
1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
1 + s∞ =1+ + + + ...
1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
Here,
p = 1, q = 2
and
x 1
=
q 3
2
=⇒ x = .
3
Therefore,
 − 1
− pq 2 2
(1 − x) = 1−
3
 − 12
1
=
3
1
= (3) 2
√
= 3
√
S∞ = 3 − 1

Problem 8. Show that x is a small that

√ √
x2 + 4 − x 2 + 1

is
x2 7x4
1− +
4 64

Solution
√
r  
x2
x2
+4= 4 1+ 4
 2
 21
= 2 1 + x4
10 MATHEMATICS I
  2 2 
1
( −1
2 )
 2
1 x 2 x
=2 1+ 2 4
+ 2! 4
h 2 4
i
= 2 1 + x8 − 1x
8 16
Now, √ p
x2 + 1 = (1 + x2 )
1
= (1 + x2 ) 2
2 4
= 1 + x2 − x8

Now, √ √
x2 + 1 = (2 − 1) + 41 − 21 x2 + −1 + 18 x4



x2 + 4 − 64
= 1 + 1−2 x + −1+8

2
4
4 64
x
2 4
= 1 − x4 + 7x 64

Exponential Series

x x2 x3
1. ex = 1 + + + + ...
1! 2! 3!
x x x2 x3
2. e− = 1 − + − + ...
1! 2! 3!
x −x x2 x4
3.e + e = 2 + 2 + 2 + . . .
2! 4!

x2 x 4
 
x −x
=⇒ e + e =2 1+ + + ...
2! 4!

x
ex + e− x2 x4
 
=⇒ = 1+ + + ...
2 2! 4!
x2 x4
 
4. cosh x = 1 + + + ...
2! 4!
x3 x5
5. sinh x = x + + + ...
3! 5!
 MATHEMATICS I 11

(log 2)2 (log 2)3 1

Problem 9. Show that log 2 − 2!
+ 3!
··· = 2

Solution:

y2 y3
S =y−
+ ...
2! 3!
y2 y3
1−S =1−y+ − ...
2! 3!
1 − S = e−y
=⇒ 1 − S = e− log 2
−1
=⇒ 1 − S = elog 2
1
=⇒ 1 − S = elog 2
1
=⇒ 1 − S =
2
1
=⇒ S = 1 −
2
1
=⇒ S =
2
Problem 10. Prove that
1
ez − 1 1!
+ 3!1 + 5!1 + . . .
=
ez + 1 1 + 2!1 + 4!1 + . . .

Solution:
1
+ 3!1 + 5!1 + . . .
1! sinh(1)
RHS = 1 1 =
1 + 2! + 4! + . . . cosh(1)
e1 −e−1 1
2 e1 − e−1 e1 − e
=⇒ e1 +e−1
= = 1
2
e1 + e−1 e1 + e
e2 −1
e e2 − 1
=⇒ e2 +1
= = LHS
e
e2 + 1

Hence,
LHS = RHS.
12 MATHEMATICS I

Problem 11. Sum the series

12 12 + 22 12 + 22 + 32
+ + + ...
1! 2! 3!

Solution

(n + 1)(2n + 1) = A + B(n + 2) + c(n + 2)(n + 1)

put n = −2
=⇒ (−2 + 1)(−4 + 1) = A + B(0) + c(0)
A=3

put n = −1
=⇒ 0 = A + B(−1 + 2) + 0
=⇒ B = −A
=⇒ B = −3

Equating the coeffient of n2 , we get

c=2

Now,
(n + 1)(2n + 1) 3 − 3(n + 2) + 2(n + 2)
tn = =
(n + 2) (n + 2)!
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X (n + 2) X (n + 2)(n + 1)
tn = −3 +2
n=1 n=1
(n + 2)! n=1
(n + 2)! n=1
(n + 2)!
     
1 1 1 1 1 1
=3 + + ... − 3 + + ... + 2 + + ...
3! 6! 2! 3! 1! 2!
   
1 1 1
=3 e−1− − −3 e−1− + 2(e − 1)
1! 2! 1!
5
= 3e − − 3 + 6 + 2e − 2
2
7
= 2e −
2
 MATHEMATICS I 13

1 1 1
Problem 12. Show that 1.1.3
+ 2.3.5
+ 3.5.7
+ · · · = 2 log 2 − 1

Solution

1
tn =
n(2n − 1)(2n + 1)

Now,

1 A B c
= + +
n(2n − 1)(2n + 1) n 2n − 1 2n + 1
1 = A(2n − 1)(2n + 1) + Bn(2n + 1) + cn(2n − 1).

1
Put n = 2

 
1 1
1=B 2 +1
2 2
1
=⇒ 1 = B (2)
2
=⇒ B = 1

Put n = 0

1 = A(−1)
=⇒ A = −1

Put n = − 21

    
1 1
1=c − 2 − −1
2 2
=⇒ c = 1.
14 MATHEMATICS I

Now,

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X 1 X 1
tn = − + +
n=1 n=1
n n=1 (2n − 1) n=1 (2n + 1)
     
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − 1 + + + ... + 1 + + + ... + + + + ...
2 3 3 5 3 5 7
     
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=− + + ... + + + ... + + + + ...
2 3 3 5 3 5 7
   
1 1 1 1 1 1
=2 + + + ... − 2 + + + ...
3 5 7 4 6 8
 
1 1 1 1 1
=2 − + − + − ...
3 4 5 6 7
 
1
= 2 log(1 + 1) − 1 +
2
 
1
= 2 log 2 −
2
= 2 log 2 − 1

Problem 13. If A and B are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0. Prove that

1 1
log 1 − px + qx2 = s1 x − s2 x2 + s3 x3


2 3

where sr = Ar + B r .

Solution:

1 − px + qx2 = 1 + (A + B)x + ABx2

= 1 + Ax + Bx + ABx2
= (1 + Ax) + Bx(1 + Ax)
= (1 + Ax)(1 + Bx).

Taking log on both sides, we get

 MATHEMATICS I 15

log(1 − px + qx2 ) = log(1 + Ax) + log(1 + Bx)

A2 x2 A3 x3 B 2 x2 B 3 x3
   
= Ax − + − . . . + Bx − + − ...
2 3 2 3
x2 2 x3
= x(A + B) − (A + B 2 ) + (A3 + B 3 ) + . . .
2 3
x2 x3
= s1 x − s2 + s3 .
2 3
Therefore, LHS = RHS.