THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

1. Explain the measure introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a

sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
OR
“The Modern form of Nationalism received its greatest boost during
the French Revolution & Napoleonic Period “. Discuss.
 The French revolutionaries introduced various measures
0
coyotesMft
& practices that
could create a sense of collective identity among the French aspeople.

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 The ideas of ‘La Patrie’ (Fatherland) & ‘Le citoyen’ (citizen) emphasized the
notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
 A New French flag was chosen to replace asthe former Royal standard.
 The Estates General was elected by the body ear
as of active citizens, & renamed
as the National Assembly.
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 New hymns were composed, Oaths taken & martyrs commemorated, all in

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the name of the nation.
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 A centralized administrative system was put in place & it formulated
uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
as &is dues were abolished & a uniform system of
seeduties
 Internal customs
as
meetswas adopted.
weights & measures
 Regional dialects were discouraged & French, as it was spoken & written in

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Paris, became the common language of the nation.

2. Explain the administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon.

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OR
‘Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he
had incorporated revolutionary principles’ Justify the statement.
 ‘The Civil code of 1804’ - usually known as the Napoleonic code, did away
with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law &
secured the right to property.
 This code was exported to regions under French Control
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  Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal systems
& freed peasants from serfdom & manorial dues.
 Transport & communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans,
workers & new businesspersons enjoyed a newfound freedom.
 Businesspersons & small- scale producers of goods, in particular, began to
realize that uniform laws standardized weights & measures & common
 National currency would facilitate the movement & exchange of goods &
capital from one region to another.

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3. What is the nature of nationalism? (Characteristic features of Nationalism)

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 It stands for the promotion & development of the peculiar traditions &
cultures of the various nations.
 It believes that every distinct human group possesses some special quality
or culture of its own which must be preserved & developed for the

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common good of humanity. This can be achieved only if that group is free
to adopt its own laws & institutions.
4. What is Nation state?
 A ‘Nation’ is described as a community of people who believe that they have
a common homeland. ____
8
 Their sense of belongingost g derives itself from experience of common
together
a
traditions & historicalBe as
developments.
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5. What is the difference between patriotism & Nationalism?
Is
 ‘Patriotism’ is the love of one’s country that inspires one to serve for the
se
nobenefit as
of its citizens
as as is also love of one’s country but with a belief that the country
 ‘Nationalism’
Ege is superior to all the countries.
 Nationalism is a political force that has been more important in shaping
the history of the world, over the last 2 centuries than the ideas of freedom
& parliamentary democracy.
6. What did ‘Liberal Nationalism’ stand for?
 The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word ‘LIBER’ meaning free.
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  For the new-middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual
& equality of all before the law.
 Since the French Revolution, liberalism has stood for the end of autocracy
& clerical privileges, a constitution & representative Govt. through
parliament.
7. What is meant by political and economic liberalism?
 ‘Political liberalism’ emphasized the concept of Govt. by consent. It also
emphasized the ‘Right to property in the early 19th C.

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 ‘Economically Liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the
abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods &
capital.
8. What do you mean by the term ‘Suffrage’? fgg
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 The term ‘Suffrage’ implies the ‘right to vote’.
 The right to vote & to get elected was granted exclusively to property
owning men.

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 Men without property & all women were excluded from political rights.
Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy ‘suffrage’.

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9. Describe the political ends that list hopes` to achieve through
economic measures.
OR
What do you mean by ‘Zollverein’? Why was it introduce?
 Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small
principalities, a confederation of 39 states.
on  Each of them possessed its own currency weights and measures.
 Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange & growth
by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified
economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people &
capital.
 In 1834, a customs union or ‘Zollverein’ was formed at the initiative of
Prussia & was joined by most German states.
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  The union abolished tariff barriers and the reduced the no of currencies
from over thirty to two.
 The creation of network of railways further stimulated the mobility,
harnessing economic interests to national unification.
 A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist
sentiments growing at the time.

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10. What do you mean by the term new ‘conservatism’?
 ‘Conservatism’ is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of
tradition, established institutions & customs, & preferred Izzy gradual
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development to quick change.
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 Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European Governments were
driven by a spirit of conservatism.
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Be traditional institutions of state
 Conservatives believed that the established,
& society – the monarchy, the Church, see Socialtohierarchies, property & the

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family – should be preserved.

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 Most conservatives however did not propose a return to the society of the
pre-revolutionary days.
 Instead, they realised, from Napoleon’s policies, that modernization could in
to

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fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy
12. Explain congress of Vienna and the provisions of the treaty.

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Congress of Vienna
 Representatives of the European powers, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria,
te Napoleon and met at Vienna to draw up settlement
te defeated
collectively

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for Europe.
 The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich
 Delegates drew up treaty of Vienna 1815 with the object of undoing most
of the changes that has come about in Europe during Napoleonic wars.
 PROVISIONS -- the bourbon dynasty was restore to power.
 A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France, to prevent
French expansion in future.
 German confederation of 39 states left untouched,
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  Russia was given a part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of
Saxony
 The main intension was to restore monarchy and to create a new
conservative order in France.
13. Describe the new conservatism after 1815(after the defeat of Napoleon).
Or

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Conservative regime setup in 1815 were Autocratic Explain.
 They were autocratic
 They did not tolerate criticism and dissent.
 They sought to curb the activities that questioned the legitimacy of
autocratic government.

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 Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in
newspapers, books, and plays and songs.
 The memory of the French revolution nonetheless continued to inspire
liberals.
14. How did the revolutionary activities emerge in early 19th c?

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 In 1815 many liberal nationalist went under ground
 They formed secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
 It is commitment to oppose monarchial forms and to fight for liberty and
freedom
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 Most of them saw the creation of nation state as a necessary part of this
struggle for freedom

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15. Write a short note on Giusseppe Mazzine.
 Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807.
 He became the member of secret society of the carbonari
 At the age of 21 he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution
in Liguria.
 He founded two more underground societies- Young Italy in Marseilles and
Young Europe in Berne.
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  Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
the mankind
 So Italy could not continue to be patch work of small states and kingdom
 It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliances of
nation
 Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic
republic frightened the conservatives
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 Metternich described him as the most dangerous enemy of our social
order.

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16. Examine the effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830.

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JULY REVOLUTION 1830
 The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830,
 The bourbon kings now was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who

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installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Phillippe as the head.
easy_in Brussels,
 The July revolution sparked an uprising g which led to Belgium
breaking away from the united kingdom of the Netherlands.
egg was recognized?
age of Greece
17. Discuss how the independence

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Or
Explain Greek war of independence.

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 Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th c.
 The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked of a struggle for
ear
independence off
amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
 Nationalist in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also

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from many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
 Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and
mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against the Muslim empire.
 The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went fight in the war
 Where he died of fever in 1824.
 Finally the treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an
independent nation.
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18. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation in
Europe? Explain with examples.
Or
What was Romanticism? Explain the role of Romanticism in the formation of a
nation
Or
How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiments during 18th c? Explain. 03
5
D
 Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and
poetry stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings
 A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of
nationalist sentiment.
E
 Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of the reason and
science, and focused on emotion, institutions and mystical feelings
 They tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common
cultural past
 Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) CLAIMED THAT TRUE GERMAN
in
culture was to be discovered among the common people das- volk
 It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
 The true spirit of the nation (volkgeist) was popularised
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19. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments’
discuss.

E Or
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of
national identity.
The emphasis of vernacular language and the collection of the local folklore was
not just to recover an ancient national spirit but also to carry the modern
nationalist message to large audience who were mostly illiterate.

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 Popular traditions
 Poland which was no longer existed as an independent territory, kept
nationalist feeling alive through music and language.
 Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and
music, turning folk dances like polonaise and mazurka into nationalist
symbols.

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LANGUAGAGE
 After Russian occupation of Poland the polish language was forced out of
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schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere.
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 In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which
ultimately crushed.
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 Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon
of national resistance.
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 Polish was used for church gathering and all religious instruction.
 As a result a large number of priest and bishops were put in jail or sent to

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Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach
in Russian.
 The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against
Russian dominance.
Beth
20. “The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe “Discuss
s
Or justify the statement.
__ e year of great economic hardship in Europe.
 The 1830s were the
 The first of half of the 19th c saw an enormous increase in population all
over Europe.
 In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
 Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded
slums.
 Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from
imports of cheap machine made goods from England
 In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power,
peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligation.
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  The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread
pauperism in town and country
21. Write a short note on 1848 Paris revolution
Or
Why did the Monarch abdicate his throne in 1848?
 In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the
population of Paris out on the roads barricaded were erected and Louis

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Phillippe was forced to flee.
 National assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult
males above 21.
 Guaranteed the right to work and established national workshops to

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provide employment.
22. Describe the cause of the Silesian weavers uprising. Comment on the
viewpoint of Journalist.
 In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors, Who
supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but
drastically reduced their payments,
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 JOURNALIST WILHELM WOLFF described the event. ON 4th August at 2pm a
large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in Paris up
to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
 They were treated with scorn and threats alternately
 A group of the weavers forced their way into the house of the contractor
and destroyed his furniture’s, window panes, porcelain etc
 Another group broke into houses and plundered it of supplies of cloth
which they tore into shred.
 The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however
refused to shelter such a person
 He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army, in the exchange
that followed eleven weavers were shot
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23. What is meant by the 1848revolution of liberals? What were the social,
political and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
 Events of February 1848, in France has brought about the abdication of the
monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been
proclaimed.
 Men and women of the liberal classes combined their demands for
constitutionalism with national unification.

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 They took advantage of the growing unrest to push their demands for the
creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles- a constitution, a
freedom for press and association.
 Politically it emphasised the concept of government by consent, abolition
of autocracy and special privileges.
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 Socially the liberals supported the abolition of discrimination based on birth
 Economically it stood for the abolition of trade restrictions imposed by the
state

parliament eroded?
Ly
n
24. What do you know about Frankfurt parliament? How the social basis of the

 On 18th may 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive

procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the
church of St Paul
if
 They drafted the constitution for German nation to be headed by a
monarchy subjected to a parliament.
 When the deputies offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV king of
Prussia, He rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected
assembly.
 The opposition of the aristocracy and the military became stronger the
social basis of parliament eroded.
 The parliament was dominated by the middle classes, who resisted the
demands of the worker and artisan’s and consequently lost their support.
In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
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25. Explain the role of women in the nationalist struggle.
 The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one
within the liberal movement.
 Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers
and taken part in political meeting and demonstrations.
 Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the
assembly.
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 During the Frankfurt parliament they were admitted only as observers to
stand in the visitors’ gallery.

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26. Why did the conservatives could not restore the old order? Explain
 The conservative force were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, but
they could not restore the old order.
 Monarchs were beginning to realise the cycle of revolution and repression
could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal nationalist

3 3
revolutionaries

3
 In 1848, the autocratic monarchies of central and eastern Europe began to
introduce the changes that has already taken place in Western Europe
 The serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg
dominions and in Russia.
It
 The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in1867.
27. Describe the unification of Germany.
 In Germany, nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class, who in
1848, tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a
nation state governed by an elected parliament.
 This liberal initiative to nation building was repressed by the monarch and
military, supported by large land owners called Junkers of Prussia.
 The first step towards unification of Germany was unconsciously taken by
Prussia, When Prussia established Zollverein or custom union joined by most
German states.

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 PRUSSIA TOOK THE LEADERSHIP of the movement for national unification.
 Prussia’s Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck was the chief architect of this
process with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
 Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in
Prussian victory and completed the process of unification
Dademperor
 In 1871, January the Prussian king William I was proclaimed German
in a ceremony held at Versailles. __
N__
 ON 18 January 1971, an assembly comprising the princes of the German
th

estates, representatives of the army, important person Prussian minister

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including, the chief minister Otto von Bismarck proclaimed the new German
empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia
 The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking,

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legal and judicial systems in Germany.
 Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of
Germany
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28. Give a brief account of political fragmentation of Italy.
__
 Italian were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national
Habsburg Empire.
3 6
 Italy was divided into seven states of which Sardinia piedmont was ruled by an
Italian princely house.
 The north was under the Austrian Habsburgs
 The center was ruled by the pope and the southern regions were under the
domination of theÉÉbourbon kings of Spain
 Even the Italian language has not acquired one common form and still had
many regional and local variations
29. Trace the process of unification of Italy
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
 He formed a secret society called young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.
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 He believed that god had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms,
 It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of
nation.
 The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the
mantle now fell on Sardinia-piedmont under its ruler king victor Emmanuel II
to unify the Italian states through wars
COUNT CAMILO DE CAVOUR
 A chief minister neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He spoke French
better than Italian.

55
 Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, engineered by Cavour,
Sardinia piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
 He was a central figure in the unification of Italy. Since he personally
commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the
formation of a unified Italy.
 Apart from the regular troops, a large number of the armed volunteers joined
the movement under the leadership of garibaldi
 In 1860 they marched intojgEdnd
south Italy and the kingdom of the two sicillies
and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive
out the Spanish rulers
 In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of untied Italy.
Conclusion
 However much of the Italian population was illiterate and remained unware of
liberal nationalist ideology
 The peasant who supported the garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of
Italia and they believed that La Talia was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.
30. How was Ireland incorporated in the United Kingdom?

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 Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.
 The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance
over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolt against British dominance were
suppressed.
 After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen in 1798, Ireland
was forcibly incorporated into the united kingdom of Britain in 1801.
 A new British nation was forged through the propagation of a dominant
English culture.
to
 The symbol of the New Britain were the British flag –union jack, the national
anthem- god save our noble king and the English language.
31. How as the formation of the nation-station the result of a long drawn

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process in Britain? Explain
 There was no British nation prior to the 18thc.
 The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were Ethnic
ones like English, welsh, scot or Irish
 All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
 As the British nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was
able to extend its influence over the other nations of islands.
 The English parliament which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at
the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation
state, with England at its Centre came to be forged.
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INCORPORATION OF SCOTLAND IN UNITED KINGDOM
 The Act of Union of 1707 between England and Scotland that resulted in the
formation of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and England was able to
impose its influence on Scotland.
 Hence the British parliament was dominated by its English members.
 The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and
political institutions were systematically suppressed.
 The catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible
repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.
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 The Scottish were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their
national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
INCORPORATION OF THE IRELAND IN UNITED KINGDOM
 Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.
 The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance
over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolt against British dominance were
suppressed.

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 After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen in 1798, Ireland
was forcibly incorporated into the united kingdom of Britain in 1801.
 A new British nation was forged through the propagation of a dominant
English culture.
Dtd
 The symbol of the New Britain were the British flag –union jack, the national
anthem- god save our noble king and the English language

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32. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in
which they were portrayed?
 Marianne and Germania were the female Allegories of France and German
nation respectively.
 MARIANNE in France the female allegory was christened Marianne.
 Her characteristics were drawn from those of liberty and the republic the
red cap, the tricolor, the cockade.
 Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of
the national symbol
jÉ of unity and to persuade the, to identify with it.
 Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
 GERMANIA became the allegory of the German nation.
 Germania wore a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for
heroism.
33. Why was Balkan after 1871 the most serious source of nationalist tension in
Europe? Explain or why did the nationalist tense emerge in the Balkans?
 The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising
modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, Whose inhabitants
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 Whose inhabitants were broadly known as the slavs.
 A large part of Balkan was under the control of Ottoman Empire.
 The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together
with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very
explosive.
 During 19thc the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through

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modernization and internal reforms.
 One by one its European subject nationalist broke away from its control
and declared independence.
 The Balkans peoples based their claims for independence or political rights
on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been
independent but had subsequently been subjugated by the foreign powers.
 As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and
independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
 The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to
gain more territory at the expense of the others.
 Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the
scene of big power rivalry.
 Each power Russia., Germany, England, Austro-Hungary was keen on
countering the hold of other powers over Balkan, and extending its own
control over the area.
ips of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
 This led to a series
34. How was the Habsburg Empire a patchwork of many different regions and
peoples in the Europe? Explain.
 The Habsburg Europe was a patch work of many different regions and
peoples in Europe because of it is geographical and ethnic diversities.
 It include the Alpine regions the Tyrol, Austria, and the Sudetenland as
well as Bohemia where the aristocracy was predominately German
Speaking.

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 Lombardy and Venetia, the two Italian speaking provinces, were also
included in this region.
 Italian Polish, Magyar and German were the languages spoken by
aristocracy while the local peasant usually spoke local dialects.
 The ethnic group of people living in this region did not share a common
identity or common culture, such difference did not easily promote a
sense of political unity but all these diverse groups owed a common
allegiance to Europe.

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gots Pushpa Rai B.M.

t
Department of social science
JSS public school. Siddarthnagar
Mt Mysore.

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