

Fundamental of Physics






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1
 (Centemeter,gram,Second)CGS

(Mile,meter,Ton,Second)MTS

MKS CGS
1m=100cm
1Kg=1000gr
MTS MKS
1Mile=1609m
1Ton=1000Kg
FPS

SI

1m=39.4inch=3.28 foot=100cm
1foot=12in
1in=2.54cm
1Mile=2580foot

1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 14.59𝐾𝑔
SI 
m2 MKS FPS 
m3
(1m)2 = (10dm)2= (102cm)2 = (103mm)2 = (106µm)2 = (109nm)2
(1m)3 = (10dm)3= (102cm)3 = (103mm)3 = (106µm)3 = (109nm)3
(Meter,Kilogram,Second)MKS

2
 400m2
100m2

SI
101 D
2
10 H . (K) 
3
10 K

106 M
cd
109 G
1012 mole 
T
1015 B Ampere 
1018 E
1021 Z
1024 Y

10-1 D
10-2 C
3m = 3∙10dm = 30dm
10-3 m
3m = 3∙100cm = 300cm
10-6
3m = 3∙1000mm = 3000mm
10-9 N
3m = 3∙1000000µm = 3000000µm
10-12 P
3m = 3∙1000000000nm = 3000000000nm 10-15 F
10-18 A
10-21 Z
10-24 Y

3
 2m = 2∙3.28ft = 6.56ft
2m = 2∙39.4in = 78.8in

a: 3000 b : 7600 c : 23400

d: 543 e: 230.76

3000 = 3∙103
7600 = 7.6∙103
23400 = 2.34∙104
543 = 5.43∙102
230.76 = 2.3076∙102
5
5mm = 𝑚 => 0.005𝑚
1000
5
5mm = 𝑑𝑚 => 0.5𝑑𝑚
10
5
5mm = 𝑚 => 0.05𝑐𝑚
100

a: 0.0007 b: 0.000036 c: 0.0000123

0.0007 = 7∙10-4
0.000036 = 3.6∙10-5
0.0000123 = 1.23∙10-5

a∙10n

n 1<a<10

4
 1.231500 = 1.231
3.234500 = 3.234
Round Down
9.1245 = 9.125

3.3421 , 5.4321 , 10.5432

3.3421 = 3.34
3500
5.4321 = 5.43
10.5432 = 10.54

10-6dm

10m2 Round Up

4.789 , 3.999 , 10.4567

34.234678 , 0.999 , 20.678
4.789 = 4.8
3.999 = 4
10.4567 = 4.5

1.231500 , 3.234500 , 9.1245

5
 

𝐴𝐵=𝑂𝐵−𝑂𝐴

OB2 = OA2 + AB2 a

6 b
50

6m 50m

6
 𝐴𝐵=𝑂𝐵−𝑂𝐴
AB=50m-6m=44m
50km
3
4
5m/sec
2000m
72km/h
OB2 = OA2 + AB2
30 OB=√𝑂𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵2 = √32 + 42 =5m

OB=3m+4m=7m
Velocity

x2 t2 x1 t1
SI

𝑥2 − 𝑥1 m/sec
𝑣=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 v
10m 2sec
50m 6sec 𝑥
𝑣=
𝑡
t x v

x1=10m
x2=50m 𝑣=
50𝑚−10𝑚
=
40𝑚
= 10𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
100m 10sec
6𝑠𝑒𝑐−2𝑠𝑒𝑐 4𝑠𝑒𝑐

t1=2sec
t2=6sec

𝑥
D.t 𝑣=
𝑡
𝑥 t=10sec 𝑣=
100𝑚
=>10m/sec
𝑠= 10𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡
x=100m
SI
v=?
m/sec

7
 4km 3km
5sec
v2 t2 v1 t1

𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑎=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

10sec
50m/sec

50𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = √32 + 42 = 5𝑚
𝑎= => 5𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
10𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑 = 3𝑚 + 4𝑚 = 7𝑚
5 m/sec
30 m/sec 5𝑚
𝑣= = 1 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
10 sec 5𝑠𝑒𝑐

7𝑚
𝑠= = 1.4 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
5𝑠𝑒𝑐
V1=30 m/sec 𝑎=
0−30
=> −3 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 acceleration
10−0
V2=0
T1=0
T2=10sec
SI
a =?
m/sec2

8
 3 m/sec

(x-t)

𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣𝑡
v x0 x
t
10 m/sec
2sec
3 m/sec
30 m

𝑥
𝑣= => 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡 x =?
𝑡
𝑚 x0 =30 m 𝑥 = 30𝑚 + 10
𝑚
∙ 2𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑥 =3 ∙ 0𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑥
𝑚 v = 10 m/sec 𝑥 = 30𝑚 + 20𝑚
𝑥 = 3 ∙ 1𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 3𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑥 t = 2sec 𝑥 = 50𝑚
𝑚
𝑥 = 3 ∙ 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 6𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑥
𝑚
𝑥 = 3 ∙ 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 9𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑥
(v-t)
x

t
4 m/sec

9
 𝑚
𝑁 = 𝐾𝑔 ∙
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
cgs

SI

𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 = 1𝑔𝑟 ∙ 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 !
SI
Kg

10Kg
3 m/sec2

m = 10Kg
a = 3 m/sec2 𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑎
F =?
𝑚
𝐹 = 10𝐾𝑔 ∙ 3 => 30𝑁
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
Lb. FPS

𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑚∙𝑎 → 𝑎 =
𝑚
m F a

N SI

10
 40N
3m

d=3m
F=40N 𝑤 = 𝐹∙𝑑
W=?
𝑤 = 40𝑁 ∙ 3𝑚 => 120𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙

𝑤 =𝑚∙𝑔∙ℎ
g m w
𝑤 =𝐹∙𝑑
h
d F w
10Kg
4m
J SI

g = 10 m/sec2
m = 10Kg 𝑤 =𝑚∙𝑔∙ℎ
h = 4m
1𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙 = 1𝑁 ∙ 1𝑚
Wg =?
𝑚 cgs
𝑤 = 10𝐾𝑔 ∙ 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ∙ 4𝑚 => 400 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙
𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 1𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 1𝑐𝑚

1𝐽 = 1𝑁 ∙ 1𝑚 = 105 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 100𝑐𝑚 = 107 𝑒𝑟𝑔

𝑤 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ∙ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
400N
ft-lb
10m
60

11
 F = 400N
d = 10m 𝑤 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 ∙ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜃 = 60°
w =?
m 𝑤 = 400𝑁 ∙ 10𝑚 ∙ 𝐶𝑜𝑠60°
1
v 𝑤 = 4000 ∙ 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙 => 2000𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙
2

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

h m
g

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ ℎ

.
𝑀𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸

5m/sec 10kg

m = 10Kg
1
v = 5 m/sec 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
KE =?
1 𝑚 2
𝐾𝐸 = 10𝐾𝑔 ∙ (5 )
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚
𝐾𝐸 = 5𝐾𝑔 ∙ 25 2 ∙ 𝑚 = 125𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 => 125𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙
𝑠𝑒𝑐

12
 405 N/m

3cm 10 m/sec 1000Kg

𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑚 = 3 ∙ 10−2 𝑚
𝑁
𝑘 = 405 300 cm/sec 500gr
𝑚
𝑤 =?
1 𝑁
𝑤= ∙ 405 ∙ (3 ∙ 10−2 )2 𝑚2 => 1822.5 ∙ 10−4 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙
2 𝑚
Power

10Kg
3m

𝑤
𝑝=
𝑡
t w p
𝑚
𝑔 = 10
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑚 = 10𝐾𝑔 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
SI ℎ = 3𝑚
2 Sec 8J 𝑃𝐸 =?
𝑚
𝑃𝐸 = 10𝐾𝑔 ∙ 10 ∙ 3𝑚 => 300𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙
4 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

5Kg

𝑤 = 8𝐽 200Joul
𝑡1 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡2 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃1 =? X
𝑃2 =?
𝑤 8𝐽
𝑃1 = = => 4𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 1 2
𝑡1 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑤= 𝑘𝑥
𝑤 8𝐽 2
𝑃2 = = => 2𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 K
𝑡2 4𝑠𝑒𝑐
N/m

13
 50 N 5sec 30Kg
10cm2 3m
𝑚
𝑔 = 10
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝐹 = 50𝑁
𝐴 = 10𝑐𝑚2 = 10 ∙ 10−4 𝑚2 𝑚
𝑔 = 10
𝑝 =? 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝐹 50𝑁 𝑚 = 10𝐾𝑔
𝑝 = = −3 2 = 5 ∙ 103 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐴 10 𝑚 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
MKS ℎ = 3𝑚
𝑤𝑔 =?
CGS
𝑝 =?
𝑚
𝑤𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 30𝐾𝑔 ∙ 10 ∙ 3𝑚 => 900𝐽
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
1𝑝𝑎 = 10𝐵𝑎 = 10−3 𝐾𝑝𝑎 𝑤 900𝐽
𝑃= = => 180 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑡 5𝑠𝑒𝑐
MKS

MTS CGS
erg/sec
FPS

8N 0.16𝑚2

1W = 107 erg/sec=> 1 erg/sec =10-7 W

1KW = 103 w => 1W = 10-3KW
1KW = 1010 erg => 1 erg/sec = 10-10 KW

1.013 ∙ 105 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙

1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴
A F P

14
 𝑓1 𝐹2 
=
𝐴1 𝐴2


F1= 20N 4cm2
20cm2

𝐴1 = 4𝑐𝑚2 = 4 ∙ 10−2 𝑚2
𝐴2 = 20𝑐𝑚2 = 20 ∙ 10−2 𝑚2
𝐹1 = 20𝑁
𝐹2 =?
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
20𝑁 𝐹2 20𝑁 ∙ 20 ∙ 10−2 𝑚2
= => 𝐹2 = = 100𝑁
4 ∙ 10−2 𝑚2 20 ∙ 10−2 𝑚2 4 ∙ 10−2 𝑚2

𝐴2 𝐴1

f
F

15
 𝑤 =?
𝑚
𝑤 = 100𝐾𝑔 ∙ 9.81 => 981𝑁
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑚1 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺 ∙
𝑟2
G
10−11 𝑁𝑚2
𝐺 = 6.67 ∙
 𝐾𝑔2


𝑤 =𝑚∙𝑔
g m w
𝑚
𝑔 = 9.81
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
10Kg

𝑚 = 10𝐾𝑔
𝑚
𝑔 = 9.81
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑤 =?
𝑚
𝑤 = 10𝐾𝑔 ∙ 9.81 => 98.1𝑁
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
100Kg

𝑚 = 100𝐾𝑔
𝑚
F 𝑔 = 9.81
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

16
 

L’
𝑀∙𝐴

′
𝐹 𝐿′
𝑅 𝐿 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 = 𝑅 ∙ 𝐿 => =
𝑅 𝐿
𝑀. 𝐴 = , 𝑀. 𝐴 = ′
𝐹 𝐿 20N
3m
20N
0.6m
100N

𝐹 = 20𝑁
𝐹 = 20𝑁
𝑅 = 100𝑁
𝐿 = 3𝑚
𝑀. 𝐴 =?
𝐿′ = 0.6𝑚
𝑅 100𝑁
𝑀. 𝐴 = = =5 𝑅 =?
𝐹 20𝑁
𝐿′
𝐹 ∙ 𝐿′ = 𝑅 ∙ 𝐿 => 𝑅 = 𝐹 ∙
𝐿
20𝑁 ∙ 3𝑚
𝑅= => 100𝑁
0.6𝑚

17
 

𝑑
𝑀. 𝐴 =
ℎ

6m
18m 𝑀. 𝐴 = 2𝑛
n
18𝑚
𝑀. 𝐴 = =3
6𝑚

𝑀. 𝐴 = 2𝑛 = 23 = 8

h d

18
 𝑐 = 3 ∙ 108 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐








i

19
 

𝑖=𝑟

q 𝑞=𝑝
p

10𝑐𝑚

𝑝=𝑞
𝑞 = 10𝑐𝑚

20
 

R C

21


22
 

23
1cm

24
25
 


 

DC o
AC o
DC
AC

e
. n p 546
Amber

electric
electron

26
 e 𝟗. 𝟏 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝒈 −𝟏. 𝟔
∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪
p 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝟏. 𝟔 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪
n 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈 0
𝑭
𝑬=
𝑸
E F C
Q
SI 𝟏𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝑪
𝟏𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝝁𝑪
N/C 𝟏𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒏𝑪
𝟏𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝑪
𝟏𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒇𝑪
𝟒𝝁𝑪
4𝜇𝐶 = 4 ∙ 10−6 𝑪
𝟓𝒏𝑪
𝟒𝒏𝑪 = 𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑪

27
 SI

eV
𝟏 𝒆𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝒋

𝒒𝟏 ∙ 𝒒𝟐
𝐔 = 𝐤𝐞 ∙
𝒓

v SI

𝑾
𝑽=
𝑸
Q W V

𝟏𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍
𝟏 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕 =
𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒎𝒃

28
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